劉素庚
鏈接一:英語對話和短文
(一) 對話
A=Bob B=Mike
A: Mike, tomorrow is Jacks birthday, so what present do you want to give him for his birthday party?
B:Ive no idea. We had a quarrel last Sunday.
A: What happened to you two?
B: He rode my bike to the park last Saturday. But the bike was broken. I had the bike repaired.
A: You are good friends. How long have you been good friends?
B:Weve known each other since we were 6 years old.
A:Really? You must be close friends and you get along well with each other.
B:Yeah, We talk almost everything and we play with each other after school.
A: He seems friendly, kind and outgoing.
B:Well, he is helpful, he helped the classmates in need at times. What do you think of him?
A:Well, I know he is a good boy. I saw him carry water for an old man.
B:Oh, really? I never thought he would be like that.
A:Dont get him wrong, Im sure he might have some trouble last Saturday.
B: So, can I trust him or what?
A:Well, I think you should talk with him. You are close friends and you should help each other. Do you forget what he did for you? Two years ago, you broke your leg in a car accident. It is Jack who took you to the hospital, and he came to see you after school and told you what the teachers taught in school.
B:Yes, I regret what I said to him. But I think you can help me tell him I can forgive him.
A:Okay, Okay . You must trust him. I try to give you a hand.
(二) 短文
This afternoon, the math teacher came into the classroom. He said to us,“We are going to have an exam, you should prepare pens and rulers.” We began to prepare everything as the teacher told us. Then there went the bell. When the examination paper was handed out, I am looking for a ruler in a hurry. I suddenly remembered that I lost the ruler last week. I didnt buy another one. I was so nervous that there was nothing but the ruler in my brain. Wang Wei found me looking for things, he asked me quietly, “What is wrong? What are you looking for? ”I said anxiously, “I forgot to buy a ruler! ” He looked at his own pencil case, oh, he has only one ruler. The ruler was bought by his mother. There was a little white rabbit and two big strawberries on it, the rabbit was so lovely. And the ruler can also be used to draw a triangle. And he can use it to write English letters, too. He loved it so much that he couldnt help me. What should I do? When I was thinking about that, Wang Wei cut his ruler into two halves. He handed the other half to me at once. I was in great surprise and thanked him for his kindness.
I will always remember my good friend. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
鏈接二:各國個性化教育發(fā)展狀況
1. 美國
美國是個性化教育的推動者和領跑者。美國的教育一向崇尚民主、自由、以人為本,以“發(fā)展個性”為基本原則,不斷改革教育制度、內容和方法, 使教育更加多樣化、靈活化、開放化。
美國重視孩子個體表現(xiàn)力和主動性的培養(yǎng)和發(fā)展即充分發(fā)揮個人主義中強調個性的特征。特別是在課堂教學方面,美國孩子可以在比較自由的環(huán)境里表現(xiàn)自己的個性。美國的課堂氣氛是十分活躍的,可以竊竊私語,發(fā)出笑聲,甚至還可以大大方方地走動、喝水或擺弄文具,做些小動作等。教育中強調個人主義中的自信、勇于開拓、勇于展示自己,相信自己是獨一無二的,想做什么就能做成什么的精神。美國教師也經常鼓勵學生參與課堂討論,發(fā)表自己的看法。
美國學校還比較重視學生隱私與個性發(fā)展的關系,強調個人主義中的個人利益別人不能隨意侵犯,學校和班級從不當著學生的面公布成績,也不在全?;虬嗉壟琶巍K麄冋J為,每個學生都有自己的特點,各有所長。
2. 日本
日本以教育為立國之本,創(chuàng)造了經濟上的奇跡。日本把以創(chuàng)造性和獨特能力培養(yǎng)為主的個性教育放在教育的首位。
二戰(zhàn)之后,日本提出了尊重個性、發(fā)展個性和實行個性化教育的原則,即發(fā)展個人能力,根據(jù)個人能力和個性給予受教育的機會,主張將這一原則貫穿于教育的各個方面。日本專家認為,個性不僅僅包含每個人的個性這種狹隘的意義,它還包括家庭、學校、地區(qū)、企業(yè)、國有文化和時代的個性等。這里強調的個性,并不是自由放縱和無組織、無紀律、不負責任等,而是在明確責任的前提下,擴大選擇的自由和各自的特色。對于每個人來說,就是要求具有鮮明的個性,善于獨立思考,有主見、有韌性、有活力。對于家庭、學校、企業(yè)、地區(qū)、國家來說,則要求靈活、獨立,發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)勢,辦出各自的特色,而不是要求一個模式,千篇一律。
3. 俄羅斯
依照1992年7 月新頒布的《俄羅斯聯(lián)邦教育法》,在學校教育教學工作中,具體在課堂教學、課程結構、課外校外活動以及社會教育活動中更多地強調教育應該成為個性平安自由發(fā)展的條件,通過教育,更多地體現(xiàn)出個性自由發(fā)展的優(yōu)先性,強調公民教育和愛國主義教育。
走在俄羅斯一些城市里你會發(fā)現(xiàn),往往最漂亮的建筑是少年宮或少年之家。近20年來,校外教育機構網絡增加了60.4%,接受校外教育的人數(shù)增加了 1.5倍。 許多農村學校的圖書和體育器材都由國家無償贈送。
俄羅斯中小學校按照學生不同年齡的不同生理心理發(fā)展階段安排不同的課外校外活動。在俄羅斯,我們看到低年級學生在參加繪畫和編織活動,看到四、五年級學生在進行韻律操的訓練,高年級學生在參加社會公益勞動。為了使農村學生真切感受到 世界藝術的寶貴價值,他們還組織學生到大城市參觀博物館,觀賞名劇,以汲取文化養(yǎng)分,提高審美和鑒賞能力。在暑假期間,城市的學校則組織勞動夏令營,參加農村的收獲工作。
4. 法國
為了推進個性化教育,法國把幼兒教育和小學教育合為一體,打破了傳統(tǒng)的年級教學組織形式,分三個學習階段組織教育。在3 年為一個階段的學習過程中,發(fā)展快的學生可以用2 年完成一個學習階段的學業(yè),然后提前一年轉入下一階段,發(fā)展慢的學生則可放慢學習進度用4 年完成學業(yè)。從而使每個學生能按照自己的學習節(jié)奏自主進行學習,為學生高水平地發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造才能創(chuàng)造了好的制度條件。
5. 新加坡
學校為學生提供了豐富多樣的興趣與專業(yè)的選擇機會,以幫助學生全面發(fā)展。除了學術課程,學生還能通過學校提供的課程輔助活動發(fā)展自己在音樂、美術和體育方面的才華。學校通過讓學生參與社區(qū)服務活動,培養(yǎng)學生的個人素質。如創(chuàng)意、自給與堅毅,練就學生在現(xiàn)今日新月異的世界里必備的生活技能。政府對學生學習的渠道,提供多種選擇機會。
他們盡量擴大人才的范疇,通過專題作業(yè)、各類比賽等各種措施,設置不同標準的尺,去發(fā)掘不僅僅是學業(yè)成績優(yōu)秀,而且其他各方面同樣出眾的學生,然后,給學校經費,盡力去培養(yǎng)他們。
新加坡教育通過直接招生計劃、專長項目學校來盡量發(fā)掘學生連自己也不知道的才華。教育要力爭做到無論哪里有人才,都要確保他們能獲得全面培養(yǎng),即便是一個孩子,也要找出他們不為自己所知的智慧和潛能。