□ 文/嚴和

重慶與仁川：延續(xù)中韓友誼，深化友城合作

□ 文/嚴和

城市簡介

仁川廣域市（相當于中國的直轄市）位于朝鮮半島中西部的仁川，離首都首爾西28公里，屬于大陸性氣候區(qū)，全年比較干燥，受季風影響較為明顯。1883年對外開港，當時稱為濟物浦，人口只有4700余人。但其位于漢江江口的優(yōu)越位置，使仁川得以發(fā)展為國際口岸。

仁川是韓國第一個門戶開放城市，近數(shù)十年以來，一直在政治、經(jīng)濟、外交、軍事等方面，為韓國實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化發(fā)揮著龍頭作用。仁川人口位居于首爾和釜山之后，是韓國的第三大城市和第二（僅次于釜山）大貿(mào)易港口。仁川與首爾之間有首都圈電鐵聯(lián)系。每日有大量乘客往來仁川與首爾兩地，由于兩地距離比較接近，已經(jīng)形成首爾—仁川經(jīng)濟圈。

重慶與韓國早有淵源。二戰(zhàn)時期，韓國將臨時政府遷至重慶，并于1940年在重慶成立韓國光復軍總司令部。21世紀以來，重慶與韓國的交流不斷深化。2007年6月2日，重慶與仁川廣域市正式簽訂了友好城市關系協(xié)議書。這將進一步發(fā)展壯大重慶的友好城市隊伍，促進中韓友好交流。

近年來，雙方在經(jīng)貿(mào)、物流、化工等方面的合作不斷加深。此外，重慶與韓國仁川市的公務員互派學習交流，重慶高校還接受了諸多來自仁川的學者和留學生，雙方的教育交流項目也逐步增多。2014年12月17日，重慶贈予友城韓國仁川市的紀念雕塑《仁心慧泉》在仁川大公園落成。至此，象征著重慶和仁川兩市友誼的互換紀念雕塑項目正式完成。該雕塑以韓國傳統(tǒng)打擊樂器長鼓為原型創(chuàng)作而成，象征著兩座城市之間的相互交流、溝通和相生。

我市贈送仁川市的雕塑仁心慧泉

外事知識

臨時政府

臨時政府，又稱為過渡政府，是指一個國家出現(xiàn)政權更迭時，國家的局勢混亂、新的政權沒有建立，這時由社會各方力量組建臨時政權。通常產(chǎn)生于政治派別爭斗激烈而導致政府出現(xiàn)更迭時，或者是原政府辭職而新的政府沒有產(chǎn)生時。

鄭烘原在重慶韓國臨時政府舊址為韓國“國父”金九塑像敬獻花籃

中國歷史上有過中華民國臨時政府和南京臨時政府。中華民國臨時政府，是1912年3月10日袁世凱就任臨時大總統(tǒng)至1913年10月10日中華民國北洋政府正式成立期間，由袁世凱在北京成立的中華民國臨時管治機構，又稱北京臨時政府。南京臨時政府內(nèi)閣是中華民國臨時政府時期的臨時性內(nèi)閣，成立于民國元年（1912年）1月1日，結束于同年3月12日。1911年10月10日武昌起義，創(chuàng)立民國，中原十二省紛紛宣布獨立。12月，十七省的代表齊聚上海，推舉孫文為臨時大總統(tǒng)；孫文組織內(nèi)閣，成立南京臨時政府。

流亡政府

流亡政府是主張為某國家的合法政府，但因為各種原因不能執(zhí)行法律權力，而駐在其他國家的臨時性政治組織。經(jīng)常發(fā)生于戰(zhàn)時的占領，而有時亦是內(nèi)戰(zhàn)、革命、軍事政變，或廣泛相信某執(zhí)政政府為非法的后果。流亡政府的現(xiàn)象早于術語產(chǎn)生。流亡政府的效力主要依靠它所能獲得的外國政府支持，及其國家本身的人口。某些流亡政府可以發(fā)展成強大的力量，對實際掌握國家的競爭對手構成嚴厲的挑戰(zhàn)，其它的則主要維持一種象征性的姿態(tài)，實際作用微小。例如第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，波蘭共和國在倫敦流亡政府。

流亡政府與殘存國家的區(qū)別是，殘存國家仍控制原先領土的最少一部份。相反地，流亡政府已喪失它的全部領土。

外事案例

韓國臨時政府的重慶歲月

1894年中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭之后，朝鮮半島淪為日本的殖民地；1910年通過的《日韓合并條約》使得日本吞并了整個朝鮮半島。但是朝鮮人民從未屈服，1919年3月1日，三一運動爆發(fā)，大韓民國的民族代表宣布大韓民族有建立獨立國家的神圣權利并且在漢城組織了臨時政府。之后，運動遭到日本殖民當局鎮(zhèn)壓，韓國獨立志士遂流亡國外，臨時政府也被迫遷移至上海。1919年4月13日，正式宣布成立大韓民國臨時政府。在中國政府的幫助下，大韓民國臨時政府進行了多次遷移，于1940年9月17日遷往重慶，并成立了韓國光復軍總司令部。

韓國臨時政府在上海的舊址

在韓國獨立運動初期，由于其派別眾多，幾經(jīng)波折最后形成了以金若山為首的朝鮮民族革命黨和以金九為首的韓國國民黨。抗戰(zhàn)初期，這兩個派別十分不合，嚴重影響了韓國獨立運動的發(fā)展進程。之后在中方的勸導下，雙方合作聯(lián)合抗日，并且于1940年組成新的韓國獨立黨，作為韓國臨時政府的執(zhí)政黨。中方除了幫助韓國臨時政府統(tǒng)一各個黨派之外，還積極地幫助韓國組織建立武裝力量。1938年10月10日，時任軍委會政治部第一廳廳長賀衷寒協(xié)助金若山在漢口成立朝鮮義勇軍，同中國并肩作戰(zhàn)。隨后1940年3月1日，在“三·一”運動紀念會上，韓國臨時政府呼吁中方幫助其建立韓國光復軍，5月該計劃得到了中方的同意，并與同年9月17日，在重慶嘉陵賓館舉行了韓國光復軍成立儀式。不僅如此，中國政府還幫助朝鮮義勇軍和韓國光復軍進行改組合并，并且在中國政府的幫助下，對新組建的新韓國光復軍進行了訓練。在國際上，中國政府還積極采取措施爭取國際社會對韓國臨時政府的承認，并且援助韓國在國際上的獨立運動。

2014年4月12日，韓國總理鄭烘原訪問重慶，參觀了位于重慶市渝中區(qū)的大韓民國臨時政府舊址和光復軍司令部。鄭烘原表示重慶對于韓國來說具有十分深遠的意義，韓國政府永遠記得重慶人民對韓國獨立運動給予的幫助。

鄭烘原在重慶參觀韓國臨時政府舊地

延伸閱讀

兩江新區(qū)中韓產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)

2010年6月國務院批復的兩江新區(qū)掛牌成立，是繼上海浦東新區(qū)和天津濱海新區(qū)之后，全國第三個國家級開發(fā)新區(qū)，也是內(nèi)陸唯一由中國政府與外國政府間共建的產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)。2011年9月，在商務部的推動下中韓產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)落戶重慶。兩江新區(qū)成立后，隨著其作為內(nèi)陸開放重要引擎的地位日益凸顯，韓國與重慶的經(jīng)貿(mào)往來更加頻繁，越來越多的韓資企業(yè)投資重慶、投資兩江新區(qū)。兩江新區(qū)成為韓國在中國內(nèi)陸地區(qū)重要的投資目的地。

中韓產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)位于兩江新區(qū)龍盛片區(qū)，啟動區(qū)面積7.9平方公里，拓展區(qū)面積6.4平方公里。重點發(fā)展汽車和電子產(chǎn)業(yè)，引進韓國優(yōu)勢制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和文化創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)業(yè)。以建設功能現(xiàn)代化、產(chǎn)業(yè)高端、生態(tài)宜居、文化多元的國際化新型園區(qū)為發(fā)展目標。產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)的功能包括：高端產(chǎn)業(yè)功能、生態(tài)宜居功能、文化共享功能。產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)的空間布局以三大功能區(qū)為核心，形成一帶三區(qū)的空間結構。一帶為生態(tài)文化帶，三區(qū)包括先進制造區(qū)、綜合服務區(qū)和創(chuàng)意研發(fā)區(qū)。被稱為韓國在中國西部的第二故鄉(xiāng)。

重慶作為西部對外開放的戰(zhàn)略高地，旨在建立一座經(jīng)濟繁榮、綠色生態(tài)的國際化大都市。加之，兩江新區(qū)不僅擁有航空、鐵路、地鐵、高速等多條運輸通道，而且是集多家汽車、電子公司為一體企業(yè)群體。但是重慶擁有高端產(chǎn)業(yè)技術的企業(yè)較少且第三產(chǎn)業(yè)仍缺乏集群性和創(chuàng)新性。由此，韓國優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)全球布局的戰(zhàn)略與中國西部地區(qū)發(fā)展需求相結合，為雙方的共贏創(chuàng)造機會。

● 作者為四川外國語大學國際關系學院碩士研究生

Source form internet

City Introduction

Inchon city （the equivalent of municipality in China） is located in the middle-west area of Korean peninsula， 28 km from the capital Seoul，belongs to the continental climate zone， dry all the year round， which is evidently affected by the monsoon. Inchon became the external opening port of destination in 1883， and then called Jemulpo with only about 4700 people. But its superior position in the Han River mouth makes Inchon possible to develop as an international port.

Inchon， South Korea's first portal open city， has been playing a leading role in political，economic， diplomatic and military aspects for South Korean modernization in recent decades. Inchon's population is lesser than Seoul's and Busan's. It is Korea's third largest city and second （after Pusan） largest trade port. The transportation between Seoul and Inchon is convenient. There is an amount of people shuttling from Seoul to Inchon. Due to the close distance， Seoul—Inchon economic circle has already taken shape.

The friendship between Chongqing and Korea goes back to long time ago. During the Second World War， Korea moved its interim government to Chongqing， and founded General Headquarters of Korean Liberation Army in 1940. From the 21st century， the exchanges between Chongqing and Korea have been successively developing. On June 2， 2007， Chongqing and Incheon signed a sister city agreement. This will further develop and strengthen the sister city career of Chongqing， and promote friendly exchanges between China and Korea.

In recent years， Chongqing and Incheon have pushed for broader and deeper cooperation in many fields such as economy and business，logistics， and chemical industry. Furthermore，government offi cials in Chongqing and Incheon are assigned to exchange learning， universities in Chongqing have received many scholars and overseas students from Incheon， and education exchange programs of the two sides are expanding. On December17， 2007， the Memorial Sculpture Benevolence Huiquan which was donated to Incheon from Chongqing was founded in the Incheon Grand Park， and it was the symbol of the friendships between Chongqing and Incheon. The sculpture was created on the basis of one Korean traditional percussion-long drum as the prototype， symbolizing the interactions and communications between the two cities.

Panoramic view of the sculpture gifted by Incheon city

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

Government in Exile

A government in exile is a political group which claims to be legitimate government of a country， but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. Governments in exile frequently occur during wartime occupation， or in the aftermath of a civil war， revolution， or military coup. A government in exile may also form from widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. The effectiveness of a government in exile depends primarily on the amount of support it can receive，either from foreign governments or from the population of its own country. Some governments in exile develop into a formidable force， posing a serious challenge to the incumbent regime of the country， while others are maintained chiefl y as a symbolic gesture. For instance， Polish Republic Government in London during the Second World War.

The difference between government in exile and rump state is that the rump state still controls a little part of its territory， while government in exile has lost all land.

趙忠堯回到母校加州理工，他利用一切條件，對加速器的操作臺和零部件進行研究，為了掌握加速器的設計和制造細節(jié)，趙忠堯成了實驗室里最勤奮的人，在完成科研項目的同時，他拼命掌握著有關加速器制造的技術資料和零件參數(shù)，每天，他的工作時間都在16小時以上。

lnterim Government

Interim government， also known as the provisional government， refers to a regime set up by social forces when the country is suffered from chaos and the new government is not established. It is usually occur in intense political factional fi ghting which will trigger the regime change or the resignation of the former government， while a new government has not yet set up.

China had two interim governments in history： one is the Provisional Government of the Republic of China and the other is the Nanjing Provisional Government. Provisional Government of the Republic of China， also known as Beijing Provisional Government， established by Yuan Shikai served as temporary governing body. From March 10， 1912 to October 10， 1913， Yuan was elected as Provisional President of Beijing Provisional Government. Nanjing Provisional Government cabinet is a temporary cabinet of the Republic of China Provisional Government， which was founded in January 1， 1912 and ended at March 12 of the same year. On October 10， 1911，the Wuchang Uprising has promoted the foundation of the Republic of China. Twelve provinces in the Central Plains have declared independence. In December， representatives of seven provinces gathered in Shanghai， Sun Yat-sen was elected as provisional president. After that， Sun formed a cabinet， and set up Nanjing Provisional Government.

The Case of Foreign Affairs

After the First Sino-Japanese war， the Korean peninsula became Japanese colony in 1894. “Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty” adopted in 1910 made the Japanese annexation of the entire peninsula come true， but the Korean people never surrendered. In 1919， March 1st Movement broke out， and then national representatives，on behalf of the Republic of Korea，announced that the Korean nation had a sacred right to establish an independent state and a provision government organized in Seoul. After the suppression by the Japanese colonial authorities， the Korean independence patriots exiled overseas， and the provisional government had been forced to migrate to Shanghai. On April 13，1919， patriots formally announced the establishment of the Korean Provisional Government （actually， it was the Korean government in exile， or KPG）. With the help of the Chinese government， fi nally，KPG moved to Chongqing on September 17， 1940， and set up a Korean Liberation Army General Headquarters.

Chung Hong-won presenting flower baskets in front of the statue "father of the nation" at provisional government site in Chongqing.

In the early Korea independence movement， many of its factions twisted，and competed， but finally formed two parties： a Revolutionary Party led by Kim Won-bong， and the Republic of Korea led by Kim Koo. In the beginning，these two factions was not seriously affected the development process of the Korea independence movement. After persuaded by China， the two parties jointed anti -Japanese cooperation，then， the new Korean Independence Party was born as the ruling party in 1940. Chinese Government also actively helped South Korea to form armed forces. On October 10， 1938， when He Zhonghan was the first Director of the Political Department of the Military Council， He assisted Kim Won-bong in founding Korean Volunteer Army in Hankou， which fought side by side with China. Followed by the march 1，1940， to commemorate “March 1st Movement”， KPG appealed to china to help it build Korean Liberation Army，and in September Korean Liberation Army held its inaugural ceremony in Chongqing Jialing hotel. Moreover， with the help of the Chinese government，both North Korean and South Korean army accepted reorganization merger to form New Korean Liberation Army. Internationally， the Chinese government also actively took measures to seek international recognition of the South Korean Government， and aided the Korean independence movement in the international arena

On April 12， 2014， former South Korean prime minister Chung Hongwon visited the KPG site and Recovery Army headquarters in Yuzhong District of Chongqing. “Chongqing had very farreaching implication for South Korea，and the South Korean government would always remember the assistance of Chongqing people in history.” Chung Hong-won said.

Further Reading

The Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing was set up， which approved by the State Council in June， 2010. The Liangjiang New Area was the third state-level new development zone in China， following the Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin， also the only inland industrial park built by the government of China and other foreign governments. China and South Korea industrial park was settled in Chongqing under the impetus of the Ministry of Commerce in September， 2011. After the establishment of the Liangjiang New Area， its inland-open critical engine status has become increasingly prominent. The economy and trade between South Korea and Chongqing have become more frequent. More and more Korea-invested enterprises have invested in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing. The Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing has become an important investment destination for South Korea in China's inland areas.

China and South Korea Industrial Zone located in Longsheng Area of Liangjiang New Area， which has the 7.9 square kilometers start area and 6.4 square kilometers expanding area. China and South Korea Industrial Zone is focusing on the development of automotive and electronics industries； introducing the advantage manufacture industry and the culture innovation industry of South Korea， with the goal of establishing the modern function， hi-tech industrial， ecological and livable，and culturally diverse internationalization new industrial zone. The function of China and South Korea Industrial Zone includes： hi-tech industrial function， ecological livable function and cultural sharing function. The spatial distribution of the industrial zone is composed by one region and three functional areas， which centered on the three functional areas. One region refers to the ecological and cultural zone； three areas include advanced manufacturing area， integrated service area and creative development area. The China and South Korea Industrial Zone is known as South Korea's second hometown in western China.

Chongqing， as a strategic highland of opening to the outside world in western China， is aiming at establishing an economic boom and ecological international metropolis. Additionally， the Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing has not only aviation，railway， subway， highway and other transportation corridors， but also sets a number of automobiles and electronic enterprise groups. However， Chongqing has fewer hitech industrial technology companies； and the third industry is still lack of clusters and innovation. Thus， South Korea advantage industry global layout strategy combines the development needs of western region in China to create win-win opportunities for both sides.

In addition， the cultural sharing function of China and South Korea Industrial Zone will promote the heritage and development of the Bayu traditional culture. Longxing town （in Chongqing） as a model of Bayu culture will be merged with the South Korean culture. In virtue of China and South Korea Industrial Zone， on one hand， it will contribute to advocate the humanistic spirit and architectural style of Bayu culture； on the other hand， it will further improve the traditional culture on the basis of absorbing the innovation of South Korean culture， to advance with the times.

● By post-graduate student of School of International Relations， Sichuan International Studies University

Chongqing & Incheon ： Extending Sino-Korean Friendship Deepening Cooperation of Sister Cities

□ Written by Yan He