劉穎 劉鵬
大部分英語(yǔ)詞組中都有介詞,它是英語(yǔ)詞類大家族的成員之一,也是英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)或句子結(jié)構(gòu)的重要組成部分。在一些由同一動(dòng)詞或形容詞構(gòu)成的英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)中,由于介詞的不同,其含義差別很大。同學(xué)們對(duì)那些介詞不同的英語(yǔ)詞組用法容易混淆,現(xiàn)歸納幾類常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)如下:
1. be strict with, be strict in
(1)be strict with意為“對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格”,介詞with之后必須接“人”。如:
As a student, I must be strict with myself. 作為一名學(xué)生,我必須嚴(yán)格要求自己。
(2)be strict in意為“對(duì)某事要求嚴(yán)格”,介詞in之后須跟“物”。如:
We must be strict in our work. 我們必須嚴(yán)格要求我們的工作。
2. lie in, lie to, lie on
(1)lie in + 方位,指某地方的位置在介詞in后賓語(yǔ)所指的范圍之內(nèi),前者與后者有所屬關(guān)系。如:
Beijing lies in the north of China. 北京位于中國(guó)的北部。
(2)lie to + 方位,指某地的位置在介詞to后賓語(yǔ)所指的范圍之外,兩者并沒(méi)有所屬關(guān)系。如:
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國(guó)的東邊。
(3)lie on + 方位,表示某地的位置與介詞on后的賓語(yǔ)所指的位置相鄰,兩者無(wú)所屬關(guān)系。如:
Shandong lies on the east of Shanxi. 山東位于山西的東部。
3. look for, look at, look up, look out, look over
(1)look for意為“尋找”。如:
He is looking for his pen. 他正在找他的鋼筆。
(2)look at意為“看”。如:
Please look at the blackboard. 請(qǐng)看黑板。
(3)look up意為“查找”。如:
You should look up the new word in your dictionary. 你應(yīng)該在你的字典里查一查這個(gè)生單詞。
(4)look out意為“注意;小心”。如:
Look out!Here comes the bus. 小心!公交來(lái)了。
(5)look over意為“檢查身體;檢查”。如:
The doctor is looking over the little boy now. 現(xiàn)在,醫(yī)生正在給小男孩檢查身體。
4. be careful with, be careful of
(1)be careful with意為“在……方面認(rèn)真;在……方面細(xì)心”。如:
You must be careful with your homework. 你必須認(rèn)真做家庭作業(yè)。
(2)be careful of意為“當(dāng)心;注意”,相當(dāng)于pay attention to。如:
He warned us to be careful of snake. 他警告我們要當(dāng)心蛇。
5. by the end of, at the end of, in the end of
(1)by the end of意為“到……末為止”,其后接表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí),如果時(shí)間名詞是表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
By the end of last week, we had learned three English songs. 到上周末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了三首英語(yǔ)歌了。
(2)at the end of意為“在……盡頭、在……結(jié)束的時(shí)候”,后可接地點(diǎn),也可接時(shí)間。如果后接表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間,句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài);如果接地點(diǎn),句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I went to see my friend at the end of last week. 我上周末去看望了我的朋友。
You will find the hospital at the end of the road. 在路的盡頭你將找到那所醫(yī)院。
(3)in the end意為“最后”,相當(dāng)于finally, at last。如:
They have won the football match in the end. 最后他們獲得了足球比賽的勝利。
6. be made of, be made from, be made in
(1)be made of意為“由……制成”,強(qiáng)調(diào)能從產(chǎn)品上看出原料來(lái)。如:
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是用木頭制造的。
(2)be made from意為“由……制造”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從產(chǎn)品上看不出原料來(lái)。如:
Paper is made from grass. 紙是用草做的。
(3)be made in意為“在……地方制造”。如:
My pen is made in Weifang. 我的鋼筆是濰坊造的。
7. on ones way, in ones way, by the way
(1)on ones way意為“在……途中”。如:
On my way home, I met my friend yesterday. 昨天我在回家的路上遇見(jiàn)了我的朋友。
(2)in ones way意為“擋道”。如:
A truck was in our way yesterday. 昨天一輛卡車擋住了我們的路。
(3)by the way意為“順便說(shuō)一下”。如:
By the way, do you know where Shaoyang is?順便問(wèn)一下,你知道邵陽(yáng)在哪里?
8. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself
(1)by oneself意為“獨(dú)自地、無(wú)助地”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某人單獨(dú)做某事,而不需要?jiǎng)e人幫助。如:
You must do your work by yourself. 你必須獨(dú)自做你的工作。
(2)for oneself意為“為自己做某事”。如:
They have built a house for themselves. 他們?yōu)樽约航ㄔ炝艘淮狈孔印?/p>
(3)to oneself意為“暗自、在心中”,常與talk, say, think等動(dòng)詞連用。如:
He said to himself that there was something wrong. 他心想這其中有毛病。
注意: say to oneself意為“在心里想”;talk/ speak to oneself意為“自言自語(yǔ)”。
9. be pleased with, be pleased at
(1)be pleased with意為“對(duì)……感到滿意”,相當(dāng)于be satisfied with。如:
Our teacher said he was pleased with our work. 我們老師說(shuō),他對(duì)我們的工作很滿意。
(2)be pleased at意為“因……而高興”。如:
I am pleased at hearing what you said. 聽(tīng)到你說(shuō)的話我很高興。
10. give in, give up
(1)give in意為“讓步;屈服”,用作不及物動(dòng)詞,其后不能跟賓語(yǔ)。如:
In the end the teacher had to give in. 最后這位老師不得不讓步。
(2)give up意為“放棄、投降”,可用作及物動(dòng)詞,也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞,后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般要用動(dòng)名詞。如:
He didnt pass the exam, but he didnt give up. 盡管他考試沒(méi)有及格,但是他沒(méi)有放棄。
11. be good at, be good to, be good for, be good with
(1)be good at意為“擅長(zhǎng)”。如:
He is good at studying English. 他擅長(zhǎng)學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
(2)be good to意為“對(duì)……和善”。如:
Our teachers are very good to us. 我們的老師對(duì)我們很和藹。
(3)be good for意為“對(duì)……有益”。如:
It is good for our heath to eat more vegetables. 多吃蔬菜有益于我們的健康。
(4)be good with意為“和……友好相處”。如:
We are good with our teachers. 我們和老師相處得很好。
12. be angry with, be angry at, be angry about
(1)be angry with意為“生某人的氣”。如:
My mother is often angry with me. 我媽媽經(jīng)常生我的氣。
(2)be angry at意為“對(duì)某種行為生氣”。如:
He is angry at what you did last week. 你對(duì)你上周所做的事感到生氣。
(3)be angry about意為“為某件事生氣”。如:
He is often angry about something bad. 他經(jīng)常為一些不好的事情感到生氣。
13. be on, be to, be in
(1)be on意為“正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行中”。如:
The meeting is on. 會(huì)議正在進(jìn)行中。
(2)be to意為“去、來(lái)過(guò)某地”,介詞之后接地點(diǎn),如果是副詞則不需要介詞to。如:
He has been to Beijing. 他去過(guò)北京。
She has been there. 她去過(guò)那兒。
(3)be in表示“在某地”,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。經(jīng)常和表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,介詞之后接地點(diǎn),如果是副詞則不需要介詞in。如:
My father has been in Shanghai for three years. 我父親在上海呆了三年了。
14. spend on, spend with, spend in
(1)spend on意為“在……花費(fèi)時(shí)間、錢(qián)”。如:
I spent five dollars on the pen. 我花了五美元買(mǎi)這只鋼筆。
I spent two hours on TV yesterday. 昨天我看電視看了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。
(2)spend with意為“和……度過(guò)”。如:
I spend two weeks with my friends last month. 上個(gè)月我和朋友們一起度過(guò)了兩周時(shí)間。
(3)spend in意為“做……花費(fèi)時(shí)間”。如:
The boy spent four hours in watching TV last night. 這個(gè)男孩昨天晚上看了四個(gè)小時(shí)的電視。
15. stay at, stay with, stay up
(1)stay at意為“待在……地方”。如:
He always stays at home after school. 他放學(xué)后總是呆在家里。
(2)stay with意為“和……待在一起”。如:
The little girl always stays with her mother. 這個(gè)小女孩總是和她的媽媽在一起。
(3)stay up意為“熬夜”。如:
My brother often stays up before exams. 我哥哥在考試前經(jīng)常熬夜。
16. be popular with, be popular among
(1)be popular with意為“受……歡迎、喜歡”。如:
The teacher is popular with her students. 這位老師深受學(xué)生們的喜愛(ài)。
(2)be popular among意為“在……中受歡迎”。如:
His song is quite popular among the young. 他的歌在年輕人中相當(dāng)流行。
17. be famous for, be famous as, be famous to
(1)be famous for意為“以……而著名”。如:
China is famous for the Great Wall. 中國(guó)以長(zhǎng)城而著名。
(2)be famous as意為“作為……而著名”。如:
The old man is famous as a teacher. 這位老人作為一名教師而出名。
(3)be famous to意為“對(duì)……而著名”。如:
The Great Wall is famous to the people all over the world. 長(zhǎng)城對(duì)全世界的人民來(lái)說(shuō)都很有名。
18. hear from, hear of
(1)hear from意為收到某人的來(lái)信”。如:
I often hear from my friend. 我經(jīng)常收到朋友的來(lái)信。
(2)hear of意為“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”。如:
We ever heard of him. 我們?cè)?jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他。
19. think about, think over
(1)think about意為“考慮有關(guān)……”。如:
She is thinking about a math problem. 她正在考慮一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題。
(2)think over意為“認(rèn)真考慮……”。如:
I was thinking a problem over when he came in. 當(dāng)他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我正在認(rèn)真考慮一個(gè)問(wèn)題。