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示蹤法測(cè)定九龍江河口沉積中硫酸鹽還原速率

2015-06-24 14:10:08尹希杰孫治雷徐勇航李云海邵長(zhǎng)偉
海洋學(xué)報(bào) 2015年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:河口硫酸鹽站位

尹希杰,孫治雷,徐勇航,李云海,邵長(zhǎng)偉

(1. 國(guó)家海洋局 第三海洋研究所 海洋與海岸地質(zhì)環(huán)境開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,福建 廈門(mén)361005;2.青島海洋地質(zhì)研究所 國(guó)土資源部海洋油氣資源和環(huán)境地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島266071;3. 山東省物化探勘查院,山東 濟(jì)南250013)

尹希杰1,孫治雷2,徐勇航1,李云海1,邵長(zhǎng)偉3

(1. 國(guó)家海洋局 第三海洋研究所 海洋與海岸地質(zhì)環(huán)境開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,福建 廈門(mén)361005;2.青島海洋地質(zhì)研究所 國(guó)土資源部海洋油氣資源和環(huán)境地質(zhì)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島266071;3. 山東省物化探勘查院,山東 濟(jì)南250013)

1 引言

河口海岸地區(qū)作為海陸的交匯地帶,有大量陸源有機(jī)物輸入,也具有高的初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力和沉積速率,因此其沉積物中有機(jī)質(zhì)含量較高。這些有機(jī)質(zhì)可以為不同的生物地球化學(xué)過(guò)程提供能量和電子供體,硫酸鹽還原過(guò)程就是其中之一[3,6—7,11]。據(jù)估計(jì),河口海岸沉積物中約有一半的有機(jī)質(zhì)是通過(guò)硫酸鹽還原反應(yīng)的方式被礦化[6—7]。因此硫酸鹽還原是河口海岸帶沉積物中生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)的主要組成部分,也是沉積物中硫元素生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)的基礎(chǔ)[10,12]。

2 研究方法

2.1 樣品采集

圖1 采樣站位分布Fig.1 The locations of sampling sites in the Jiulong River Estuary

表1 兩個(gè)站位沉積環(huán)境參數(shù)

Tab.1 Characteristics of sampling localities

站位經(jīng)緯度柱樣長(zhǎng)/cm沉積物組成水深/m鹽度底層水溫度/℃溶解氧/mg·L-1A24°25′50 22″N,117°51′34 05″E50黏土、粉砂約2約4 0923 55 6B24°25′22 57″N,117°58′51 57″E88黏土、粉砂約4約23 322 86 9

2.2 孔隙水采集

2.3 沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率(SRR)的測(cè)定

還原態(tài)無(wú)機(jī)硫的分離:沉積物中被還原的無(wú)機(jī)硫采用冷鉻還原-被動(dòng)吸收法進(jìn)行分離[4,7]。將離心后的沉積物樣品與20 mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)混合后,轉(zhuǎn)移到反應(yīng)瓶中,將浸潤(rùn)醋酸鋅溶液的玻璃纖維膜懸掛在反應(yīng)瓶上部,用高純氮?dú)獯当M反應(yīng)瓶中的氧氣,10 min之后加入20 mL 6 mol/dm3的 HCl和16 mL 1 mol/dm3的CrCl2溶液,總還原無(wú)機(jī)硫(TRIS,包括揮發(fā)性硫、黃鐵礦和元素S)以H2S的形式釋放出來(lái),被吸附到玻璃纖維膜上。

取離心后的清液5 mL和吸附還原硫的玻璃纖維膜,分別加入5 mL閃爍液(Triton X-100),用液相閃爍計(jì)數(shù)儀(LS-6500)測(cè)定其活度值。沉積物中各層位硫酸鹽還原速率(SRR)用下面公式計(jì)算[4—5,19]:

24/t×1.06,

(1)

孔隙水甲烷濃度測(cè)定:在20 mL頂空瓶中預(yù)先加入3 mL 1 mol/dm3氫氧化鈉溶液,用來(lái)抑制沉積物產(chǎn)甲烷菌的活動(dòng),然后放入3 mL沉積物,丁基橡膠塞密封,壓蓋旋緊,搖勻后低溫保存。用氣密針抽取2 mL頂空的氣體,將針筒拔出后緩慢推出1 mL的氣體樣品,之后迅速將剩余1 mL氣體注入色譜進(jìn)樣閥中,并按下start鍵開(kāi)始測(cè)定。色譜條件:檢測(cè)器,F(xiàn)ID,溫度300℃,進(jìn)樣口溫度120℃,柱溫箱60℃,色譜柱為Porpark Q填充柱(2 m×3 mm,80/100目);載氣,99.999%氮?dú)猓魉?0 mL/min。每個(gè)樣品重復(fù)測(cè)2次,測(cè)定誤差±3.0%。沉積物中甲烷濃度根據(jù)孔隙度換算為單位體積孔隙水中含甲烷摩爾數(shù)(μmol/dm3)。

2.5 沉積物孔隙度、總有機(jī)碳(TOC)和氧化還原電位測(cè)定

沉積物孔隙度測(cè)定:將3 mL原始沉積物樣品放置于稱(chēng)量瓶?jī)?nèi)稱(chēng)重,于105℃放置24 h,恒重后稱(chēng)量,計(jì)算樣品前后質(zhì)量差??紫抖纫詥挝惑w積沉積物所含孔隙水的體積表示。

沉積物TOC測(cè)定:取一定量經(jīng)冷凍干燥后的沉積物樣品,加入過(guò)量4 mol/dm3HCl,反應(yīng)24 h。用去離子水洗酸3次,將樣品置于烘箱內(nèi)60℃烘干,恒重后稱(chēng)量樣品質(zhì)量。稱(chēng)取一定量磨勻的樣品,用元素分析儀(Vario EL III,德國(guó)制造)測(cè)定有機(jī)碳含量。每個(gè)樣品平行測(cè)定2次,測(cè)量誤差為±0.2%(n=5),TOC含量以有機(jī)碳占樣品總干重百分?jǐn)?shù)表示。

沉積物氧化還原電位測(cè)定:在分樣過(guò)程中用EXTECH RE300氧化還原電位計(jì)探頭直接插入沉積物中測(cè)其氧化電位值。

3 結(jié)果

3.1 沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率分布

A站位位于河口中段紅樹(shù)林潮灘附近,硫酸鹽還原速率從表層隨深度增加先增大后減小(見(jiàn)圖2),其值由表層的54 nmol/(cm3·d)逐漸增大到19 cm深度的2 345 nmol/(cm3·d);隨后硫酸鹽還原速率逐漸降低,55 cm深度降為121 nmol/(cm3·d)。B站位于河口下端海相區(qū),其沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率的最大值比A站位明顯偏低,在垂直剖面上的分布也有顯著的差異(見(jiàn)圖2)。B站位硫酸鹽還原速率在10 cm和78 cm深度附近出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)峰值,其值分別為843 nmol/(cm3·d)和987 nmol/(cm3·d)。對(duì)兩個(gè)站位測(cè)得的各層位沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率進(jìn)行積分,估算得A和B站位沉積物中硫酸鹽還原通量(以硫計(jì))分別為527.9 mmol/(m2·d)和 357.1 mmol/(m2·d)。

圖2 A站位(?)和B站位(○)沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率垂直分布Fig.2 Vertical profiles of sulfate reduction rates in sediments at A(?) and B(○) cores

3.2 孔隙水中硫酸鹽和甲烷濃度分布

3.3 沉積物氧化還原電位和總有機(jī)碳含量

硫酸鹽還原過(guò)程是在硫酸鹽還原菌為媒介的作用下進(jìn)行的,而硫酸鹽還原菌屬于嚴(yán)格的厭氧細(xì)菌,因此沉積物中氧化還原電位變化對(duì)硫酸鹽還原菌活性有重要的影響,從而間接影響沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率。圖4顯示,A站位表層沉積物(0~3 cm深度)的氧化還原電位為-87 mV,隨深度增加快速降低,在10 cm深度減小到-289 mV,之后隨深度增加沒(méi)有明顯的變化趨勢(shì)。B站位表層沉積物的氧化還原電位值為-12 mV,隨深度增加急劇減小,在28 cm深度附近減小到-245 mV,之后隨深度增加緩慢減小,至沉積物底部減小至-296 mV。兩個(gè)站位沉積物的氧化還原電位表明沉積物為厭氧的還原環(huán)境。圖4顯示A站位TOC含量的變化范圍1.51%~1.98%,平均值為1.75%;B站位TOC含量的變化范圍1.19%~1.61%,平均值為1.36%。

4 討論

4.1 九龍江河口硫酸鹽還原帶空間分布及環(huán)境控制因素

圖3 A站位(?)和B站位(○)孔隙水中甲烷和濃度垂直分布Fig.3 Vertical profiles of sulfate and methane concentration in pore water at A(?)and B(○) cores

圖4 A站位(?)和B站位(○)沉積物中TOC和氧化還原電位垂直分布Fig.4 Vertical profiles of TOC and Eh in sediments of A (?)and B(○) cores

4.1 九龍江河口硫酸鹽還原速率及環(huán)境控制因素

(2)

(3)

因此在A站位從沉積物表層至20 cm深度存在高的硫酸鹽還原速率,20 cm深度以下,隨著孔隙水中硫酸鹽濃度快速的減小,硫酸鹽還原速率隨著深度的增加也呈現(xiàn)減小的趨勢(shì)。

表2 世界不同地區(qū)沉積物硫酸鹽還原速率最大值

B站位沉積物的上部(約20 mm)和下部(約78 mm)分別存在較高的硫酸鹽還原速率,但其峰值均低于A站位的最大值。這兩個(gè)高的硫酸鹽還原速率是由不同的硫酸鹽還原路徑所導(dǎo)致[33—35],上部硫酸鹽還原作用主要由氧化降解沉積物活性有機(jī)質(zhì)而產(chǎn)生;隨著深度增加,硫酸鹽濃度逐漸降低,沉積物中剩余的部分難降解的有機(jī)質(zhì)經(jīng)發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生甲烷[36],B站位在60 cm深度以下孔隙水中甲烷濃度表現(xiàn)出隨著深度而逐漸增加的趨勢(shì),生成的甲烷在向上層擴(kuò)散的過(guò)程中,在78cm深度附近發(fā)生硫酸鹽還原與甲烷厭氧氧化的耦合作用,化學(xué)計(jì)量式可以表示如下[35—36]:

(4)

在該層位硫酸鹽還原和甲烷厭氧氧化同時(shí)進(jìn)行,導(dǎo)致硫酸鹽還原速率的第二個(gè)極大值[987 nmol/(cm3·d)]的出現(xiàn)。對(duì)B站位沉積物中活性古菌的群落組成進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)該層位以甲烷厭氧氧化菌 ANME-2a 為主,進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了該層位甲烷厭氧氧化和硫酸鹽還原耦合的存在[37]。沉積物中的有機(jī)質(zhì)都是經(jīng)由水體沉降礦化之后而逐漸被埋藏,B站位水深明顯大于A站位,水體中活性有機(jī)質(zhì)被埋藏之前在水柱沉降過(guò)程中被大量氧化而消耗[38],最后進(jìn)入沉積物厭氧帶中的有機(jī)質(zhì)主要以難降解長(zhǎng)鏈化合物為主[39],因此B站位沉積物中有機(jī)質(zhì)埋藏的通量和有機(jī)質(zhì)活性都比A站位降低[24],因此沉積物中沒(méi)有足夠活性有機(jī)質(zhì)為硫酸鹽還原提供的電子供體,硫酸鹽還原菌的活性受到抑制,導(dǎo)致該站位沉積物上部硫酸鹽還原速率相對(duì)A站位偏低,對(duì)一些海洋和湖沉積物研究結(jié)果也表明硫酸鹽還原速率主要受到新沉降的有機(jī)質(zhì)通量及活性所控制[10—12,28,33,40—41]。其次A站位表層沉積物溫度(23.5℃)高于B站位(22.8℃),已有的研究顯示在溫度低于36℃時(shí),沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率與溫度存在正相關(guān)性[12,16,28,42]。因此A站位和B站位沉積物中硫酸鹽還原反應(yīng)速率的差異,反映了該地區(qū)沉積物中硫酸鹽還原的速率受到有機(jī)質(zhì)埋藏的通量和活性以及沉積物溫度的綜合影響。

4.3 九龍江河口硫酸鹽還原對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化通量的估算

國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)河口海岸沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化路徑進(jìn)行了大量的研究[47—49],其中對(duì)硫酸鹽還原研究最為廣泛和深入,其原因是硫酸鹽還原一直被認(rèn)為是河口海岸地區(qū)有機(jī)質(zhì)厭氧礦化最主要的方式[3,6—7,10,39]。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)河口海岸地區(qū)通過(guò)硫酸鹽還原礦化的有機(jī)質(zhì)量占到有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化總量的(62±17)%[3,6,50]。如在缺氧的黑海、智利陸架和納米比亞近海上升流區(qū),沉積物乃至深部水柱中的有機(jī)質(zhì)幾乎都是由硫酸鹽還原的方式礦化[51—53]。本研究分別對(duì)A和B兩個(gè)站位各層位硫酸鹽還原速率進(jìn)行積分計(jì)算,得到兩個(gè)站位硫酸鹽還原通量(以硫計(jì))分別為 527.9 mmol/(m2·d)和 357.1 mmol/(m2·d)。沉積物中硫酸鹽還原主要通過(guò)有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化和甲烷厭氧氧化兩種方式進(jìn)行,反應(yīng)關(guān)系式如下:

(2)

(4)

CH3COOH→CH4+CO2.

(5)

表3 世界不同地區(qū)沉積物中硫酸鹽還原通量

續(xù)表3

5 結(jié)論

(1)九龍江河口沉積物中硫酸鹽還原帶深度,隨著上覆水鹽度的增加而逐漸增大,表明該地區(qū)硫酸鹽還原深度分布主要受到上覆水體硫酸鹽濃度控制。近岸紅樹(shù)林地區(qū)沉積物中硫酸鹽還原速率最大值明顯高于河口下端海相區(qū),表明硫酸鹽還原速率主要受到沉積物中有機(jī)質(zhì)濃度和活性以及溫度等環(huán)境因素的影響。

(2)通過(guò)對(duì)兩個(gè)站位硫酸鹽還原帶中不同層位硫酸鹽還原速率積分計(jì)算,表明九龍江河口沉積物中存在較高的硫酸鹽還原通量,硫酸鹽還原作用在九龍江河口沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化中具有重要的作用。

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Measurement of sulfate reduction rate in coastal sediments of Jiulong River Estuary with a radiotracer technique

Yin Xijie1,Sun Zhilei2,Xu Yonghang1,Li Yunhai1,Shao Changwei3

(1.OpenLaboratoryofOcean&CoastEnvironmenttalGeology,ThirdInstituteofOceanographyStateOceanicAdministration,Xiamen361005,China; 2.KeyLaboratoryofMinistryofLandandResourcesforMarineOilGasResourcesandEnvironmentalGeology,QingdaoInstituteofMarineGeology,Qingdao266071,China; 3.ShandongGeophysicalandGeochemicalExplorationInstitute,Jinan250013,China)

sulfate reduction rate; sulfate; anaerobic methane oxidation; Jiulong River Estuary

10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.04.008

2014-03-31;

2014-09-23。

國(guó)家青年基金(41006072,41276059);福建省青年基金項(xiàng)目(2010J05095)。

尹希杰(1977—),男,山東省濰坊市人,副研究員,主要研究方向?yàn)楹Q笊锏厍蚧瘜W(xué)。E-mail:yinxijie2003@163.com

P736.41

A

0253-4193(2015)04-0083-11

Yin Xijie,Sun Zhilei,Xu Yonghang,et al. Measurement of sulfate reduction rate in coastal sediments of Jiulong River Estuary with a radiotracer technique[J]. Haiyang Xuebao,2015,37(2):83—93,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2015.04.008

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