孫明雅(綜述),周曉梅(審校)
(1.廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 湛江 524000; 2.深圳市福田區(qū)中醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,廣東 深圳518034)
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維生素D與多囊卵巢綜合征代謝紊亂的研究進展
孫明雅1(綜述),周曉梅2※(審校)
(1.廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 湛江 524000; 2.深圳市福田區(qū)中醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,廣東 深圳518034)
多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)是一種復(fù)雜的生殖內(nèi)分泌疾病,主要特征是月經(jīng)稀發(fā)或閉經(jīng)、高雄激素血癥以及卵巢多囊樣改變。代謝紊亂,尤其是胰島素抵抗和血脂異常在PCOS患者很常見。PCOS患者維生素D狀態(tài)與代謝紊亂存在相關(guān)性。PCOS婦女血清維生素D水平較正常婦女明顯偏低,提高維生素D水平可能有助于PCOS患者體內(nèi)代謝紊亂的改善。該文就維生素D與PCOS代謝紊亂的最新研究進展予以綜述。
多囊卵巢綜合征;胰島素抵抗;維生素D;代謝紊亂;維生素D受體多態(tài)性
多囊卵巢綜合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的生育年齡婦女無排卵性不孕最常見的原因。PCOS的特征為:①排卵功能障礙;②雄激素過多征;③多囊性卵巢[1]。據(jù)報道,PCOS與胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、高胰島素血癥、血脂異常和中央型肥胖有關(guān)[2-4],這些都是代謝綜合征、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的危險因素。研究表明,IR在PCOS的發(fā)病機制中起中心作用,導(dǎo)致了代謝和生殖障礙[3]。目前提出維生素D可能是IR與PCOS之間缺失的環(huán)節(jié);此外,2型糖尿病的IR與低維生素D狀態(tài)存在一定聯(lián)系[5]?,F(xiàn)就近年來國內(nèi)外關(guān)于維生素D與PCOS相關(guān)性的研究進展予以綜述。
有實驗研究采用實用交叉組成或病例對照設(shè)計,包含了不同種族的絕經(jīng)前婦女(14~50歲),病例數(shù)從45~400不等,結(jié)果顯示,維生素D缺乏的發(fā)病率有很大差異[定義血清25-羥基維生素D(25 hydroxy vitamin D,25O HD)水平<50 nmol/L][6-16]。意大利一項研究得到維生素D缺乏的發(fā)病率為37%[9],而蘇格蘭一項研究得到的維生素D缺乏的發(fā)病率為72%[7],兩者相差甚大,但研究均顯示了PCOS婦女血清維生素D水平明顯偏低。
1.1 維生素D和IR 有研究調(diào)查了維生素D狀態(tài)和IR的關(guān)系,大多數(shù)實驗都以抗胰島素性穩(wěn)態(tài)模式評估法作為IR的指標[6-7,9-16]。研究報道了使用定量胰島素敏感度檢查指數(shù)測定胰島素靈敏度[6-7,10,13-14]。在Muscogiuri等[9]進行的有23例肥胖和15例非肥胖PCOS婦女的一項研究中,評價IR使用高胰島素——正常血糖鉗夾術(shù)方法,該方法是評價的金標準;研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),血清25O HD水平與葡萄糖攝取存在正相關(guān),血清25O HD水平與體質(zhì)指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、腰圍及總脂肪量有負相關(guān)關(guān)系,并指出只有總脂肪量是預(yù)測血清25O HD水平的獨立因子。
1.2 血清25O HD水平和IR 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PCOS婦女血清25O HD水平與IR和(或)胰島素敏感性存在負相關(guān)[6-7,10-14,16]。其中有一項研究顯示這種相關(guān)是BMI依賴[11]。另有研究表明,血清25O HD水平是預(yù)測IR的獨立因子[10,13]。還有研究者指出,維生素D缺乏組比維生素D充足組的IR指數(shù)高,但是非肥胖和肥胖PCOS婦女之間IR指數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[13]。對較肥胖和非肥胖PCOS婦女血清25O HD水平的研究指出,肥胖的PCOS婦女血清25O HD水平顯著降低[6,9,11-12,14]。有研究結(jié)果提示,血清25O HD水平每增加10 nmol/L,抗胰島素性穩(wěn)態(tài)模式評估值在PCOS婦女減少0.27,在對照組婦女減少0.19[7-9]。
1.3 維生素D、BMI和IR 肥胖與IR和2型糖尿病的關(guān)系密切。但多項研究表明,患有PCOS婦女的IR比基于其體質(zhì)量所預(yù)期的還要嚴重[17-19]。在這方面,維生素D狀態(tài)不只一次被認為是影響PCOS婦女IR的因素,并通過維生素D受體(vitamin D receptor,VDR)剔除的老鼠和人體模型的試驗支持了這一假說[5]。早期研究報道的BMI與維生素D狀態(tài)之間的負相關(guān)關(guān)系已被證明[20]。在肥胖個體存在高比例的脂溶性維生素D,在脂肪組織中游離,因此其生物利用度較低。另外,肥胖者往往暴露在陽光下的時間少,導(dǎo)致通過皮膚合成的維生素D不足。Tournis和Mitrakou[21]對空腹血糖受損的PCOS 婦女進行了3年的隨訪試驗證實了這些結(jié)果,她們使用維生素D3加鈣進行補充治療后,其IR比使用安慰劑的對照組增加的少。由于在PCOS患者和正常人體內(nèi)都發(fā)現(xiàn)了肥胖與IR的相關(guān)性,所以維生素D缺乏與肥胖的關(guān)系需要進一步討論。是肥胖導(dǎo)致維生素D缺乏還是維生素D不足導(dǎo)致肥胖至今仍不明確,因此在探討維生素D與IR的相關(guān)性時,應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮肥胖的因素。
1.4 VDR多態(tài)性與PCOS的相關(guān)性 除了單核苷酸多態(tài)性與VDR基因型有關(guān)外,胰島素受體中單核苷酸多態(tài)性、鈣敏感受體、甲狀旁腺荷爾蒙受體、脂連蛋白受體、基因參與膽固醇合成和羥基化,基因參與維生素D轉(zhuǎn)運也有發(fā)現(xiàn)[22-25]。VDR的多態(tài)性與胰島素增加和IR有關(guān),VDR的Apa-I型與PCOS的患病率有關(guān)。由Wehr等[24]實施的一項研究表示,與其他多態(tài)性相比,VDR Cdx2‘AA’多態(tài)性與空腹低胰島素水平和IR指數(shù)有關(guān);研究者指出,編碼維生素D結(jié)合蛋白的基因GC與編碼作用于維生素D3合成途徑的7-脫氫膽固醇還原酶的基因DHRC7之間的不同與維生素D缺乏的顯著高風(fēng)險性有關(guān)。Ranjzad等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),鈣敏感受體‘TG’基因型的多態(tài)性與IR有關(guān)。然而,另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VDR基因的多態(tài)性在PCOS 婦女和對照婦女中沒有差異[22,25,27]。
1999年,Thys-Jacobs等[28]進行的第一項試驗研究,予13例PCOS婦女每周或每2周使用50000 IU維生素D2,以達到75~100 nmol/L的血清維生素D水平,試驗證明患者月經(jīng)周期和皮膚痤瘡得到改善,并有2例患者在6個月的隨訪中懷孕。此外,伊朗的一項研究中,60例不孕的PCOS婦女經(jīng)過服用鈣1000 mg/d和維生素D 400 IU/d,3個月后發(fā)現(xiàn)月經(jīng)周期的改善[29]。一項隨機安慰劑對照試驗以檢測維生素D3和代謝障礙作為主要判斷結(jié)果,顯示在2個月使用3個口服劑量的維生素D3后對IR沒有顯著的影響;研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素D組胰島素分泌增加,但與安慰劑對照組相比,并不顯著;總膽固醇、三酰甘油和極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平在維生素D補充的干預(yù)試驗后有所減低,但對BMI、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和高密度脂蛋白膽固醇無明顯影響[30]。由Bonakdaran等[31]進行的一項隨機對照試驗,使用骨化三醇也未能發(fā)現(xiàn)對胰島素的影響。Selimoglu等[32]觀察到口服單劑量維生素D3后IR指數(shù)明顯降低;而其他研究者利用不同的維生素D替換方案卻未能找到對IR的相關(guān)影響[33-36]。然而,最佳的血清25O HD水平直到現(xiàn)在尚不清楚。雖然最佳的血清25O HD水平還沒有共識,但頻繁的維生素D缺乏被定義為血清25O HD水平<25 nmol/L (10 ng/mL)。血清25O HD水平在25~50 nmol/L (10~20 ng/mL)被認為是維生素D不足,>50 nmol/L被認為是維生素D充足[37]。最近,美國國家醫(yī)學(xué)研究所審查所有的證據(jù),設(shè)定所需的血清25O HD水平為50 nmol/L, 但專家們的意見依然存在分歧[37]。目前,還沒有建立對不同人群維生素D缺乏的最佳治療方案。
維生素D影響葡萄糖代謝的潛在機制可能是血清25O HD 直接或間接作用的結(jié)果:①通過VDR以及胰島B細胞中酶1a-OHase,直接或間接刺激胰島素的釋放;②通過組織層面上的將1,25(OH)2D-VDR復(fù)合體綁定在胰島素受體反應(yīng)元件,增強胰島素對葡萄糖響應(yīng)性運輸;③抑制促炎性細胞因子的釋放被認為可以緩解IR[5]。血清25O HD低水平與C反應(yīng)蛋白水平增加關(guān)系的研究支持第3種機制[13,38]。維生素D通過對細胞內(nèi)和細胞外鈣調(diào)節(jié)的影響可能發(fā)揮間接作用,這在目標組織中對葡萄糖運輸?shù)慕橘|(zhì)至關(guān)重要。
目前,關(guān)于維生素D最可靠的檢測方法正在討論中。由于對維生素D缺乏所致的高患病率和多樣化后果的識別率越來越高,全球范圍內(nèi)都已經(jīng)注意到增加維生素D的檢測。最近的一項試驗表明,不同檢測法均存在局限性,并且都可以影響結(jié)果[26]。分析維生素D狀態(tài)和PCOS婦女代謝紊亂的關(guān)系得到不一致的結(jié)果可能與樣本量小、調(diào)整混雜因素的缺乏、PCOS定義不同、25O HD檢測方法不同、干預(yù)持續(xù)時間、補充不同劑量的維生素D干預(yù)試驗以及缺乏一般人群最佳的25O HD水平有關(guān)。目前為止,只有一項設(shè)計良好的隨機安慰劑對照試驗證明了補充維生素D對IR無影響[30]。樣本量小和相對較短的隨訪持續(xù)時間可以解釋沒有影響的原因。另一項由Bonakdaran等[31]進行的隨機對照試驗表明,51例 PCOS婦女補充了3個月的骨化三醇后,抗胰島素性穩(wěn)態(tài)模式評估值降低。然而,這種減少不能排除樣本量小的原因。
維生素D的狀態(tài)及多態(tài)性與PCOS代謝紊亂存在相關(guān),尤其是IR,但確切機制尚不清楚?,F(xiàn)有的研究表明,維生素D狀態(tài)與PCOS婦女IR存在負相關(guān)。然而,由于研究的異質(zhì)性,很難得出一個明確的結(jié)論。對PCOS婦女補充維生素D的研究,充分采用隨機、安慰劑對照的雙盲試驗是必要的,以便更好地對PCOS婦女進行缺乏維生素D的篩查和考慮維生素D的補充。
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Research Progress on the Correlation between Vitamin D and Metabolic Disorder in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
SUNMing-ya1,ZHOUXiao-mei2.
(1.GuangdongMedicalCollege,Zhanjiang524000,China; 2.DepartmentofGynecologyandObstetrics,FutianDistrictHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Shenzhen518034,China)
Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrine disease,and its main characteristics are oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hyperandrogenemia,and polycystic ovary sample changes.Metabolic disorders,particularly insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are common in patients with PCOS.Existing evidence suggests that there is a correlation between vitamin D status and metabolic disorders of patients with PCOS.Serum vitamin D levels of PCOS women are significantly lower than normal women.Improving the level of vitamin D in PCOS women may lead to the improvement of metabolic disorders in PCOS patients.Here is to make a review of the latest research progress on the correlation between vitamin D and metabolic disorder in PCOS.
Polycystic ovary syndrome; Insulin resistance; Vitamin D; Metabolic disorder; Polymorphism of vitamin D receptor
R711.75
A
1006-2084(2015)12-2217-04
10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.12.039
2014-10-11
2014-12-31 編輯:鄭雪