清華科技園科技大廈，北京，中國

Science & Technology Mansion of TUS Park, Beijing, China, 2005

清華科技園科技大廈在設(shè)計伊始就定位為一個開放的城市公共空間。正如清華科技園的那句著名的廣告詞“空間有形，夢想無限”。在這個項目的設(shè)計中我們對空間的演繹，是依照著其中人們行為的敘事性發(fā)展而展開的。

科技園的建設(shè)用地非常緊張。建筑群圍合出園區(qū)中心綠地，綠地地下部分為公共配套及停車場。場地的現(xiàn)狀有明確的軸線關(guān)系。分析周邊情況我們看到，園區(qū)位于清華大學(xué)和城市的交接處，是由大學(xué)校園相對封閉的空間向城市開放空間過渡的區(qū)域。從空間形態(tài)上看該項目應(yīng)該是一個大學(xué)校園接駁城市的“轉(zhuǎn)接器”，從功能意義上看應(yīng)該肩負起融合學(xué)校科研、科技轉(zhuǎn)化、對外交流和商業(yè)服務(wù)功能的“平臺”。

由于用地的狹小，科技大廈的容積率超過10。在130m×140m見方的用地內(nèi)要建設(shè)地上和地下超過18萬m2的建筑，而建筑限高又是檐口100m。如何減少建筑對周邊的壓力是首要問題。設(shè)計采取分散小體量的處理手法，將建筑分解為4個簡潔的方塔插入穩(wěn)固的二層大平臺，緩解了龐大體量對周邊地帶的壓迫感，并使單棟建筑均有良好的自然采光通風(fēng)。以輕盈通透的建筑群作為城市對景。4幢建筑單體相距約30m，南側(cè)兩棟適當(dāng)加大間距，使4棟建筑圍合的空間有微微向南開放的趨勢，形成微妙的空間感受，既相對獨立又自成群體，并與園區(qū)其他建筑群形成對話。由于科技大廈位于園區(qū)主軸線的前端，是軸線起始點的建筑，我們將4棟大廈沿軸線分立而設(shè)，將軸線讓開，以虛軸的方式引導(dǎo)城市空間進入園區(qū)，沿大臺階上到二層平臺公共交往空間，再通向中心綠地，進而延伸到園區(qū)盡端的創(chuàng)新大廈。沿園區(qū)主軸線所形成的收放有致的序列空間，主宰了科技園整個建筑群，先抑后揚的空間形態(tài)將園區(qū)的建筑群統(tǒng)合成一個整體，營造了一個既開放又有向心性的城市公共空間，彰顯了清華科技園的場所精神。

建筑的空間是有情節(jié)的，什么空間將發(fā)生什么事件，空間之間和事件之間又有怎樣的聯(lián)系，就像一個講述著的故事。這種建筑空間的敘事性通常決定著我們對空間功能的理解和營造。建筑內(nèi)使用者的活動模式、流線和狀態(tài)都構(gòu)成了建筑師生成空間的依據(jù)。我們也正是伴隨著這些未來空間中人們的生活進行著創(chuàng)作。

上下班高峰時段大廈車流人流的集散——人車立體分流的導(dǎo)演

建筑面積18.8萬m2的科技大廈，集辦公、會議、研發(fā)、餐飲、休閑和娛樂為一體，其中辦公寫字樓面積占總面積的80%，日常大廈內(nèi)的上班族加上外來人員，人數(shù)可達近萬人，上下班高峰時段人流極其集中。地下車庫設(shè)在地下二、三層，車庫總面積24,240m2，加上地面停車，大廈日常停車數(shù)量近800輛。按照規(guī)劃意見書的要求，滿足大廈的停車數(shù)量尚不是件困難的事，但當(dāng)我們模擬想象上下班高峰時段進出車的情景時，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)短時間內(nèi)滿足員工上下出入的問題遠遠大于機動車的停放問題。加上為了緩解機動車停放的壓力，大廈管理要求部分員工通過大巴班車出行。因此，合理組織人流車流的集散就變成了大廈設(shè)計的關(guān)鍵點。首先，根據(jù)地下車庫的平面設(shè)置，安排4個機動車出入口，以及與園區(qū)中心地下停車場相通的2個出入口，6個出入口保證車庫短時間內(nèi)的進出速率。其次，4個塔樓樓座下專設(shè)全開敞聯(lián)通的地面回車通道，每一個樓座都設(shè)有專用的落客區(qū)。第三，專門設(shè)計二層公共平臺，通過大臺階和平臺廊橋與園區(qū)首層前廣場和中心花園相聯(lián)通，以此形成由地下、首層和二層公共平臺所構(gòu)建的立體人車分流系統(tǒng)。

午間吃飯休息——公共配套空間及“營養(yǎng)層”概念

通常大廈寫字樓日常運營的另一個場景就是中午的就餐活動。每當(dāng)中午臨近，大廈各層員工會集中地尋找餐飲空間解決就餐問題。一般情況下，如果大廈內(nèi)餐廳面積不足，或布局設(shè)置不合理，流線不順暢，勢必會造成人流的大量交叉和過度的擁擠，給垂直交通系統(tǒng)帶來巨大的壓力。

在設(shè)計伊始，我們就這個問題調(diào)研了北京7座具有一定規(guī)模的寫字樓，現(xiàn)場就員工集中就餐的實態(tài)進行了調(diào)查，分析不同就餐人流的走向和行為特征。在設(shè)計中我們模擬大廈的人流情況，并計算垂直交通的運載量，同時餐飲空間按規(guī)格檔次分別將職工餐廳設(shè)置在地下一層，各種快餐設(shè)在首層，以及各大風(fēng)味餐廳設(shè)在二層。地下一層為供員工集體就餐的職工餐廳，大開間布局，講求隨來隨吃，流線順暢；首層為各式快餐，小店面，多選擇，同時考慮對外營業(yè)；二層平臺層為各大風(fēng)味特色餐廳，與二層休閑平臺結(jié)合，景色優(yōu)美，品位高檔，滿足大廈內(nèi)各公司宴請會客之用。將餐飲空間按檔次分層設(shè)置在大廈底層公共開放空間，為大廈上部寫字樓提供了“營養(yǎng)”保證，上部人流在“營養(yǎng)”層集散，尋找各自適合的就餐場所。

營造園區(qū)公共休閑空間——城市公共空間的一部分

定位于開放的城市公共空間的科技園科技大廈，其空間形態(tài)營造均考慮了面向城市的各個層面。首先，結(jié)合首層機動車回車流線及落客空間的布局，將與城市相連的園區(qū)干道引入大廈底層，高效順暢地與城市接駁。第二，通過近30m寬的大臺階將園區(qū)地面人流引向二層公共平臺，與大廈公共空間和人行入口門廳相接駁。平臺上設(shè)置12棵17.3m高的巨大鋼樹，鋼樹限定的空間氣勢恢宏。鋼樹下設(shè)置有噴泉、疊水，平臺上結(jié)合底層空間采光設(shè)置的玻璃欄板天井、木質(zhì)座椅平臺、露天咖啡茶座、雕塑小品和樹池花草，營造了一個開放而有活力的城市公共空間，在科技園主軸線上將城市與園區(qū)融為一個整體。第三，地下一層的商業(yè)休閑空間，通過下沉庭院的設(shè)計手法，以傾斜的綠草坡將陽光、人流和視線引入地下一層，既解決了地下層公共空間的采光通風(fēng)問題，又擴大了面向城市的開放空間。大廈建成后，二層公共平臺成為市民休閑、散步的理想所在，經(jīng)常會有人們在那里駐足，留影。□

項目信息/Credits and Data

項目負責(zé)人/Principal in Charge: 莊惟敏/ZHUANG Weimin

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team: 莊惟敏，巫曉紅，鮑承基，漆山等/ZHUANG Weimin, WU Xiaohong, BAO Chengji, QI Shan, et al.

場地面積/Site Area: 165,000m2（園區(qū)指標(biāo)）

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 188,027m2

建筑高度/Height: 110m

設(shè)計時間/Design Period: 2001-2004

竣工時間/Completion: 2005.7

攝影/Photos: 陳溯，莫修權(quán)/CHEN Su, MO Xiuquan

2 夜景/Night view

2 夜景/Night view

TUS Park technology building was set to provide urban open space at the beginning. Just like the famous slogan of the Tsinghua University Science Park (TUS Park): "Limited space for Unlimited Dreams.", the interpretation of space is based on the human behaviors in this project.

The construction land in this project is very limited. The buildings are located surrounding a central garden, and the public services and parking lots are located beneath the garden. The existed buildings near the site are controlled by a clear space axis. By analyzing the surroundings we can see that the TUS Park is the joint between Tsinghua University and the city. It performs as a transition area from the campus, which is an enclosed space, to the urban open space. In terms of space forms, the project is an adapter to connect the campus and the city. In terms of function, it should become the comprehensive platform of scientific research, technology transformation, communication, and commercial services.

Owing to the limit of the construction land, the floor-area ratio of technological building is over 10. Over 180 thousand square meters (including both above ground and underground) are to be built inside the land of 130m×140m. Furthermore, the height-limit of cornice is 100 meters. So the primary issue is how to relieve the pressure on the surroundings made by the project. the design strategy is dispersing the whole volume into four units which are plugged in a stable two- floor platform. The pressure is relived and each unit gets natural lighting and ventilation of good quality. The separate units also form a light and transparent cityscape. The normal distance between each building is about 30 meters, while the distance between the two units in the south is a little bigger to create an open space towards the city. the separate units form a cluster and establish dialogues with the other buildings in the TUS Park. the technology building stands at the starting point of the axis in the whole garden. We put the four units along the two sides of the axis so the urban space can get into the park along the steps, the communication area in the platform, the central garden and the Building of Creation at the end of the axis. The spaces along the axis form an order of adequate tightness and openness and command the buildings in the entire park. All the buildings form an urban public space which is both open and cohesive, which also represents the spirits of the TUS Park.

Spaces in building should be able to tell a story. Different activities in different spaces and the relationship between spaces and activities are just like parts of a live story. The narratives of architecture space tend to determine our understanding and creation of the functions of spaces. The mode, route and state of activities generated by the users actually form the basis for architects to create spaces. this is exactly the way in which we design.

The distribution of pedestrian and vehicle in rush hours: the director of the vertical separation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation

The Science & Technology Mansion has a floor area of 188 thousand square meters, which is a complex consists of office, research and development, restaurant, leisure and entertainment. Office space covers 80% of total area. The number of people (office employees and visitors) is nearly ten thousand on a general day in this buildings, so the crowds highly concentrated in the rush hour. the basement parking is located in the second and third floor underground, and there is a total area of 24,240m2of parking space. If combined with the ground parking, the daily parking number is nearly 800. According to the requirements of planning advice, it is not a difficult thing to meet the requirement of the number of parking in the buildings. But when we image the traffic situation in rush hours, we found it much more serious to meet the requirement of short period entry and exit width. Besides, in order to relieve the pressure on vehicle parking, the administration department demand that part of employees must travel by shuttle bus. therefore, a reasonable distribution of pedestrian and vehicle becomes the key point in this project. Firstly, based on the layout of basement, we arranged four vehicles entrances besides two entrances connecting with the central underground parking lot. We rely on these six entrances to ensure the rate of pass in and out in a short period of time. Secondly, we planned a circle lane connecting the four towers on the ground floor, and each tower had its own temporary drop off area. Thirdly, we designed a public platform on the second floor, and linked it with the square on the first floor and the central garden in the park by steps and bridges. thus a vertical transport system for both vehicle and pedestrian was formed with the underground floor, ground floor and the platform on the second floor.

3 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

4 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層平面/Standard floor plan

6 外景/Exterior view

Lunch time and rest: public space and floors of nutrition

Another important scene in an office building's daily events is the activity during lunch time. Office worker on different floors will rush out to look for F&B space and have lunch. If there were not enough F&B space, or the layout and the routes were not well designed, there would be serious crosses and jams, ending up in huge pressure on the vertical transport system.

At the beginning of design, we made a survey about the conditions in lunch time in 7 high-rise office buildings in Beijing and analyzed the route of people and their behaviors. Durign design process, we simulated the circulation of people in the building and calculated the amount in vertical transport. Restaurants were set in different floors according to their prices. the dining halls were located in the underground floor, the fast food restaurants were located in the first floor and the special restaurants were set in the second floor. The dining halls were designed for groups of officers having lunch, and therefore were spacious and had a smooth access. The fast food restaurants have smaller spaces and are open to the public. The special restaurants on the second floor are designed together with the huge platform. They had the best views and space quality and can be used for parties of big companies. Dinning spaces on different floors in the bottom part of the buildings provide guarantee of nutrition for the people working in the office buildings. People gather and disperse at different floors according to their different needs.

Public space in the TUS Park: part of the urban public spaces

As an open public space, the building took the city into consideration in terms of space, form and construction. Firstly, combined with the layout of vehicle route and parking space, the main road which is connected with the city road is led into the bottom of the building, thus creating a convenient connection with the city. Secondly, the nearly 30 meter- wide steps led the people on the ground going up onto the public platform on the second floor and into the public spaces and the lobbies for walkers. There were twelve 17.3 meter-high steel trees placed on the platform, forming a grand space under them. Springs and water landscapes were set under the steel trees. The transparent skylights, wooden benches and platforms, open- air coffee tables, sculptures and plants created an open and dynamic urban public space. The city and the TUS Park were combined together as a whole along the axis. Thirdly, a sunken garden with a grass slope let sunshine, people access and sights inside the commercial and leisure spaces in the underground floor. This strategy solved the problems of natural lighting and ventilation and expanded the open space towards the city as well. After the construction of the building, the public platform has become a fantastic space for citizens relaxing and walking. there are always a lot of people staying and taking photos.□

7 建筑與鋼樹/Building and steel trees

8 剖面/Sectiion

評論

朱文一：10年前，我參加了首都建筑匯報展十佳建筑的評選。莊惟敏教授設(shè)計的清華科技園科技大廈以其準(zhǔn)確的定位、簡潔的形體、適宜的尺度入選，令我印象深刻。今天，位于清華主校門旁的清華科技園科技大廈經(jīng)歷了時間的洗禮，已經(jīng)成為清華大學(xué)校園的顯著地標(biāo)。在我看來，清華科技園科技大廈有三個特點：

一是定位準(zhǔn)確，4棟高層建筑起到了整個清華科技園的空間統(tǒng)領(lǐng)作用，城市地標(biāo)效果突顯。從最早建筑頂部的微軟標(biāo)志到后來的網(wǎng)易等若干頂級高科技公司的標(biāo)志，可以看出建筑的高端科技定位，彰顯了清華大學(xué)發(fā)展一流科學(xué)技術(shù)的目標(biāo)。

二是4棟超高層建筑形體方整，樓層辦公使用效率高，特別符合當(dāng)代寫字樓建筑類型的特征。建筑四角的設(shè)計更是考慮了建筑使用過程中出現(xiàn)的各種變化因素，如在不影響建筑整體的立面形象的情況下，充分考慮了辦公室分體空調(diào)室外機外掛的位置和空間，等等。

三是建筑形象簡潔大方，莊嚴(yán)雄偉中不乏典雅和細膩。立面設(shè)計通過分段和分層的處理，呈現(xiàn)了金屬板和玻璃兩種材料的美學(xué)特性。建筑頂部設(shè)計與廣告標(biāo)識巧妙結(jié)合，體現(xiàn)了寫字樓的科技性格，不失為超高層建筑頂部設(shè)計的一種成功策略。

總體上，清華科技園科技大廈是一座成功的建筑，邁向未來的建筑。

9 外景/Exterior view

10 鋼樹夜景/Night view of steel trees

Comments

ZHU Wenyi: Ten years ago, I was on the jury to select the top ten buildings for the Capital Architecture Retrospective Exhibition. the Science & Technology Mansion of TUS Park, designed by Prof. ZHUANG Weimin and located next to Tsinghua's main gate, made a profound impression on me with its precise definition, simple form and appropriate scale. Today, having gone through the test of time, the Innovation Plaza has become a distinctive landmark on Tsinghua's campus. In my view, the Science & Technology Mansion has three characteristics:

the first is its precise definition. Four high-rise buildings serve to command the entire space of the plaza, with outstanding effects as an urban landmark. From the initial Microsoft sign on top of the building to later signs of leading high-tech corporations such as NetEase, one can get a clear sense of the project's high-end technological definition, which manifests Tsinghua's goal to develop first-rate technologies.

the second is the square and regular form of the four high-rise buildings, which helps achieve high efficiency of floor office spaces particularly suited to contemporary office buildings. the design for the four corners has taken into consideration various changing factors in the use of the buildings. For example, full consideration is given to the hanging position and space of split air conditioners without having to affect the overall appearance of the building facades.

The third characteristic of the Science & Technology Mansion is its simple, generous architectural image, which contains elegance and delicacy in solemnity and majesty. Through segmental and layered disposition, the facade design successfully exhibits the aesthetic features of metal sheets and glass. the design of the top parts is deftly combined with advertising signs, thus embodying office buildings' technological character. this can be regarded as a successful strategy for the design of high-rise tops.

On the whole, the Science & Technology Mansion of TUS Park is a successful project evolving into the future.(English translation by LIU Chen)

11 鋼樹細部/Detail of steel tree

12 立面細部/Detail of facade