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99Tcm-MIBI顯像在甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥中的應(yīng)用及進(jìn)展

2015-05-20 02:17:55成釗汀朱小華
關(guān)鍵詞:腺瘤異位靈敏度

成釗汀 朱小華

99Tcm-MIBI顯像在甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥中的應(yīng)用及進(jìn)展

成釗汀 朱小華

99Tcm-MIBI SPECT對(duì)甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥的術(shù)前診斷有較高的靈敏度,聯(lián)合超聲或CT能提高診斷和定位的準(zhǔn)確率,尤其是對(duì)異位的甲狀旁腺腺瘤。隨著微創(chuàng)甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)的發(fā)展,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT在術(shù)前準(zhǔn)確定位上的價(jià)值日益凸顯。甲狀旁腺病灶的大小、生化指標(biāo)等因素會(huì)影響99Tcm-MIBI顯像的靈敏度和定位準(zhǔn)確率。對(duì)于部分難以準(zhǔn)確診斷和定位的甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥患者,11C-蛋氨酸PET/CT、四維CT、術(shù)中放射導(dǎo)航等是目前的研究熱點(diǎn)和發(fā)展方向。

甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥;99m锝甲氧基異丁基異腈;體層攝影術(shù),發(fā)射型計(jì)算機(jī),單光子;體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī)

甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥(簡稱甲旁亢)是指甲狀旁腺分泌過多的甲狀旁腺激素,可分為原發(fā)性、繼發(fā)性和三發(fā)性。原發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥(primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)是由于甲狀旁腺本身病變引起的甲狀旁腺激素的合成和分泌過多所引起的,病因?yàn)榧谞钆韵傧倭觯ò┗蛟錾?,其中腺瘤?0%~85%,且絕大多數(shù)為單發(fā)腺瘤,甲狀旁腺增生約占10%~15%,甲狀旁腺癌所占比例不到1%。繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)癥(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)是由于各種原因所致的低鈣血癥,刺激甲狀旁腺增生肥大,分泌過多甲狀旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH),多見于腎功能不全和骨軟化患者。三發(fā)性甲旁亢的甲狀旁腺長期受低血鈣刺激,部分增生組織轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄倭?,具有自主分泌過多PTH的能力,多見于慢性腎病患者。

手術(shù)是治療PHPT的有效辦法,術(shù)前對(duì)病變的準(zhǔn)確定位至關(guān)重要,不僅可縮短術(shù)中尋找病灶的時(shí)間,使手術(shù)范圍達(dá)到最小,而且也可避免因術(shù)中漏診而再次進(jìn)行手術(shù)。99Tcm-MIBI顯像已成為術(shù)前診斷和定位甲狀旁腺病灶的重要檢查方法。以下就99Tcm-MIBI對(duì)甲旁亢的診斷價(jià)值作一綜述。

1 顯像原理

99Tcm-MIBI在1989年被提出用于甲狀旁腺顯像[1],由于具有較201TlCl更高的甲狀旁腺的攝取和較99Tcm更優(yōu)的物理特性,99Tcm-MIBI顯像取代了之前的201TlCl而成為甲狀旁腺術(shù)前顯像的常規(guī)檢查方法。99Tcm-MIBI甲狀旁腺顯像的方法包括99Tcm-MIBI/99TcmO-4(123I)減影法和單核素雙時(shí)相法。

99Tcm-MIBI雙時(shí)相法于1992年被報(bào)道[2],其顯像原理是利用功能亢進(jìn)或增生的甲狀旁腺組織與正常甲狀腺組織不同的洗脫速率。99Tcm-MIBI在病變組織中聚集并滯留,而在正常甲狀腺組織中洗脫較快,從而使功能亢進(jìn)的異常甲狀旁腺病灶顯影。99Tcm-MIBI在功能亢進(jìn)甲狀旁腺組織中的滯留被認(rèn)為與甲狀旁腺病灶大小、嗜酸性細(xì)胞線粒體含量、細(xì)胞周期以及P-糖蛋白的表達(dá)有關(guān);也有報(bào)道認(rèn)為還與顯像技術(shù)、生化指標(biāo)(血鈣、PTH水平)、病灶血流等[3]有關(guān)。

然而,并非所有的甲狀旁腺病灶都能滯留99Tcm-MIBI,也并非所有的甲狀腺組織都能快速洗脫99Tcm-MIBI,有報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)99Tcm-MIBI對(duì)病變的甲狀腺組織如甲狀腺腫、慢性甲狀腺炎、甲狀腺腫瘤及轉(zhuǎn)移灶等亦有一定的親和力,并且延遲顯像時(shí)唾液腺、頸部肌肉、下頜骨髓可能顯像,從而導(dǎo)致99Tcm-MIBI甲狀旁腺顯像結(jié)果出現(xiàn)假陰性和假陽性[4]。

2 99Tcm-MIBI甲旁亢顯像的策略

盡管一些文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道99Tcm-MIBI/123I雙核素減影法在較大的甲狀旁腺病灶定位上要優(yōu)于99Tcm-MIBI雙時(shí)相法[5],其原因在于99Tcm-MIBI的非特異性攝取和病灶洗脫速率的增加,從而導(dǎo)致顯像的假陽性和假陰性,但是99Tcm-MIBI雙時(shí)相法簡便的技術(shù)操作是其目前能夠廣泛應(yīng)用的重要原因。

目前關(guān)于99Tcm-MIBI注射后何時(shí)進(jìn)行延遲顯像尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Keane等[6]比較了99Tcm-MIBI雙時(shí)相法不同的延遲時(shí)間對(duì)診斷準(zhǔn)確率的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)注射后1~2 h延遲相的診斷價(jià)值最高,而3 h的延遲相診斷價(jià)值有限。

有些研究認(rèn)為,關(guān)注99Tcm-MIBI早期相顯像能提高甲旁亢患者定位的準(zhǔn)確率,特別是對(duì)于病情輕微而延遲相陰性的患者[7]。有病例報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)甲旁亢患者在延遲相中未見99Tcm-MIBI的攝取,而在早期相99Tcm-MIBI顯像中發(fā)現(xiàn)了異位甲狀旁腺病灶[8]。組織病理發(fā)現(xiàn)異位腺瘤主要由主細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,而嗜酸性細(xì)胞的比例很小,從而解釋了99Tcm-MIBI在病灶中并未滯留,盡管沒有延遲相的99Tcm-MIBI攝取,利用早期相能夠獲得異位甲狀旁腺腺瘤的準(zhǔn)確定位。

選擇早期相還是延遲相行SPECT/CT亦未達(dá)成共識(shí)。Martínez-Rodríguez等[9]認(rèn)為取消延遲相顯像對(duì)于甲狀旁腺瘤的定位靈敏度并無影響,早期相的平面顯像或SPECT已經(jīng)能夠準(zhǔn)確定位甲狀旁腺腺瘤。而Yang等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT早期相與延遲相對(duì)于術(shù)前定位的準(zhǔn)確率相似,早期相和延遲相結(jié)合的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT的特異度是100%。

另外,針孔準(zhǔn)直器的應(yīng)用能很大程度地提高甲旁亢病灶的檢出率。Fuster等[11]研究表明,針孔準(zhǔn)直器及平行孔準(zhǔn)直器99Tcm-MIBI顯像的病灶檢出率分別為74%和48%。

3 術(shù)前99 Tcm-MIBI不同顯像策略及其他影像學(xué)方法的比較與聯(lián)合應(yīng)用

在沒有任何術(shù)前顯像的情況下,傳統(tǒng)的頸部探查手術(shù)對(duì)于PHPT患者的成功率為92%~96%,一直以來都有學(xué)者更推薦生化指標(biāo)檢測(cè)而非顯像來作為甲旁亢患者的術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查。Wachtel等[12]認(rèn)為,相比于能夠準(zhǔn)確定位的甲狀旁腺腺瘤,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT顯像難以定位體積較小、質(zhì)量較輕的甲狀旁腺病灶以及多發(fā)腺體增生,PHPT患者的術(shù)前評(píng)估更重要的是生化診斷而非術(shù)前顯像。

更多的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,甲旁亢患者的術(shù)前顯像能夠給手術(shù)定位提供幫助,特別是異位的甲狀旁腺腺瘤或者解剖變異的甲狀旁腺。微創(chuàng)甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)將傳統(tǒng)的甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)治愈率從97.1%提高到了99.4%,術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率從3.10%降低到了1.45%。在許多國家,微創(chuàng)甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)已經(jīng)代替了傳統(tǒng)的頸部探查甲狀旁腺切除術(shù),術(shù)前準(zhǔn)確定位不僅對(duì)于微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的成功至關(guān)重要,其定位準(zhǔn)確率也能影響到手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血以及手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。于是,許多學(xué)者將SPECT/CT在微創(chuàng)甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)前的顯像提升到更高的地位。

本文對(duì)PHPT術(shù)前各種影像學(xué)檢查的診斷價(jià)值廣為探究,列舉了2010年至2014年關(guān)于甲旁亢術(shù)前不同影像學(xué)方法的比較研究(表1)。

由表1可看出,相比于99Tcm-MIBI平面顯像,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT斷層顯像提供了三維功能圖像,提高了PHPT患者術(shù)前定位的準(zhǔn)確率。盡管有研究表明,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT與SPECT對(duì)甲狀旁腺病灶的診斷靈敏度相當(dāng)[24],但更多的研究認(rèn)為SPECT/CT比單獨(dú)SPECT及平面顯像提供了更可靠的三維解剖結(jié)構(gòu)信息,其最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于更準(zhǔn)確的解剖定位[30],尤其是對(duì)于異位的體積較小的甲狀旁腺腺瘤。Serra等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)SPECT/CT比單獨(dú)的SPECT能多提供39%的PHPT或SHPT病灶信息。Taieb等[32]在系統(tǒng)性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于異位甲狀旁腺腺瘤的精確定位、有過頸部手術(shù)史、PHPT術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、甲狀旁腺癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[33]、PHPT合并結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫或多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺病患者中,SPECT/CT比SPECT及平面顯像能給甲狀旁腺微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的術(shù)前計(jì)劃提供更多的幫助。Bural等[34]在對(duì)32例甲旁亢患者99Tcm-MIBI顯像中發(fā)現(xiàn),SPECT發(fā)現(xiàn)了22例陽性病灶,而SPECT/CT發(fā)現(xiàn)了31例陽性病灶,并且小于10 mm的甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)病灶并不能靠單獨(dú)SPECT檢出。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/ CT應(yīng)作為PHPT微創(chuàng)術(shù)前的常規(guī)顯像,然而如果考慮到顯像的時(shí)間以及增加的輻射劑量等因素,是否應(yīng)該在PHPT微創(chuàng)術(shù)前常規(guī)使用SPECT/CT仍然存在爭議[35]。

超聲是最簡便的篩查手段。由富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲醫(yī)師操作,合并有甲狀腺疾病的甲旁亢患者超聲檢查的靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確率高于99Tcm-MIBI SPECT。99Tcm-MIBI SPECT顯像優(yōu)于超聲的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)在于發(fā)現(xiàn)異位甲狀旁腺病灶的高靈敏度。目前較為一致的觀點(diǎn)是,在超聲陰性或定位不準(zhǔn)確的甲旁亢患者中進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用99Tcm-MIBI SPECT顯像能提高診斷和定位的準(zhǔn)確率;另一方面,聯(lián)合超聲或CT圖像對(duì)于99Tcm-MIBI SPECT的準(zhǔn)確定位能提供更多的信息,尤其是在PTH水平低、年齡大以及多發(fā)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的患者中[36]。Cheung等[22]通過Meta分析得出結(jié)論,超聲和99Tcm-MIBI SPECT在異常甲狀旁腺的術(shù)前定位中價(jià)值相當(dāng)。

大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為MRI與99Tcm-MIBI顯像具有相似的靈敏度和陽性預(yù)測(cè)值[37]。MRI探測(cè)甲旁亢病灶的缺點(diǎn)在于其對(duì)于小病灶的靈敏度低、誤將增生的淋巴結(jié)或甲狀腺疾病認(rèn)為是甲狀旁腺腺瘤,而其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于沒有電離輻射損傷,以及對(duì)術(shù)后持續(xù)或復(fù)發(fā)的甲旁亢患者的診斷價(jià)值較高。Michel等[18]通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),MRI相比于99Tcm-MIBI顯像對(duì)于甲旁亢病灶的探測(cè)有更高的靈敏度和陽性預(yù)測(cè)值,兩者的聯(lián)合能提高探測(cè)異常甲狀旁腺的靈敏度和陽性預(yù)測(cè)值,減少手術(shù)切除范圍和手術(shù)時(shí)間。

CT在甲旁亢中的應(yīng)用主要集中在融合圖像上,單獨(dú)使用CT對(duì)于甲旁亢病灶的探測(cè)準(zhǔn)確率較低,然而Ernst[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)三期增強(qiáng)CT對(duì)于甲旁亢病灶的定位有很高的準(zhǔn)確率。較新的研究認(rèn)為,四維CT有更高的靈敏度和定位準(zhǔn)確率,將在后文中詳述。

4 99Tcm-MIBI甲旁亢顯像的臨床影響因素

除了上述的技術(shù)因素外,一些臨床因素也影響到99Tcm-MIBI甲旁亢顯像的靈敏度和特異度,如甲狀旁腺病灶的部位、大小、增生的類型、多發(fā)腺體疾病、合并有多發(fā)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)、既往有過頸部手術(shù)史而復(fù)發(fā)的甲旁亢以及病情嚴(yán)重程度的生化指標(biāo)等。

4.1 病灶的大小

病灶的大小是影響99Tcm-MIBI顯像的一個(gè)重要因素。Wachtel等[12]研究了2002-2014年共2185例甲旁亢患者的MIBI顯像,其中38.3%未能準(zhǔn)確定位,這些未定位的患者中,甲狀旁腺的體積更小(平均1.2 cm)、質(zhì)量更輕(平均250 mg)、增生發(fā)生率更高(12.8%)、單發(fā)腺瘤的發(fā)生率更低(73.6%)。Vulpio等[27]研究認(rèn)為,甲狀旁腺病灶的最大長徑小于8 mm、彌漫性甲狀旁腺增生、不典型的位置以及合并甲狀腺疾病會(huì)降低99Tcm-MIBI顯像的靈敏度和特異度。Saengsuda[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),99Tcm-MIBI甲狀旁腺顯像陽性的病灶[(2.28±1.05)cm]顯著大于顯像陰性的病灶[(1.56±0.58)cm]。盡管目前尚沒有研究提出甲狀旁腺顯像所能探測(cè)出的最小病灶大小,但病灶的大小無疑是影響99Tcm-MIBI甲狀旁腺顯像最重要的因素之一。

4.2 病灶的病理

在甲狀旁腺病灶中,99Tcm-MIBI顯像靈敏度和特異度最高的是單發(fā)腺瘤,而對(duì)于甲狀旁腺增生和多發(fā)腺體疾病,99Tcm-MIBI顯像的靈敏度和特異度并不高,經(jīng)Meta分析其靈敏度和特異度分別為58%和93%[40]。盡管如此,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道認(rèn)為術(shù)前99Tcm-MIBI顯像或聯(lián)合超聲檢查對(duì)外科醫(yī)師是有幫助的[40]。經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療無效的嚴(yán)重SHPT患者需要手術(shù)治療,其手術(shù)失?。ǔ掷m(xù)或復(fù)發(fā))的主要原因是不能發(fā)現(xiàn)異位或額外的甲狀旁腺腺瘤,而對(duì)于術(shù)后持續(xù)或復(fù)發(fā)的SHPT患者,再次手術(shù)前的MIBI顯像至關(guān)重要[41]。利用雙核素減影法、使用針孔準(zhǔn)直器、聯(lián)合CT提供三維斷層信息等方法可以提高檢測(cè)SHPT的靈敏度。Yang等[10]建議對(duì)SHPT患者應(yīng)該采用早期和延遲相結(jié)合的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT,Chroustova等[42]建議采用99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/低劑量CT聯(lián)合三維雙核素減影來檢測(cè)病灶。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異位甲狀旁腺病灶,聯(lián)合CT(SPECT/CT)或MRI對(duì)于確定解剖位置和決定最適合的手術(shù)方法是非常必要的[43]。

值得一提的是異位甲狀旁腺腺瘤,其異位的位置包括前縱隔、咽后部、甲狀腺內(nèi)部以及頸動(dòng)脈鞘[44],其中最常見的是前縱隔。超聲和99Tcm-MIBI SPECT對(duì)其靈敏度和特異度都很低,而SPECT/CT能顯著提高異位甲狀旁腺腺瘤的診斷靈敏度和定位的準(zhǔn)確率[45]。Kaushal等[46]報(bào)道了一例甲狀腺內(nèi)異位甲狀腺瘤伴多結(jié)節(jié)甲狀腺腫患者,超聲及CT均無陽性發(fā)現(xiàn),而99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT則準(zhǔn)確地檢出并定位異位甲狀旁腺腺瘤。Shafiei等[47]建議將SPECT/CT作為所有可疑異位甲狀旁腺腺瘤微創(chuàng)術(shù)前的常規(guī)顯像方法。

4.3 生化指標(biāo)與甲狀旁腺顯像的定量相關(guān)性

研究證實(shí),甲狀旁腺腺瘤的99Tcm-MIBI最大攝取值,無論在SPECT/CT還是平面顯像中都與血清PTH水平顯著相關(guān),并且在年輕患者以及血鈣水平較高的患者中更高。這一定量研究表明甲狀旁腺SPECT/CT與實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、病情嚴(yán)重程度緊密相關(guān),可以用來評(píng)估甲狀旁腺腺瘤的功能狀態(tài)、病情嚴(yán)重程度,從而影響外科手術(shù)的決策[48]。

相比于良性甲狀旁腺病灶,甲狀旁腺癌患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT延遲相有更強(qiáng)的顯像劑攝取,甚至高于頜下腺的攝取[49]。99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT陽性率受血清Ca2+和PTH濃度影響。Mshelia等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)PTH濃度超過200 ng/L時(shí),67%的甲旁亢患者M(jìn)IBI顯像陽性,僅有9%的患者顯像陰性;而當(dāng)血清Ca2+濃度超過2.7 mmol/L時(shí),82%的甲旁亢患者M(jìn)IBI顯像陽性,僅有14%的患者顯像陰性。當(dāng)甲旁亢患者的血清Ca2+濃度低于2.51 mmol/L時(shí),99Tcm-MIBI SPECT顯像罕見有陽性發(fā)現(xiàn)。甲旁亢患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT和99Tcm-MIBI MDP骨顯像的陽性率都與甲狀旁腺腺瘤的大小和PTH水平相關(guān)[51]。Hughes等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著血清Ca2+和PTH水平的升高,超聲和99Tcm-MIBI SPECT的定位靈敏度和陽性預(yù)測(cè)值均顯著提高;而在血清Ca2+和PTH水平較低的情況下,超聲比99Tcm-MIBI SPECT顯像有更高的定位靈敏度,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT顯像則有較高的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值。

5 進(jìn)展與展望

目前,術(shù)前利用99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT聯(lián)合其他影像學(xué)檢查對(duì)甲旁亢患者的診斷和定位有很高的準(zhǔn)確率,但是仍然有一小部分患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)假陰性或定位不準(zhǔn)確。對(duì)于術(shù)前顯像定位失敗的患者,Hoda等[53]推薦采用雙側(cè)頸部探查術(shù)及術(shù)中PTH評(píng)估,而非更多的術(shù)前顯像。如何提高這部分患者的診斷及定位準(zhǔn)確率是目前甲狀旁腺顯像的研究方向。

18F-FDG PET/CT對(duì)PHPT的定位診斷仍有爭議,其診斷價(jià)值并不一定優(yōu)于99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/ CT[54]。文獻(xiàn)研究證實(shí),11C-蛋氨酸PET/CT對(duì)于常規(guī)影像如99Tcm-MIBI顯像定位失敗的甲狀旁腺腺瘤患者,能更快、更簡便地提供更清晰的圖像,且準(zhǔn)確率更高[55]。Caldarella等[56]通過Meta分析得出結(jié)論,11C-蛋氨酸PET/CT對(duì)于可疑的甲狀旁腺腺瘤是靈敏且可靠的診斷方法,且能夠?yàn)槌R?guī)顯像技術(shù)陰性或定位不明確的腺瘤術(shù)前定位提供幫助。對(duì)于首診的PHPT患者,11C-MET PET/CT并非常規(guī)檢查,其檢查適應(yīng)證是常規(guī)術(shù)前99Tcm-MIBI顯像診斷不明確或難以準(zhǔn)確定位及手術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)的PHPT患者[57]。此外,18F-Fluorocholine經(jīng)過初步的研究也被認(rèn)為是異常甲狀旁腺患者較為理想的分子探針[58]。

四維CT是一種利用高分辨率圖像、多維重建以及灌注特性的新興技術(shù),把時(shí)間因素納入CT掃描圖像的三維重建中,較好地消除了呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影。對(duì)于甲旁亢患者,四維CT提供了平掃、動(dòng)脈期、早期、延遲靜脈相圖像,低劑量四維CT以及容積重建比99Tcm-MIBI SPECT具有更高的陽性率、準(zhǔn)確率、更清晰的圖像以及更低的輻射劑量[59],甚至對(duì)一些隱秘的甲狀旁腺病灶和多發(fā)腺病也有很好的診斷價(jià)值。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該考慮用四維CT替代常規(guī)的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT作為術(shù)前的首選檢查[60]。

合并有甲狀腺異常(多結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫、慢性甲狀腺炎、既往有甲狀腺切除術(shù)史)的甲旁亢患者99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT的靈敏度和定位準(zhǔn)確率不高。對(duì)于合并甲狀腺異常的典型位置甲狀旁腺病灶,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)針穿刺活檢組織的PTH濃度檢測(cè)比常規(guī)的活檢和SPECT/CT有更高的靈敏度[61]。

Van Hoorn等[62]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),99Tcm-MIBI SPECT不同的斷層圖像重建算法(ReSPECT和HOSEM)對(duì)甲旁亢顯像圖像質(zhì)量和臨床診斷準(zhǔn)確率有顯著的影響。由此作者認(rèn)為,應(yīng)該系統(tǒng)性地比較不同的SPECT重建算法來提高臨床SPECT圖像的質(zhì)量。

微創(chuàng)手術(shù)相比傳統(tǒng)的甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)有減少手術(shù)時(shí)間和手術(shù)并發(fā)癥等優(yōu)點(diǎn),微創(chuàng)甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)前的定位及術(shù)中的診斷技術(shù)(放射導(dǎo)航手術(shù)、術(shù)中PTH檢測(cè))對(duì)于手術(shù)的成功至關(guān)重要。放射導(dǎo)航甲狀旁腺切除術(shù)的手術(shù)成功率能達(dá)到98.7%[63]。Onoda等[64]認(rèn)為對(duì)于縱隔異位甲狀旁腺的切除術(shù),術(shù)中放射導(dǎo)航能夠幫助外科醫(yī)師精確定位和直接反饋。另有學(xué)者認(rèn)為[65],術(shù)中使用超聲或放射性核素導(dǎo)航能縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,而兩者對(duì)手術(shù)時(shí)間的偏差很低,可以在手術(shù)中使用超聲取代放射性核素顯像,并且能發(fā)現(xiàn)核素顯像陰性的異常甲狀旁腺腺體,而在這一過程中外科醫(yī)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)仍然是無可替代的。此外,van der Vorst等[66]首次報(bào)道了利用亞甲基藍(lán)和近紅外熒光成像技術(shù)在術(shù)中定位甲狀旁腺腺瘤,并且與術(shù)前的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT有較好的相關(guān)性。

6 結(jié)語

目前,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT對(duì)于甲旁亢的診斷和定位已經(jīng)取得了較高的準(zhǔn)確率。對(duì)于某些診斷不明確或難以準(zhǔn)確定位的甲旁亢患者,綜合利用PET/CT、四維CT、術(shù)中放射導(dǎo)航等方法能進(jìn)一步提高診斷的靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確率,可以制定更優(yōu)化的診療決策,為外科手術(shù)特別是微創(chuàng)術(shù)提供重要幫助。

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Application and progress of99Tcm-MIBI scintigraphy in parathyroidism

Cheng Zhaoting,Zhu Xiaohua.Department of Nuclear Medicine,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430030,China

Zhu Xiaohua,Email:evazhu@vip.sina.com

99Tcm-MIBI SPECT exhibited high sensitivity in hyperparathyroidism.Combination of ultrasound or CT can raise the diagnostic and location accuracy,especially in ectopic parathyroid adenoma.With the development of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy,the value of99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/ CT in preoperative location accuracy stands out.Many factors such as size of the gland lesions and biochemical indexes affect the sensitivity and location accuracy of99Tcm-MIBI scintigraphy.For the negative imaging hyperparathyroidism patients,11C-methionine PET/CT,4D-CT and intraoperative radiation navigation is current research hot spot and development orientation.

Hyperparathyroidism;Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi;Tomography,emissioncomputed,single-photon;Tomography,X-ray computed

2014-11-14)

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2015.01.009

國家自然科學(xué)基金(81271600);湖北省科技計(jì)劃(2011CDB551);華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院臨床新技術(shù)、新業(yè)務(wù)基金(2010026)

430030武漢,華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬同濟(jì)醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科

朱小華(Email:evazhu@vip.sina.com)

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