鄧 泳,楊 龍,李 瓊,王玉梅,胡冰艷
(中國石油新疆油田分公司實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測研究院,新疆克拉瑪依834000)
準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地二疊系蘆草溝組致密油巖心覆壓孔滲變化規(guī)律研究
鄧泳,楊龍,李瓊,王玉梅,胡冰艷
(中國石油新疆油田分公司實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測研究院,新疆克拉瑪依834000)
油層條件下巖石的孔隙度和滲透率與凈上覆壓力的關(guān)系是儲量計(jì)算和油氣田開發(fā)研究的重要內(nèi)容。利用CMS-300覆壓測試系統(tǒng),根據(jù)巖心壓汞、鑄體薄片、掃描電鏡及場發(fā)射等多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)分析資料,研究了致密油在地層條件下的孔隙度和滲透率與凈上覆壓力的關(guān)系,同時(shí)為分析致密油與低孔、低滲儲層的差異,還對低孔、低滲儲層巖心進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)。研究結(jié)果表明:①隨著凈上覆壓力的增加,覆壓孔隙度和覆壓滲透率均與凈上覆壓力呈冪函數(shù)遞減關(guān)系;②與低孔、低滲儲層相比,壓實(shí)作用對致密油造成的孔隙度和滲透率的損失率均較??;③恢復(fù)壓力后,致密油的孔隙度和滲透率基本能恢復(fù)到初始值,巖樣具有較好的彈性。
蘆草溝組;致密油;覆壓孔隙度;覆壓滲透率;準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地
致密油是指以吸附或游離狀態(tài)賦存于生油巖中,或與生油巖互層、緊鄰生油巖的致密砂巖或致密碳酸鹽巖等儲集巖中,未經(jīng)大規(guī)模、長距離運(yùn)移的石油聚集[1]。與常規(guī)油氣藏相比,致密油具有源儲一體、連續(xù)分布及無明顯圈閉邊界等特點(diǎn)[2-4]。致密油覆壓基質(zhì)滲透率通常小于0.2 mD(或空氣滲透率小于2 mD)[2-5]。覆壓孔隙度與覆壓滲透率是致密油評價(jià)的2個(gè)主要參數(shù),對其變化規(guī)律的研究,在致密油勘探開發(fā)中具有重要意義[6-9]。
目前,準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地二疊系致密油的勘探和研究還處于起步階段[10-11],總體勘探程度與地質(zhì)認(rèn)識程度相對較低,基礎(chǔ)理論尚未完善,評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與控制因素等方面還存在很多難題[12-14]。筆者通過對壓汞、鑄體薄片及掃描電鏡等資料的分析,著力研究目的層段蘆草溝組致密油巖心在覆壓條件下孔隙度與滲透率的變化規(guī)律,為非常規(guī)油氣資源勘探提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。
準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地中、下二疊統(tǒng)蘆草溝組是致密油勘探的重點(diǎn)層系,廣泛發(fā)育咸化湖相暗色泥巖與云質(zhì)巖混雜沉積,其中暗色泥巖為主力烴源巖,云質(zhì)巖為致密油的主要富集層,二者呈互層狀分布。從鑄體薄片、全巖和掃描電鏡等資料(圖1)分析可看出:研究區(qū)儲層巖性主要為灰質(zhì)粉砂巖和泥巖;巖石組分以方解石和白云巖為主(二者的平均體積分?jǐn)?shù)為36.36%),其次為長石和石英;粒徑主要為0.063~0.250 mm,分選性差,定義為細(xì)?!獦O細(xì)粒砂質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu);磨圓度以次棱角—棱角狀為主,結(jié)構(gòu)成熟度較低;膠結(jié)類型主要為壓嵌型膠結(jié);孔喉普遍細(xì)小,存在大量納米級孔隙和微裂縫,孔徑大多為100~750 nm;孔隙類型包括粒間孔、粒內(nèi)溶孔、粒??缀腕w腔孔等,次生孔隙較為發(fā)育,溶蝕孔所占比例最高,其體積分?jǐn)?shù)平均為65%。
圖1 J174井二疊系蘆草溝組儲層特征Fig.1 Cast thin sections and scanning electron microscopy of Permian Lucaogou Formation in J174 well
為模擬實(shí)際地層條件,采用CMS-300巖心自動分析儀對致密油巖心的孔隙度和滲透率進(jìn)行測量。該巖心自動分析儀具有自動化程度高、測量精度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且其凈覆壓的測試范圍為2.1~67.6 MPa,孔隙度>1%,空氣滲透率≥1 mD,可以滿足油藏分析的實(shí)際需要[15-16]。
為了保證實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性,選取了44塊準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地二疊系蘆草溝組致密油巖心樣品進(jìn)行常規(guī)孔隙度和滲透率分析,另外為便于分析致密油巖心受上覆壓力的影響程度,還對準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地阜東地區(qū)低孔、低滲儲層的巖心進(jìn)行了分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,研究區(qū)灰質(zhì)粉砂巖的孔隙度主要為4.00%~16.51%,平均為10.43%,滲透率主要為0.1~2.3 mD,平均為0.25 mD。與儲層物性相對接近的準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地阜東地區(qū)低孔、低滲儲層相比[17-18],研究區(qū)致密油具有較高的孔隙度,屬中孔、低滲儲層[19-20](圖2)。
圖2 孔隙度與滲透率交會圖Fig.2 Cross plot of porosity and permeability
2.1不同凈上覆壓力下孔隙度和滲透率的變化規(guī)律
為了分析凈上覆壓力對儲層孔隙度和滲透率的影響,選取了2塊蘆草溝組致密油巖心(巖心編號分別為76號和79號),采用先增加后減小的壓力變化順序(壓力選擇依次為5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,35 MPa,45 MPa,35 MPa,15 MPa和5 MPa)對孔隙度和滲透率進(jìn)行測量。
為分析壓實(shí)作用對致密油孔隙度和滲透率的影響,采用覆壓條件下與大氣壓條件下的孔隙度比值(RΦ)來反映孔隙度損失率,用覆壓條件下與大氣壓條件下的滲透率的比值(RK)來反映滲透率損失率,以此來衡量致密油物性受壓實(shí)作用的影響程度。若RΦ和RK這2個(gè)數(shù)值越分別接近1,則孔隙度和滲透率的損失率均越小,壓實(shí)作用對儲層物性的影響程度越小,反之則反。
對孔隙度的測量結(jié)果表明:①隨著凈上覆壓力的增大,巖心孔隙度呈減小趨勢,而隨著凈上覆壓力的減小,巖心孔隙度呈增大趨勢[圖3(a)];②無論是孔隙度所表現(xiàn)出的減小還是增大趨勢,其變化幅度均較小,反映出壓實(shí)作用造成的孔隙度損失率較?。≧Φ>0.95);③當(dāng)壓力恢復(fù)到初始狀態(tài)時(shí)(5 MPa),去除儀器誤差的影響,可以認(rèn)為巖心孔隙度已基本恢復(fù)到初始值;④經(jīng)過加壓與降壓的變化過程,巖心樣品近似地發(fā)生了線彈性變化;⑤與低孔、低滲儲層相比,研究區(qū)致密油孔隙度隨凈上覆壓力的變化幅度要小[圖4(a)],巖石壓縮系數(shù)小,壓敏特征不明顯,巖石具有一定的彈性。
對滲透率的測量結(jié)果表明:①隨著凈上覆壓力的增大,巖心滲透率呈減小趨勢,但減小的幅度較小,反映滲透率對壓力的敏感性較差;②當(dāng)壓力恢復(fù)到初始狀態(tài)時(shí)(5 MPa),滲透率能基本恢復(fù)到初始值[圖3(b)];③當(dāng)孔隙度相同時(shí),不同壓力條件下滲透率較大的巖樣(79號巖心)其RΚ值變化較小,而滲透率較小的巖樣(76號巖心)其RΚ值變化較大,說明受上覆壓力影響時(shí),滲透率較小的巖樣其滲透率的損失率要大于滲透率較大的巖樣[圖4(b)];④雖然上覆壓力對不同滲透率巖樣的影響程度存在差異,但這些巖樣的RΚ值均大于0.5,說明所造成的滲透率損失率較?。蹐D4(b)];⑤與低孔、低滲儲層相比,壓實(shí)作用對致密油造成的滲透率損失率要?。蹐D4(b)]。
圖3 凈上覆壓力與孔隙度和滲透率交會圖Fig.3 Cross plot of net overburden pressure with porosity and permeability
圖4 凈上覆壓力與覆壓孔滲和常規(guī)孔滲比值交會圖Fig.4 Cross plot of net overburden pressure with the ratio of porosity and permeability
2.2覆壓孔隙度與覆壓滲透率影響因素分析
對上述測量結(jié)果的分析認(rèn)為,致密油之所以表現(xiàn)出這些特征,是由其巖礦組成和成巖作用等多種因素決定的[16-17]。準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地二疊系蘆草溝組致密油巖心的巖性屬細(xì)—極細(xì)粒砂巖,經(jīng)過長期的壓實(shí)作用,碎屑顆粒穩(wěn)定排列,顆粒間主要為線接觸或凹凸接觸,有些甚至呈縫合線接觸,形成致密鑲嵌結(jié)構(gòu),而且泥質(zhì)含量較低,軟塑性變形物質(zhì)較少(參見圖1),使得其壓縮系數(shù)小于低孔、低滲儲層。巖樣礦物成分主要為碳酸鹽類(碳酸鹽平均體積分?jǐn)?shù)為50.3%),溶蝕作用十分明顯,次生孔隙發(fā)育,有效地改善了儲層物性,但溶蝕孔之間的連通性差,顆粒之間的支撐作用明顯,說明巖樣孔隙的壓敏特征不太明顯,巖石具有一定的彈性。
對鑄體薄片、掃描電鏡和恒速壓汞等資料的分析認(rèn)為,與低孔、低滲儲層相比,致密油具有較大的孔隙度,但儲集空間以連通性差的粒內(nèi)溶孔、鑄??缀腕w腔孔為主。其中,鑄??字睆酵ǔ閹资⒚?,且以孤立孔居多,缺少孔間連通性,孔隙主要靠晶間微隙相連(參見圖1)。由恒速壓汞資料可以看出,排驅(qū)壓力大,喉道半徑小,當(dāng)汞進(jìn)入溶蝕孔后,壓力明顯降低,孔隙連通性差,滲透性差(圖5)。致密油經(jīng)過長期的壓實(shí)、膠結(jié)與溶蝕等作用,又因軟塑性變形物質(zhì)相對較少,因此其壓縮系數(shù)小于低孔、低滲儲層,具有較強(qiáng)的彈性。
圖5 J174井蘆草溝組3 116 m恒速壓汞曲線Fig.5 Constant velocity mercury injection curves of Lucaogou Formation at 3 116 m in J174 well
(1)隨著凈上覆壓力的增加,覆壓孔隙度和覆壓滲透率與凈上覆壓力均呈冪函數(shù)遞減關(guān)系。
(2)與低孔、低滲儲層相比,壓實(shí)作用對致密油造成的孔隙度及滲透率的損失率均較小。其原因在于經(jīng)過長期的壓實(shí)、膠結(jié)與溶蝕等作用,再加上軟塑性變形物質(zhì)含量相對較少,通常具有較強(qiáng)的彈性。
(3)隨著凈上覆壓力的降低,致密油巖樣的孔隙度和滲透率能基本恢復(fù)到實(shí)驗(yàn)初始值,巖樣具有較好的彈性,說明與低孔、低滲儲層相比,致密油可以適當(dāng)延長衰歇式開采時(shí)間。
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(本文編輯:石蘭亭)
Change rule of porosity and permeability of tight oil core of Permian Lucaogou Formation under reservoir condition in Junggar Basin
DENG Yong,YANG Long,LI Qiong,WANG Yumei,HU Bingyan
(Research Institute of Experiment and Detection,PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company,Karamay 834000,Xinjiang,China)
The relations of net overburden pressure with rock porosity and permeability under the reservoir condition are important for reserve calculation and study of oil and gas field development.Through CMS-300 overburden pressure test system,combined with core mercury injection,cast thin section,scanning electron microscope,field emission and many other experimental analysis data,this paper studied the difference of the relationship between porosity,permeability and the net overburden pressure under the reservoir condition and conventional reservoir condition.The results show that:①with the increase of net overburden pressure,the overburden pressure porosity and permeability are diminishing with power function;②compared with the low porosity and low permeability reservoir,the loss ratio of tight oil porosity and permeability caused by compaction is smaller;③after the pressure recovery,the porosity and permeability of tight oil can return to the initial value almost,so the tight oil sample has good elasticity.
Lucaogou Formation;tight oil;overburden pressure porosity;overburden pressure permeability;Junggar Basin
TE122.2+3
A
1673-8926(2015)01-0039-05
2014-09-25;
2014-11-12
鄧泳(1975-),男,工程師,主要從事油田開發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)分析與研究工作。地址:(834000)新疆克拉瑪依市準(zhǔn)噶爾路29號中國石油新疆油田分公司實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測研究院。電話:(0990)6867874。E-mail:dengyong688@petrochina.com.cn。