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PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響

2015-12-10 06:37:20徐建輝綜述何榮華審校
醫(yī)學(xué)綜述 2015年20期
關(guān)鍵詞:顆粒物內(nèi)皮氧化應(yīng)激

徐建輝(綜述),何榮華(審校)

(孝感市中心醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,湖北 孝感 432000)

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臨床醫(yī)學(xué)

PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響

徐建輝(綜述),何榮華※(審校)

(孝感市中心醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,湖北 孝感 432000)

摘要:近年來(lái)隨著空氣質(zhì)量下降,人們更加重視環(huán)境污染的危害性。相關(guān)研究表明,空氣污染物(主要是PM2.5)與心血管疾病關(guān)系密切。PM2.5會(huì)增加心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和病死率。心血管疾病如高血壓,血栓形成,血管功能障礙,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,心肌梗死和心臟自主調(diào)節(jié)功能紊亂等也被認(rèn)為與空氣污染物有關(guān)。PM2.5對(duì)血壓影響的確切機(jī)制尚不清楚,其可能機(jī)制是PM2.5通過(guò)直接作用、氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào),繼而導(dǎo)致血管舒縮功能受損,最終引起血壓的變化。

關(guān)鍵詞:血壓;PM2.5;氧化應(yīng)激/炎癥;自主神經(jīng)

近年來(lái),隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和城市化進(jìn)程的不斷加快,空氣污染日益嚴(yán)重,由此引發(fā)了一種災(zāi)害性氣候,稱為陰霾天氣。流行病學(xué)研究表明,在陰霾天氣時(shí),醫(yī)院住院人數(shù)明顯增加,主要影響呼吸系統(tǒng)和心血管系統(tǒng)[1]。而大量關(guān)于空氣中顆粒物對(duì)健康影響的研究也顯示環(huán)境中顆粒物濃度的微小變化會(huì)增加急性心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和病死率[2-6]。陰霾天氣中的顆粒物以PM2.5對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生的危害最大。在一項(xiàng)關(guān)于北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間的空氣質(zhì)量與心肺功能的研究中,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)改善空氣質(zhì)量不僅會(huì)對(duì)易感人群有幫助,而且還能降低健康成年人體內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)、心率和血壓[7]。隨著人們對(duì)空氣污染危害以及控制空氣污染的重要性的了解,越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始關(guān)注PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響,現(xiàn)就PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響予以綜述。

1PM2.5的定義

PM2.5也稱細(xì)顆粒物,是指大氣總懸浮顆粒物中空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)直徑≤2.5 μm的粒子。它是空氣中各種氣態(tài)污染物經(jīng)化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的二次粒子。PM2.5主要產(chǎn)生于交通、制造、能源等行業(yè)中的高溫燃燒過(guò)程。由于其表面積較大,吸附大量有害物質(zhì)(如重金屬、酸性氧化物、有機(jī)污染物、細(xì)菌和病毒等),且能通過(guò)呼吸到達(dá)肺泡,其中<0.1 fm的粒子還可以通過(guò)肺間質(zhì),隨血循環(huán)到達(dá)其他器官,因此其對(duì)人體健康的危害較粗顆粒物大[8]。

2PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響

多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,不同劑量的PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響是不同的。Brook等[3-4]研究結(jié)果顯示,PM2.5會(huì)引起血壓升高,Cheng等[9]研究表明PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致血壓下降,而Mills等[5]研究結(jié)果卻顯示PM2.5對(duì)血壓沒(méi)有影響。導(dǎo)致這種結(jié)果的原因除了與各個(gè)研究中PM2.5的劑量不同相關(guān)外,可能還與所含化學(xué)物質(zhì)成分及暴露方法等不同有關(guān)。

2.1人群研究一項(xiàng)來(lái)自中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的人群調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),空氣中顆粒物的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致血壓升高[10]。而另一項(xiàng)同樣來(lái)自中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),在一定劑量的PM2.5中暴露1年后,受試者的血壓、血糖、血脂均升高,同時(shí)還伴隨有炎癥反應(yīng)[11]。而國(guó)內(nèi)的另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查也發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期暴露于一定劑量的PM2.5中,會(huì)導(dǎo)致受試者血壓升高,但這種差異只在男性人群中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[12]。Brook等[13]的研究也同樣顯示,暴露于PM2.5會(huì)使舒張壓顯著升高。Brook等[14]在隨后的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),暴露于高濃度的PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致血壓適度幅度的升高,同時(shí)超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈收縮的趨勢(shì)更明顯。而社區(qū)環(huán)境中相近濃度的PM2.5不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這些現(xiàn)象,這提示著可能是周邊環(huán)境中PM2.5特殊成分引起這種不同的心血管反應(yīng)。

Auchincloss 等[15]的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5與脈搏壓和收縮壓有關(guān),而與平均動(dòng)脈壓和舒張壓的關(guān)系不大;在道路交通污染中,PM2.5與血壓之間的聯(lián)系更緊密。北京的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于PM2.5與血壓相關(guān)性的研究得出了類似的結(jié)論,受試者為60名卡車司機(jī)和60名辦公室人員,前者所處環(huán)境的PM2.5高于后者,結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)過(guò)校正后,只有卡車司機(jī)的脈搏壓高于辦公室人員,但收縮壓、舒張壓、平均動(dòng)脈壓差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[16]。Mills等[17]研究顯示,低劑量的PM2.5不影響血壓的變化且不損害血管功能。這些研究提示,一定劑量的PM2.5會(huì)對(duì)血壓產(chǎn)生影響,并且在人群中得到了證實(shí)。

2.2動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)同樣的,在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,暴露于PM2.5后實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的血壓變化也呈現(xiàn)多樣性。在Wang等[18]的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,暴露于PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致大鼠血壓升高,同時(shí)伴有C反應(yīng)蛋白、丙二醛水平的增加。在Nemmar等[19]的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,暴露于PM2.5后大鼠血壓升高,并伴隨著炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激。在其隨后的實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),血壓正常的老鼠暴露于PM2.5后血壓明顯升高。體內(nèi)及體外實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí)暴露于PM2.5會(huì)影響血壓,并且這些影響在高血壓動(dòng)物模型中將會(huì)惡化[20]。

與上述實(shí)驗(yàn)不同的是,Cheng等[9]的實(shí)驗(yàn)則顯示PM2.5導(dǎo)致SD大鼠血壓下降。在Wichers等[21]的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,PM2.5的影響是劑量依賴性的,通過(guò)肺部滴灌PM2.5,中高劑量組血壓明顯下降,但低劑量組變化不大。以上這些結(jié)果表明,PM2.5對(duì)血壓的影響可能是呈劑量依賴性的。在某個(gè)范圍內(nèi),會(huì)導(dǎo)致血壓升高,但超出了這個(gè)劑量后,可能由于其毒性作用反而導(dǎo)致血壓下降。

3PM2.5影響血壓的可能機(jī)制

目前尚不清楚PM2.5影響血壓的確切機(jī)制,可能存在以下3種機(jī)制:直接作用、氧化應(yīng)激/炎癥、自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能平衡失調(diào)。

3.1直接作用吸入肺部的PM2.5中的細(xì)微顆?;虿蝗芙獾募{米粒能直接轉(zhuǎn)移到循環(huán)當(dāng)中,進(jìn)而影響心血管系統(tǒng)。由于它們的顆粒大小、所帶電荷、化學(xué)成分和容易形成聚集物的特性,這些細(xì)微顆粒能順利穿過(guò)肺部組織的上皮細(xì)胞或是肺-血液屏障[22-24]。這種轉(zhuǎn)移的現(xiàn)象在動(dòng)物中得到了證實(shí)[22,24],但是在人體內(nèi)沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)[23,25]。一旦這種納米粒進(jìn)入了循環(huán),它們就會(huì)導(dǎo)致局部的氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥,進(jìn)而影響血管內(nèi)皮,最終導(dǎo)致血壓發(fā)生改變。

3.2氧化應(yīng)激/炎癥-內(nèi)皮功能障礙PM2.5儲(chǔ)存于肺部會(huì)導(dǎo)致局部出現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng),緊接著會(huì)引發(fā)系統(tǒng)炎癥[6]。氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)物和炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放入血液循環(huán)中。由于氧自由基的作用,暴露于PM2.5后心臟和肺部的活性氧化物增加[26]。炎癥反應(yīng)是連接PM2.5與影響健康因素生物學(xué)機(jī)制。C反應(yīng)蛋白是一種重要的伴隨著促炎癥反應(yīng)的急性期反應(yīng)物,被認(rèn)為是出現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng)的一種經(jīng)典標(biāo)志物[27]。體內(nèi)及體外的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí)暴露于PM2.5后C反應(yīng)蛋白水平增加[18-19]。在關(guān)于北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)期間的空氣污染對(duì)健康影響的人群研究中,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)空氣污染會(huì)人體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)增加[28-29]。而在Rudez等[30]和Wu等[31]群實(shí)驗(yàn)中卻發(fā)現(xiàn),空氣污染不會(huì)導(dǎo)致人體出現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)炎癥。此外,在Wang等[18]的實(shí)驗(yàn)中還發(fā)現(xiàn),暴露于PM2.5后內(nèi)皮素Ⅰ及血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子降低,提示血管內(nèi)皮受損,表明PM2.5可能是通過(guò)炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激損害內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)從而發(fā)揮作用。Davel等[32]的實(shí)驗(yàn)同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),暴露于PM2.5后乙酰膽堿在肺動(dòng)脈上引起的舒張作用明顯受損。肺動(dòng)脈組織內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表達(dá)明顯受限,且內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶水平降低與乙酰膽堿引起的舒張受限呈正相關(guān),提示肺動(dòng)脈上的內(nèi)皮功能障礙可能與一氧化氮合成受限及血管炎癥有關(guān)。在檢測(cè)PM2.5對(duì)大鼠腎動(dòng)脈功能的影響實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致血管對(duì)乙酰膽堿的反應(yīng)降低,且內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶水平顯著降低。由于乙酰膽堿對(duì)血管的舒張作用是內(nèi)皮依賴性的,提示PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能受損,而一氧化氮/內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶則可能是其相關(guān)機(jī)制[33]。另外,在細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)中也發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞具有毒害作用,并可能是通過(guò)氧化損傷途徑導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞死亡[8]。

另外,在人群研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5可能會(huì)損害內(nèi)皮功能。長(zhǎng)期暴露于PM2.5導(dǎo)致血流介導(dǎo)的血管擴(kuò)張降低。肱動(dòng)脈的超聲結(jié)果顯示,長(zhǎng)期暴露于PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮功能降低。這將很好地解釋空氣污染與心血管疾病病死率的關(guān)系。PM2.5可能是通過(guò)氧化應(yīng)激,炎癥及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)影響動(dòng)脈管壁進(jìn)而增加心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和病死率。同時(shí),在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的多民族研究隊(duì)列中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期接觸PM2.5與一氧化氮介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮功能障礙的關(guān)系密切,證實(shí)PM2.5是心血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[34]。

3.3自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)心率變異率、休息時(shí)的心率、血壓等是由交感神經(jīng)與副交感神經(jīng)的分支自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)。心率變異率及血壓的變化表明心臟自主調(diào)節(jié)功能失調(diào),并且預(yù)示著長(zhǎng)期的心臟病的發(fā)病率和病死率[35]。有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,PM2.5會(huì)導(dǎo)致心率及心律調(diào)節(jié)失衡,暴露于PM2.5后發(fā)現(xiàn)心率變異率全部降低繼而出現(xiàn)心律失常[36-37]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明PM2.5會(huì)影響心臟的自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),實(shí)驗(yàn)中犬暴露于PM2.5后心率變異率發(fā)生改變顯示心臟的自主調(diào)節(jié)功能失調(diào)[38]。在人群試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),暴露于PM2.5數(shù)分鐘會(huì)引起健康年長(zhǎng)受試者心率增加,同時(shí)與室外環(huán)境比較,室內(nèi)時(shí)PM2.5對(duì)心率變異率的影響更明顯[39]。

目前引起心臟自主調(diào)節(jié)功能紊亂詳細(xì)的機(jī)制還不清楚,很可能是PM2.5通過(guò)呼吸道進(jìn)入肺組織,并沉積在肺組織上,直接通過(guò)肺部的刺激性受體引起肺部的神經(jīng)反射激活,從而改變了系統(tǒng)的自主平衡(如副交感神經(jīng)或交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的活動(dòng)或壓力感受器)。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)提供了這種鼻咽部及呼吸道受體刺激的證據(jù)[40]。

4結(jié)語(yǔ)

隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,環(huán)境污染也在逐年加重。其中,空氣質(zhì)量的下降顯得尤為突出??諝馕廴局械腜M2.5對(duì)人體危害甚大。一定劑量的PM2.5會(huì)對(duì)血壓產(chǎn)生影響。目前PM2.5影響血壓的確切機(jī)制還不清楚,其可能通過(guò)以下3條途徑損害心血管系統(tǒng):直接作用;氧化應(yīng)激/炎癥;自主神經(jīng)平衡失調(diào)。PM2.5影響血壓的機(jī)制很復(fù)雜,有待于進(jìn)一步的更加深入的探究。

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Study on the PM2.5 Influence on Blood PressureXUJian-hui,HERong-hua.(DepartmentofCardiovascularMedicine,XiaoganCentralHospital,Xiaogan432000,China)

Abstract:In recent years,with the air quality getting worse,people pay more attention to the harmfulness of environmental pollution which damages our health.Related studies have shown that air pollutants(mainly PM2.5) is closely related to cardiovascular disease.PM2.5 can increase the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension,thrombosis,vascular dysfunction,atherosclerosis,myocardial infarction and cardiac autonomic regulation dysfunction are considered to be related to air pollutants as well.The exact mechanism of the impact of PM2.5 on blood pressure is unclear,and the potential mechanisms may be PM2.5 direct function,oxidative stress/systemic inflammation and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system,which in turn lead to impaired vasomotor function,and ultimately affect the blood pressure.

Key words:Blood pressure; PM2.5; Oxidative stress/inflammation; Autonomic nerves

收稿日期:2014-11-10修回日期:2015-03-19編輯:相丹峰

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.20.024

中圖分類號(hào):X513; R54

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)20-3710-04

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