李嘉++王小奇
摘 要 香蕉象甲(Cosmopolites sordidus)是芭蕉屬(Musa spp.)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物最具破壞力的害蟲(chóng),如何對(duì)其進(jìn)行有效防治已成為一項(xiàng)重要議題。球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)在香蕉象甲防治方面具有很好的應(yīng)用效果,對(duì)其應(yīng)用研究的主要成果進(jìn)行概述,這對(duì)以后進(jìn)一步研究球孢白僵菌等昆蟲(chóng)病原真菌及其在害蟲(chóng)防治上的應(yīng)用具有重要的參考價(jià)值。
關(guān)鍵詞 球孢白僵菌 ;香蕉象甲 ;防治 ;內(nèi)生菌
分類(lèi)號(hào) S436.67
An Overview of Application Study of Beauveria bassiana
in the Control of Cosmopolites sordidus
LI Jia WANG Xiaoqi
(Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866)
Abstract The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus is the most devastating insect pest of banana crops (Musa spp.), so how to control it effectively has been an important issue. The fungus Beauveria bassiana exhibits good application effects in the control of C. sordidus, and the major achievements are shown in this paper. This will provide a reference for further study on B. bassiana and other entomopathogenic fungi, and their application in pest control.
Keywords Beauveria bassiana ; Cosmopolites sordidus ; control ; endophyte
香蕉象甲(Cosmopolites sordidus Germar)隸屬于鞘翅目(Coleoptera)象甲科(Curculionidae),是世界上多數(shù)芭蕉屬(Musa spp.)經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)區(qū)最具破壞力的害蟲(chóng)[1],該屬幾乎所有種類(lèi)都能深受其害,若不加以控制,損失可以達(dá)到100%[2]。這種害蟲(chóng)在假莖和根莖中鉆蛀、取食,導(dǎo)致植株養(yǎng)分?jǐn)z取減少、成熟延遲、葉片早衰、莖稈斷折等[3-6];同時(shí),受害植株對(duì)其它害蟲(chóng)和疾病變得更加易感[7]。受害嚴(yán)重的植株或許在其果實(shí)串形成之前已經(jīng)死亡,因而使果實(shí)產(chǎn)量下降[4,6]。因此,如何有效防治這種害蟲(chóng)已成為一項(xiàng)重要議題。
農(nóng)業(yè)防治方法如利用寄主作物的假莖和根莖誘捕香蕉象甲成蟲(chóng),抗性作物品種的培育和利用,作物殘留物的及時(shí)清除等均已用于香蕉象甲的治理,但成本和勞動(dòng)投入較高[5,8]。化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑已在商業(yè)種植園大量使用,但香蕉象甲很快表現(xiàn)出了抗性,并且其它弊端例如環(huán)境污染和高成本進(jìn)一步限制了其使用[9-10]。香蕉象甲的捕食性天敵雖有記錄,例如1種甲蟲(chóng)腹點(diǎn)紋牙甲(Dactylosternum abdominale)和1種蟻Odontomachus troglodytes,但它們?cè)谙憬断蠹追乐紊系膽?yīng)用效果常常不夠理想[11-13]。目前,昆蟲(chóng)病原真菌在香蕉象甲防治方面具有很好的應(yīng)用效果,且主要是一種稱(chēng)為球孢白僵菌[Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin]的絲狀真菌,其隸屬于絲孢綱、叢梗孢目、叢梗孢科、白僵菌屬。這種真菌對(duì)許多昆蟲(chóng)都具有明顯的致病性,因此是研究及應(yīng)用最多的真菌類(lèi)生物殺蟲(chóng)劑[14-17]。
1 研究進(jìn)展
球孢白僵菌是香蕉象甲生物防治最具使用價(jià)值的制劑之一[18]。在許多室內(nèi)測(cè)試中,球孢白僵菌表現(xiàn)出對(duì)香蕉象甲的高致病性;在一些田間試驗(yàn)中,這種真菌的使用同樣能夠顯著抑制香蕉象甲的種群數(shù)量[7,19-20]。
球孢白僵菌的毒力在不同的菌株間存在差別[16,21]。對(duì)香蕉象甲具有高毒力的1個(gè)菌株(CG1024)有1種分子標(biāo)記,對(duì)該菌株具有專(zhuān)一性,它是通過(guò)隨機(jī)擴(kuò)增多態(tài)性DNA(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, RAPD)圖譜比對(duì)而發(fā)現(xiàn)的[16]。這種分子標(biāo)記經(jīng)克隆和測(cè)序之后,設(shè)計(jì)出它的專(zhuān)一性PCR引物,用于擴(kuò)增其一段838 bp的片段。這可用于這個(gè)菌株的田間探查和監(jiān)測(cè),并判斷其防治香蕉象甲的效力[16]。
球孢白僵菌同一菌株的不同劑型在防治香蕉象甲的效力上也存在差異[19]。有人研究了1種球孢白僵菌菌株的2種劑型對(duì)香蕉象甲的防治效力[19]。這2種劑型分別是純孢子粉劑和以磨碎的脫脂油棕櫚仁為基質(zhì)的孢子粉劑。它們雖然能使人工散放的香蕉象甲種群產(chǎn)生同等高水平的死亡率,但對(duì)香蕉象甲的自然種群,帶基質(zhì)的劑型導(dǎo)致的死亡率要顯著高于純孢子粉劑。這種差別可能源于這2種劑型的孢子存活力的不同[19]。
受球孢白僵菌侵染的香蕉象甲在田間的活動(dòng)范圍信息對(duì)于如何有效散布這種病原菌具有重要意義[19]。受侵染的寄主會(huì)在田間活動(dòng)時(shí)散播病原菌,并將其傳染給其它香蕉象甲,形成流行的態(tài)勢(shì)[19,22-23]。這樣既實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)害蟲(chóng)種群的抑制,同時(shí)又減少了病原菌的初始用量和再次施用的必要性[19]。使用病原菌人工侵染的香蕉象甲成蟲(chóng),有人研究了球孢白僵菌在田間的傳播情況,結(jié)果表明該菌的孢子可能會(huì)從香蕉象甲起始釋放點(diǎn)散播達(dá)18 m的距離[19]。endprint
香蕉象甲的群集信息素能夠增強(qiáng)球孢白僵菌的傳播,從而提高防治香蕉象甲的效果[23]。這里群集信息素用于將香蕉象甲吸引到球孢白僵菌的施用地點(diǎn),而后球孢白僵菌借助受侵染的香蕉象甲的活動(dòng)進(jìn)行傳播[23]。研究表明,比起單獨(dú)使用球孢白僵菌,聯(lián)合使用球孢白僵菌與香蕉象甲信息素能明顯導(dǎo)致更高水平的香蕉象甲死亡率[23]。有了群集信息素的協(xié)助,球孢白僵菌的單位面積施用量可以得到減少[23]。另外,植物利它素也能夠有效吸引并群集香蕉象甲,它們?cè)趨f(xié)助病原菌傳播而防治香蕉象甲方面的作用也值得進(jìn)一步研究。植物利它素的使用優(yōu)勢(shì)就是它們具有易得性[23]。
2 存在問(wèn)題及局限性
作為香蕉象甲的微生物殺蟲(chóng)劑,球孢白僵菌的使用也會(huì)受到一些因素的制約,如不良環(huán)境條件(溫度、光照、降水等)、生產(chǎn)制劑的高成本、不完善的應(yīng)用技術(shù)等[24-28]。另外,香蕉象甲的生物學(xué)特性也增加了根除它的難度,因?yàn)樵诰哂袊?yán)重危害性的幼蟲(chóng)期,它生活在香蕉根莖的內(nèi)部,從而受到了很好的保護(hù)[3]。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這些限制因素,將球孢白僵菌作為人工內(nèi)生菌來(lái)使用是可取的方法。內(nèi)生菌的使用優(yōu)勢(shì)就是它能消滅香蕉根莖內(nèi)部的香蕉象甲幼蟲(chóng),同時(shí)由于只需要少量的菌劑,應(yīng)用成本也降低了[7,28]。內(nèi)生的球孢白僵菌也可以在香蕉植株的內(nèi)部受到保護(hù),從而避開(kāi)田間限制它使用的非生物和生物因素[7,28]。
近年來(lái)的研究表明,球孢白僵菌能夠在許多植物種類(lèi),包括組織培養(yǎng)得到的香蕉植株中以?xún)?nèi)生菌形式存活[7,29-32]。對(duì)組織培養(yǎng)的香蕉植株進(jìn)行球孢白僵菌懸浮液接種,建立內(nèi)生菌群的比例可達(dá)78.7%,并且持續(xù)了至少4個(gè)月[33-34];后來(lái)又有證據(jù)表明,這種成功建立內(nèi)生菌群的比例可高達(dá)96.7%[35]。這些香蕉植株內(nèi)的人工菌群不會(huì)對(duì)植株生長(zhǎng)造成不利影響,即使在接種時(shí)使用了很高劑量的球孢白僵菌[34-35]。
香蕉植株的內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌對(duì)香蕉象甲的作用效果已有研究。在烏干達(dá),有人對(duì)組織培養(yǎng)的香蕉植株進(jìn)行球孢白僵菌接種,方法即將植株的根浸在球孢白僵菌懸浮液(孢子濃度1.5×107個(gè)/mL)中,持續(xù)2 h[7,28]。植株生長(zhǎng)2個(gè)月后引入香蕉象甲成蟲(chóng)或幼蟲(chóng)。當(dāng)引入成蟲(chóng)5 d后,香蕉植株的內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌沒(méi)有對(duì)成蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵率以及卵孵化率造成影響;但經(jīng)過(guò)15周后,這些內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌大大減少了香蕉象甲種群數(shù)量以及它們對(duì)香蕉植株的危害[7]。當(dāng)引入幼蟲(chóng)2周后,內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌顯著降低了幼蟲(chóng)存活率以及它們對(duì)香蕉植株的危害[28]。對(duì)于同一植株,內(nèi)生菌群建立程度越高的部位受香蕉象甲的危害越小[7,28]。據(jù)稱(chēng)內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌對(duì)香蕉象甲的作用方式可以是直接寄生,或者是在香蕉植株組織中積累真菌毒素,這些毒素能夠遏制香蕉象甲的取食和發(fā)育,從而減少其對(duì)香蕉植株的危害[7]。以后的研究需要改善內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌群建立的程度和持久性,以更有效地減少香蕉象甲的危害。內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌對(duì)香蕉象甲的田間防治效果試驗(yàn)是必不可少的,這與它的實(shí)際應(yīng)用相關(guān)聯(lián)。
3 應(yīng)用前景與展望
球孢白僵菌在香蕉象甲防治方面具有良好的應(yīng)用前景,相信在昆蟲(chóng)病原生物學(xué)、化學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)等研究的推動(dòng)下,其應(yīng)用效果將會(huì)不斷提升。將球孢白僵菌和香蕉象甲的引誘劑(信息素或它感物質(zhì))聯(lián)合使用以促進(jìn)球孢白僵菌的散播,以及通過(guò)香蕉植株的內(nèi)生球孢白僵菌控制隱藏于植株內(nèi)部的香蕉象甲幼蟲(chóng)都是很有前途的應(yīng)用方法。病原真菌類(lèi)除了球孢白僵菌,綠僵菌屬的Metarhizium anisopliae對(duì)香蕉象甲也具有致死作用[36-37],因此如何將球孢白僵菌與綠僵菌有效聯(lián)合施用以增強(qiáng)對(duì)香蕉象甲的防控能力有必要深入探討。研究表明球孢白僵菌和綠僵菌的本地菌株對(duì)香蕉象甲的毒力較弱,因此外來(lái)菌株的使用或許是理想的選擇[38]。另外,一些昆蟲(chóng)病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)如Steinernema carpocapsae、Heterorhabditis bacteriophora等也能夠有效侵染并殺死香蕉象甲,從而應(yīng)用于香蕉象甲的防治[13,39]。綜合應(yīng)用球孢白僵菌和其它病原真菌、病原線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)等要素以提高香蕉象甲的防治效果有待于進(jìn)一步研究,這也需要有害生物綜合治理(Integrated Pest Management, IPM)的理論指導(dǎo)。本文對(duì)以后進(jìn)一步研究球孢白僵菌等昆蟲(chóng)病原真菌及其在害蟲(chóng)防治上的應(yīng)用具有重要的參考價(jià)值。
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