高妍
摘要:語用施為力修飾語指那些用來增強(qiáng)或緩和命題傳達(dá)的語用意義,并具有社會(huì)語用功能的語言手段,屬于元話語的一種。研究表明,在學(xué)術(shù)講座中,元話語二詞語塊的使用呈現(xiàn)一定規(guī)律,并具有多重語用功能。語用施為力修飾語語塊作為一種元話語資源,在學(xué)術(shù)講座中能夠引導(dǎo)聽者理解話語,積極參與話語共建,投射并構(gòu)建講座者學(xué)術(shù)身份,聯(lián)結(jié)講座者與聽者的關(guān)系。對學(xué)術(shù)體裁的元話語語塊研究對EAP和ESP教學(xué)具有重要的意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:語用施為力修飾語;元話語;二詞語塊;學(xué)術(shù)講座
1 引言
語用施為力修飾語(PTM, pragmatic force modifiers)指那些用來增強(qiáng)或緩和命題傳達(dá)的語用意義,并具有多方面社會(huì)語用功能的語言手段(Lin,2010),如just,can,actually, sort of, you know等,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話、磋商論辯、商務(wù)談判、課堂話語等不同體裁的語篇中,扮演著重要角色。學(xué)術(shù)講座(academic lectures)通常指“教師在課堂中就所教內(nèi)容展開的講解以及講座者就某一學(xué)術(shù)題目對學(xué)校師生或公眾所做的演講”(劉靜,2007)。研究語用施為力修飾語在學(xué)術(shù)講座中的使用,對于EAP教學(xué)、理解學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)和進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流具有重要意義。
2 ?學(xué)術(shù)講座中的語塊研究
語塊,又稱多詞表達(dá),詞叢,詞塊,詞束等,(multi-word expressions, clusters, chunks, lexical bundles)(Hyland, 2008)泛指語言中的多詞單位,如習(xí)語、成語、諺語及其他常用詞語組合。它們一般形式固定,意義非合成,在交際活動(dòng)中被高頻地用于表達(dá)特定意義,在語言社團(tuán)內(nèi)被用作套語,對語境有依賴性。Howarth(1998)認(rèn)為語塊中的功能表達(dá)式(functional expressions)在語篇或話語中具有特定的功能;Cowie(1998)認(rèn)為程式語(formulae)中的言語程式語(speech formulae)是句子和話語層級的功能性單位,實(shí)施言語行為和話語態(tài)度功能。(詹宏偉,2013。)
在學(xué)術(shù)語篇的語塊研究方面,Biber(2004)把大學(xué)書面語的四詞語塊分為三類:情態(tài)性表達(dá)式(stance expressions),如you are expected to;語篇組織器(discourse organizers),如is designed to;參照性表達(dá)式(referential expressions),如a wide range of。Biber(2006)發(fā)現(xiàn)大學(xué)課堂話語中出現(xiàn)較多的情態(tài)性語塊(相比日常話語)和參照性語塊(相比學(xué)術(shù)寫作),這說明課堂話語是一種比較特殊的體裁;Biber et al.(2007)認(rèn)為語塊在大學(xué)口語體裁中普遍使用,且多用來表達(dá)情態(tài)。桂世春(2009)發(fā)現(xiàn)語言學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)書面語體中具有參照和語篇組織功能的語塊較多,表達(dá)情態(tài)的語塊次之。Hyland(2008)比較了不同學(xué)科論文中的語塊,并根據(jù)功能分為三類:面向研究,面向語篇和面向參與者的語塊。以上研究說明,學(xué)術(shù)體裁中出現(xiàn)的語塊具有元話語功能,然而目前對于學(xué)術(shù)講座中具有元話語功能的二詞語塊的研究還不多見。Hyland(2008)認(rèn)為,在不同的學(xué)術(shù)語篇中,語塊的使用也不同。因此,有必要在學(xué)術(shù)講座中考察元話語語塊的使用。為此,本研究提出以下研究問題:(1) 英語學(xué)術(shù)講座中的二詞語用修飾語都有哪些?(2) 英語學(xué)術(shù)講座中的二詞語用修飾語在具體的語境中有何語用功能?
3 ?語料選取及研究方法
本研究所使用的學(xué)術(shù)講座語料來自美國密歇根大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)口語語料庫(MICASE,Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English),共有152個(gè)文本,涵蓋4個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域。本研究選取了62個(gè)講座的語料進(jìn)行分析。利用AntConc 3.2.1w軟件進(jìn)行了二元詞叢檢索,從中篩選出具有元話語功能的8種語塊,分別是you know, I think, I mean, kind of, sort of, in fact,of course和you see。接著對它們在語境中的功能進(jìn)行分析。
? ? 4 ?結(jié)果及討論
根據(jù)Hyland(2005)對元話語的分類,in fact, of course屬于語義增強(qiáng)語,模糊語中卻不包括kind of, sort of這樣的詞語,可能Hyland主要是從書面語或?qū)懽鞯慕嵌忍岢鲞@個(gè)分類,而講座是一種特殊語類,既有書面語的較正式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)娘L(fēng)格,也有口語化的非正式傾向。因此本文按照這些語塊在講座中的主要語用功能進(jìn)行分析,而不是強(qiáng)制歸類。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)語義增強(qiáng)語并不總是表達(dá)語義的強(qiáng)調(diào),而模糊語也不絕對只扮演一種角色。
4.1強(qiáng)化凸顯
在講座中,使用元話語語塊能夠強(qiáng)化與凸顯講座者對信息內(nèi)容和聽講者的態(tài)度和情感,促使聽講者接受某種觀點(diǎn),構(gòu)建有利于講座者自己的立場和話語語境,是一種增強(qiáng)勸說力的話語技巧。
(1) ...without quantum mechanics we'd never, have um uh been able to build a computer. uh, in the time we have remaining we can't um um, go on to great detail, in these theories but i think it's worth, uh it it it's very worthwhile for you to at least have a taste of what they're like. uh to get some idea sort of a working knowledge, of what the basic ideas are. (Introduction to Physics Lecture)講座者在講座的開始簡要介紹了在20世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生重要影響的相對論和量子論,并以I think強(qiáng)調(diào)了解這兩個(gè)理論的重要性。
4.2人際互動(dòng)
說話者信息暗示了講座者的心理狀態(tài)(焦慮,缺乏自信),社會(huì)地位,年齡和性別。情景信息指講座的非正式程度和趣味性。禮貌等級指對待聽話者面子的方式,如利用非正式的言談拉近距離,尋求認(rèn)同,增強(qiáng)勸說力,即積極面子;或者使用緩和或不精確的話語避免尷尬、不悅或忌諱,給聽者更多發(fā)表意見的余地,即消極面子。
(2)no i meani thinki think she i think she would say that like, i thinki think there's l- i think there's like a an agreement in the sense that pornography, ca- is used and can be used to perpetuate a power, um, inequity. (Sex, Gender and the Body Lecture)短短一句話中出現(xiàn)的7個(gè)元話語語塊說明了講話者對自己的話語缺乏自信。
4.3 提示關(guān)聯(lián)
言語交際是一個(gè)說話人和聽話人不斷增加或擴(kuò)大共知信息的過程,(冉永平,2002)而這些語塊是表示雙方共知信息的“元知識(shí)標(biāo)記語”,提示在話語中出現(xiàn)的顯性意義和隱含意義,加強(qiáng)原有信息和現(xiàn)時(shí)信息的關(guān)聯(lián)性,使聽話人參與到信息的構(gòu)建中,增加交際雙方的認(rèn)知共性。
(3)...and let's say this guy, B, is traveling at two-thirds C, so that would be two hundred meters per microsecond. and let's say at the instant, that B goes (at) by A, there's this light pulse traveling at C, which of course is three hundred meters per microsecond. ...(Introduction to Physics Lecture)講座者通過使用of course,預(yù)設(shè)了聽者應(yīng)該知道的背景信息:光速是一微秒300米,這樣可以使聽講者更清楚地了解講座者的意圖。
(4)and the ability to coordinate the needs of working women, something that happened in England which you know, stores were kept open until late at night, childcare was provided for uh the understanding that if you're gonna have married women with children in the work force you have to help them, continue to take care of their families that didn't go over here so well. (History of the American Family Lecture)
在上例中you know 是一種明示的語言手段,表達(dá)對聽講者的知識(shí)的假設(shè),對后面的信息加以強(qiáng)調(diào),同時(shí)提示對方意識(shí)到該信息的相關(guān)性和隱含意義:英國的職業(yè)女性照顧孩子的需求無法得到滿足和商店關(guān)門過早之間的關(guān)系,實(shí)際表示you should know。講座者并不一定知道聽講者是否知道此信息,通過you know的使用,對聽講者獲取信息的認(rèn)知語境(背景知識(shí))進(jìn)行推測和假設(shè),目的在于使聽講者熟悉這一背景,與自己達(dá)成共知,增加話語的勸說力,同時(shí)縮短心理距離,取得滿意的交際效果。
4.1話語修正
此功能也與交際雙方的認(rèn)知語境有關(guān)系,通過元話語語塊的使用能夠標(biāo)示解釋框架和互動(dòng)框架
?(5) well the Soviet Union of course was not very happy with this, so what did the Soviets do? they launched a massive propaganda campaign to influe- in if possible the attentive, educated publics at Universities mostly, in Western Europe um, to get, that, attentive public to reject and put pressure on on Western European leaderships, not actually to decide, in their parliaments, to accept missiles from the U-S, uh accept missiles from the U-S. i mean the countries that were most affected by those missiles that were supposed to be deployed in Western Europe, um, England, there were four countries England Netherlands Germany and Italy. um so those four countries, um you had you found a tremendous campaign, propaganda campaign by the Soviet Union to prevent those publics, and make them make sure that those public influenced their leaders, not to accept, those counter-missiles. (Political Science Lecture)
學(xué)術(shù)講座中需要準(zhǔn)確的措辭,因此,元話語語塊可以表明話語中的信息補(bǔ)充和錯(cuò)誤修正。這里I mean引導(dǎo)的話語對之前的West European leaders進(jìn)行了補(bǔ)充和具體化,清楚地表明了蘇聯(lián)對四個(gè)歐洲國家在反導(dǎo)彈問題上的的宣傳和造勢,以防這些國家利用反導(dǎo)彈對蘇聯(lián)進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)。這樣,澄清了之前話語引起的理解上的模糊和不確定。
■ ?編輯∕高 ?偉