曲希玉 劉 珍 高 媛 陳 修 于 強(qiáng)
(1.中國石油大學(xué)(華東)地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院 山東青島 266555;2.大慶油田試油試采分公司作業(yè)大隊 黑龍江大慶 163000)
綠泥石膠結(jié)物對碎屑巖儲層物性的影響一直是國內(nèi)外研究的熱點,尤其是綠泥石包殼對儲層物性的影響至今仍存在爭議,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為綠泥石包殼堵塞孔隙喉道,導(dǎo)致儲層孔隙度、滲透率大幅度降低[1-3],大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為綠泥石包殼對儲層孔隙的保存起積極的作用[4-24],目前比較主流的觀點認(rèn)為形成于石英次生加大之前的綠泥石包殼對孔隙起保護(hù)作用[25-28]。另外,碎屑巖儲層中綠泥石包殼的形成環(huán)境比較特殊,國外研究認(rèn)為其主要形成于近岸海水影響下的三角洲環(huán)境,其次為河流環(huán)境[29-30];國內(nèi)研究認(rèn)為綠泥石包殼形成于陸相三角洲前緣環(huán)境[2,7]。綠泥石包殼對儲層物性的影響起積極還是消極作用,綠泥石包殼的出現(xiàn)是否具有環(huán)境指示意義。本文針對這些問題,以大牛地氣田上古生界含綠泥石膠結(jié)物樣品為研究對象,結(jié)合國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀,研究綠泥石包殼的成因及其對儲層物性的影響,并在此基礎(chǔ)上探討綠泥石包殼的環(huán)境指示意義。
大牛地氣田地處陜西和內(nèi)蒙古交界,面積2 003.71 km2,構(gòu)造上位于鄂爾多斯盆地伊陜斜坡的東北部,為一平緩的西傾大單斜,傾角不足1°,局部構(gòu)造不發(fā)育(圖1)。本次研究的目的層位為上古生界石炭系太原組、二疊系山西組和下石盒子組,經(jīng)歷了海相一海陸過渡相一陸相的沉積過程,巖石類型主要為石英砂巖、巖屑石英砂巖和巖屑砂巖,主體粒級為中粗粒砂巖。
綠泥石 (通式 (Mg,Al,F(xiàn)e)6[(Si,Al)4O10](OH)8)是2∶1∶1結(jié)構(gòu)的黏土礦物,且主要為富鐵和富鎂的綠泥石。砂巖中的綠泥石主要是以膠結(jié)物形式存在于顆粒周圍的自生綠泥石,晶體自形程度較高。根據(jù)其晶體排列方式和與顆粒的接觸關(guān)系,可分為顆粒包膜綠泥石、孔隙襯里綠泥石和孔隙充填綠泥石 3 種產(chǎn)狀[28,31]。
圖1 鄂爾多斯盆地構(gòu)造區(qū)劃及大牛地氣田位置圖Fig.1 Tectonic division of the Ordos Basin and location of Daniudi Gas Field
顆粒包膜綠泥石形成時間最早(準(zhǔn)同生期)、厚度最小(通常<1 μm),直接覆蓋在顆粒表面[28],只在襯里綠泥石脫落處可見[16],大牛地氣田大 12井3 743.54 m處的綠泥石包殼的局部發(fā)生脫落,即可見顆粒包膜綠泥石(圖版Ⅰ-A),該類產(chǎn)狀的綠泥石對儲層的影響很小。孔隙襯里綠泥石(常稱為綠泥石包殼),是綠泥石的主要產(chǎn)出形式,形成于成巖作用早期,厚度通常為 5~15 μm[31],大牛地氣田的綠泥石包殼厚度為10~20 μm,包裹碎屑石英顆粒,形成大量的三角形原生粒間孔(圖版Ⅰ-B),在三角形孔隙內(nèi)綠泥石包殼呈垂直顆粒的片狀(單偏光鏡下呈針狀)生長,且由孔隙邊緣向孔隙中心其晶形逐漸變好,顆粒逐漸變大,局部見微晶石英充填孔隙(圖版Ⅰ-C),是綠泥石未完全包裹石英顆粒所致。該產(chǎn)狀的綠泥石可抑制石英顆粒的自生加大,對儲層孔隙的發(fā)育和保存具有重要意義[28],如大33井2 578.20 m處,綠泥石包裹部位未發(fā)育石英次生加大(圖版Ⅰ-D)。孔隙充填綠泥石主要為成巖晚期生成[31],其晶體較大、自形程度很高,常呈葉片狀(圖版Ⅰ-E)和絨線團(tuán)狀(圖版Ⅰ-F)充填于粒間孔隙中,在致密砂巖儲層中其含量不高,但常堵塞孔喉[28]。在管狀吼道及裂縫中也可見綠泥石包殼的發(fā)育,此時由于綠泥石包殼的生長,導(dǎo)致樣品孔隙度略有降低,但吼道的連通性依然很好,可見瀝青質(zhì)充填(圖版Ⅰ-G),說明綠泥石包殼在吼道中的發(fā)育并未阻礙烴類等流體的運移。
通過大量樣品的觀察及國外綠泥石包殼實例的總結(jié)可知,在碎屑巖儲層中富鐵綠泥石是最常見的綠泥石種類[30],常形成于富鐵(二價鐵)的堿性(pH值為7~9)還原環(huán)境[28],豐富的鐵質(zhì)來源是控制綠泥石形成和分布的關(guān)鍵因素。根據(jù)鐵質(zhì)來源,綠泥石包殼的成因可分為:
(1)先體黏土礦物的轉(zhuǎn)化
某些黏土礦物在成巖作用過程中,可以轉(zhuǎn)化為綠泥石,如磁綠泥石、高嶺石和蒙脫石均可作為綠泥石包殼形成的先體礦物。挪威大陸架儲層中綠泥石包殼即為富鐵黏土礦物—磁綠泥石在成巖作用時期轉(zhuǎn)化而來[32]。根據(jù)綠泥石包殼中高含量的鋁[33]及綠泥石—高嶺石混層的發(fā)現(xiàn)[34],可以確定堿性環(huán)境下高嶺石向綠泥石的轉(zhuǎn)化。大牛地氣田也有大量的綠泥石與高嶺石混層的現(xiàn)象,可見書頁狀高嶺石與葉片狀綠泥石充填于粒間孔隙中(圖版Ⅰ-H),綠泥石的形成晚于高嶺石(圖版Ⅰ-I),也可見高嶺石充填粒間孔隙,綠泥石包裹石英顆粒形成綠泥石包殼的情況(圖版Ⅰ-J),說明大牛地氣田的綠泥石包殼部分為先期高嶺石轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。
在鹽水埋藏成巖作用過程中,氧化鐵與不穩(wěn)定的火山巖巖屑顆粒反應(yīng)形成蒙脫石黏土層,并在堿性環(huán)境下逐步轉(zhuǎn)化為富鐵綠泥石,最直接的證據(jù)是綠泥石包殼的形態(tài)和化學(xué)成分與蒙脫石類似[35],另一個以蒙脫石為先體的例子是英國克萊爾組的鹽水與氧化鐵的相互作用[36]。大牛地氣田個別樣品中也有類似的現(xiàn)象,如大12井2 743.54 m處,可見綠蒙混層與綠泥石包殼同時存在于粒間孔隙中,該綠泥石包殼的形成大致經(jīng)歷了蒙脫石—綠蒙混層—綠泥石的轉(zhuǎn)化過程(圖版Ⅰ-K),說明大牛地氣田少部分的綠泥石包殼由蒙脫石轉(zhuǎn)化而來。
(2)富鐵礦物的溶蝕
黑云母、角閃石等富鐵暗色礦物在發(fā)生溶蝕時,其中的鐵質(zhì)發(fā)生溶解,使流體中的鐵離子含量增加,一方面為綠泥石包殼的形成提供大量的鐵、鋁和硅;另一方面還營造了一個開放的堿性環(huán)境,常能形成大量的綠泥石包殼。
(3)巖屑的溶解
富鐵富鎂的基性—超基性巖屑以及火山碎屑的溶解可以提供大量的鐵質(zhì)來源,為綠泥石包殼的形成提供條件。酸性的水介質(zhì)與富含鐵質(zhì)的火山碎屑反應(yīng)可以產(chǎn)生大量的鐵離子,這些離子如不能快速排出,將在孔隙和顆粒邊緣富集,有利于綠泥石包殼的形成。類似實例見于巴西桑托斯盆地[37]。
(4)河流中的鐵質(zhì)絮凝
形成綠泥石包殼的鐵質(zhì)主要來源于物源區(qū)火山巖和火山碎屑巖碎屑及各種富鐵暗色礦物的溶蝕、溶解,使流體中的鐵離子含量增加并以鐵的氧化物和氫氧化物形式通過河流帶至入湖、入??冢蚝秃Kc河水鹽度的差異,導(dǎo)致鐵質(zhì)在三角洲前緣發(fā)生絮凝,進(jìn)而形成綠泥石包殼。實例見于挪威大陸架邊緣盆地侏羅系的自生綠泥石包殼[32]。該類綠泥石包殼在大牛地氣田普遍發(fā)育,常呈葉片狀包裹石英顆粒的形式存在(圖版Ⅰ-A,D,F(xiàn)),形成大量的原生粒間孔隙(圖版Ⅰ-B,C)。
綜上,綠泥石包殼可概括為原地和異地兩種成因,原地成因的綠泥石由先體黏土礦物和巖屑溶解未排出的富鐵流體生成,一般以混層黏土(綠蒙混層及高嶺石/綠泥石混層)和晶體較小的包殼形式存在;異地成因的綠泥石是富鐵礦物及巖屑溶蝕、溶解形成的富鐵流體通過河流攜帶,在異地絮凝沉淀生成,結(jié)晶充分,晶形好。因此,上述成因中前3種是綠泥石包殼的主要鐵質(zhì)來源,而第4種是鐵質(zhì)聚集的載體,是綠泥石包殼的主要形成環(huán)境。
表1 我國綠泥石的產(chǎn)狀、形成環(huán)境及對儲層的影響Table 1 Occurvence and formation environment of chlorite,and its effect on reservoirs in China
Patrick等[30]統(tǒng)計世界范圍內(nèi)54個公開報道的自生綠泥石發(fā)育區(qū),發(fā)現(xiàn)其中43個實例發(fā)育綠泥石包殼,綠泥石包殼對儲層主要表現(xiàn)為抑制石英生長、保護(hù)孔隙的積極(43%)和混合(37%)作用,只有3個樣品有消極作用。我國的自生綠泥石主要發(fā)育于鄂爾多斯盆地、四川盆地、松遼盆地及海拉爾等盆地(表1),產(chǎn)狀有孔隙襯里、孔隙充填及顆粒包膜,其中孔隙襯里綠泥石(綠泥石包殼)對儲層起保護(hù)作用,僅個別影響較弱[38]或者降低砂巖儲層質(zhì)量[1-3]。
(1)抑制石英次生加大
許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為自生綠泥石從空間上將自生石英的結(jié)晶基底(顆粒表面)與孔隙流體隔離,從而抑制了石英自生加大[5,7,15,32]。而另一些學(xué)者通過實驗觀察對此觀點提出了質(zhì)疑,如Billault等[45]在鏡下觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),孔隙襯里綠泥石晶體間存在大量的晶間孔隙,并不能真正地將孔隙流體與顆粒表面分開。
在大量晶間孔存在的情況下,綠泥石包殼是通過改變孔隙流體的pH值來抑制石英次生加大的發(fā)育。綠泥石的層間是八面體氫氧化物,它對孔隙流體的pH值有一定的調(diào)節(jié)能力,可使整個孔隙流體處于一個堿性水介質(zhì)環(huán)境,阻礙石英結(jié)晶及次生加大的生長(圖版Ⅰ-D)。同時,綠泥石常形成于相對高孔滲、開放的砂體內(nèi),使石英的壓溶作用、長石蝕變、黏土轉(zhuǎn)化等提供的硅質(zhì)能夠被孔隙流體及時帶出,從而很難在自生綠泥石發(fā)育的孔隙內(nèi)達(dá)到過飽和而析出,進(jìn)一步抑制石英次生加大的發(fā)育[28]。當(dāng)成巖體系呈封閉—半封閉狀態(tài)時,孔隙水中的二氧化硅不能被帶出成巖體系時,在成巖晚期過飽和的二氧化硅便會沉淀下來[23],大牛地氣田大18井2 595.7 m處,由綠泥石包殼形成的粒間孔隙中的微晶石英即是此種成因(圖版Ⅰ-C)。因此,自生綠泥石發(fā)育的地方不但石英加大難見,而且同期或稍后期自生石英雛晶也不發(fā)育,但晚期的自生石英雛晶卻較常見。
(2)增加礦物顆粒間抗壓實強(qiáng)度,抑制壓溶作用
綠泥石包殼多為早期成巖作用階段的產(chǎn)物,在砂巖儲層還未進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈的壓實作用時,綠泥石包殼已經(jīng)占據(jù)了一部分孔隙空間[14],在后期的成巖過程中,這些綠泥石包殼減輕了顆粒的接觸緊密程度[7],可以抑制顆粒進(jìn)一步遭受壓溶作用,阻止巖石的進(jìn)一步致密化,從而使砂巖中部分原生孔隙得以保存(圖版Ⅰ-B,C)。
(3)抑制碳酸鹽膠結(jié),促進(jìn)溶蝕作用
綠泥石包殼含量與碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物的含量成反比關(guān)系,而碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物的含量與孔隙度又成反比例關(guān)系,如鄂爾多斯盆地M油田延長組2段即為此種關(guān)系[12],由此可以推測綠泥石包殼通過抑制碳酸鹽膠結(jié)間接地對孔隙起保護(hù)作用。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為這種抑制作用在于綠泥石包殼大量晶間孔隙[45]的發(fā)育,這些孔隙為后期酸性水介質(zhì)流動提供了運移通道[14,18],有利于后期碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物溶解作用的不斷進(jìn)行,從而改善儲層物性。由于綠泥石包殼的晶間孔屬于束縛孔,成巖后期的酸性水介質(zhì)很難通過這類分子間引力很大的孔隙,在油層條件下這種改善作用并不具有普遍性,而是早期形成的綠泥石包殼通過擠占碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物的生成空間的方式來抑制其生長[12]。
大牛地氣田的自生綠泥石主要以綠泥石包殼的形式產(chǎn)出,對儲層物性具有很好的保護(hù)作用。大18井自生綠泥石含量與孔隙度和滲透率具有明顯的正相關(guān)性(圖2),自生綠泥石的含量在2 595 m和2 660 m處分別達(dá)到最高值12%和5.1%,相應(yīng)的孔隙度、滲透率也在此深度達(dá)到最大值,孔隙度最大值為12.3%,滲透率最大值為5.4×10-3μm2,說明自生綠泥石(包殼)的含量越高對儲層物性的保護(hù)越好。
碎屑巖儲層中綠泥石包殼的含量是否越高越好呢?根據(jù)大牛地氣田自生綠泥石含量與孔隙度的關(guān)系(圖3),可以看出當(dāng)自生綠泥石含量在15%以下時,孔隙度隨綠泥石含量的增高呈線性遞增;而在15%以上時,孔隙度隨綠泥石含量的增高快速遞減。上述大18井綠泥石包殼對儲層物性保護(hù)的最高界限值同樣為15%。因此,15%的自生綠泥石含量是綠泥石包殼對儲層起積極還是消極作用的界限,當(dāng)自生綠泥石含量在15%以上時,綠泥石將主要表現(xiàn)為孔隙充填作用,堵塞孔吼,降低儲層物性。
圖2 大牛地氣田大18井綠泥石含量與孔隙度和滲透率關(guān)系圖Fig.2 Relationship between chlorite content and porosity and permeability of Well D18 in Daniudi Gas Field
圖3 大牛地氣田自生綠泥石含量與孔隙度關(guān)系散點圖Fig.3 Plot of authigenic chlorite content and porosity relationships in Daniudi Gas Field
通過大牛地氣田綠泥石包殼發(fā)育層位的統(tǒng)計(圖4),發(fā)現(xiàn)大牛地氣田的綠泥石包殼主要發(fā)育于山西組二段和下石盒子組一段,其中下石盒子組一段最發(fā)育,達(dá)到63%。由于綠泥石包殼的發(fā)育,這2個層位中的巖石抗壓強(qiáng)度增加,石英次生加大被抑制,大量原生孔隙得以保存。
圖4 大牛地氣田綠泥石包殼分布頻率直方圖Fig.4 Frequency distribution histogram of chlorite coatings in Daniudi Gas Field
綠泥石包殼形成于沿岸三角洲和河流環(huán)境,且河流環(huán)境為其提供了形成綠泥石所需的物質(zhì)來源[30]。成巖作用早期形成的綠泥石包殼是淡水作用下的近岸海相沉積環(huán)境,或是海水影響下的三角洲環(huán)境的沉積相標(biāo)志[29]。中國三疊系湖相砂巖(尤其是湖泊三角洲)中自生綠泥石的大量存在可能指示了陸相三角洲的推進(jìn)[7]。鄂爾多斯盆地延長組下石盒子組和山西組砂巖中綠泥石包殼形成于河流相、三角洲前緣和辮狀河三角洲前緣環(huán)境;四川盆地須家河組砂巖中綠泥石包殼形成于河流、湖泊和三角洲平原環(huán)境;海拉爾盆地和冀中凹陷綠泥石包殼形成于淺湖環(huán)境;準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地侏羅系綠泥石包殼形成于三角洲前緣環(huán)境(表1)。大牛地氣田綠泥石包殼的沉積環(huán)境為辮狀河三角洲前緣環(huán)境,所處沉積微型的類型主要為水下辮狀河道(圖5),此環(huán)境不僅存在電解質(zhì)及膠體的絮凝作用,為綠泥石包殼提供物質(zhì)來源,還能夠?qū)⒐栀|(zhì)流體及時帶出,抑制石英次生加大的發(fā)育,進(jìn)而保護(hù)儲層。
綜上,綠泥石包殼可作為三角洲(辮狀河三角洲)前緣水下分流河道(水下辮狀河道)等強(qiáng)水動力條件的微觀相標(biāo)志。
圖5 大牛地氣田沉積微相頻率分布圖Fig.5 Frequency distribution of sedimentary microfacies in Daniudi Gas Field
(1)大牛地氣田的自生綠泥石主要以綠泥石包殼的形式產(chǎn)出,厚度為10~20 μm,可形成大量原生粒間孔,由孔隙邊緣向孔隙中心其晶形逐漸變好,顆粒逐漸變大,局部可見晚期的自生石英微晶。
(2)根據(jù)鐵質(zhì)來源,綠泥石包殼可分為原地和異地兩種成因,原地成因的綠泥石由先體黏土礦物和巖屑溶解未排出的富鐵流體生成,一般以混層黏土(綠蒙混層及高嶺石/綠泥石混層)和晶體較小的包殼形式存在;異地成因的綠泥石是富鐵礦物及巖屑溶蝕、溶解形成的富鐵流體通過河流攜帶,在異地絮凝沉淀生成,結(jié)晶充分,晶形好。
(3)綠泥石包殼對儲層主要表現(xiàn)為抑制石英生長、保護(hù)孔隙的積極作用,其孔隙保護(hù)機(jī)理為:①抑制石英次生加大;②增加礦物顆粒間抗壓實強(qiáng)度,抑制壓溶作用;③抑制碳酸鹽膠結(jié),促進(jìn)溶蝕作用。大牛地氣田的綠泥石包殼主要發(fā)育于盒一段(63%)和山二段,當(dāng)其含量在15%以下時,孔隙度隨綠泥石含量的增高呈線性遞增;而在15%以上時,孔隙度隨綠泥石含量的增高快速遞減。
(4)綠泥石包殼可為三角洲(辮狀河三角洲)前緣水下分流河道(水下辮狀河道)等強(qiáng)水動力條件的微觀相標(biāo)志。
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