龍 城 王 晶 武書庚 張海軍 岳洪源 齊廣海(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100081)
飼料因素對(duì)雞蛋風(fēng)味的影響及其改善措施
龍 城 王 晶 武書庚 張海軍 岳洪源 齊廣海?
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100081)
摘 要:隨著畜牧業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,畜產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)日益充裕,人們對(duì)畜產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求不斷提高,其安全性、營(yíng)養(yǎng)性及風(fēng)味等逐漸成為消費(fèi)者關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。本文綜述了形成雞蛋風(fēng)味的前體物質(zhì)、影響雞蛋風(fēng)味的飼料因素及改善雞蛋風(fēng)味的措施,旨在為相關(guān)研究提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:雞蛋風(fēng)味;前體物質(zhì);飼料因素
雞蛋富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,是廉價(jià)的動(dòng)物源蛋白,因其獨(dú)特的凝固作用、起泡性、乳化作用等,也廣泛用于食品加工業(yè)。已有雞蛋品質(zhì)的研究,多集中于蛋黃顏色、蛋清質(zhì)量、蛋殼品質(zhì)的改善及營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)富集等方面。生產(chǎn)中,常因營(yíng)養(yǎng)、遺傳、儲(chǔ)存等條件變化,致使雞蛋風(fēng)味(flavor)異常,影響消費(fèi)者對(duì)雞蛋及其產(chǎn)品的滿意度和接受性。美國(guó)風(fēng)味化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(1969)對(duì)風(fēng)味的定義為,人以口腔為主的感覺器官對(duì)食品產(chǎn)生的味覺、嗅覺、痛覺、觸覺等的綜合感覺。風(fēng)味的形成取決于所含風(fēng)味前體物質(zhì)及相互作用,風(fēng)味的描述和評(píng)價(jià)則涉及到消費(fèi)者生理、心理、嗜好等主觀因素。目前已檢測(cè)到雞蛋中的風(fēng)味物質(zhì)有醇、脂肪烴、醛、酮、芳香族、呋喃、硫化物、萜類等8類物質(zhì)[1]。改變飼糧組成,可致雞蛋中風(fēng)味前體物質(zhì)含量及組成變化,所呈風(fēng)味也有所不同。關(guān)于雞蛋風(fēng)味的描述,報(bào)道的有:鮮雞蛋味、陳雞蛋味、儲(chǔ)存味、魚腥味、臭雞蛋味、大蒜味、洋蔥味、水果味、金屬味、酸味、辣味、硫磺味等[2]。關(guān)于飼料因素對(duì)雞蛋風(fēng)味影響的報(bào)道,多集中于對(duì)雞蛋風(fēng)味不利、有害等方面。本文從雞蛋風(fēng)味的成因及飼料影響等方面進(jìn)行綜述,以便為進(jìn)一步開展相關(guān)研究提供參考和借鑒。
生鮮雞蛋僅有蛋腥味,其揮發(fā)性風(fēng)味物質(zhì)主要包括吡啶、吡嗪、吡咯、噻唑等含氮雜環(huán)化合物、醛類和茚滿類等[1-4]。熱加工后,呈味物質(zhì)的數(shù)量、種類都遠(yuǎn)高于鮮雞蛋。學(xué)者分別從熟化后的全蛋、蛋黃和蛋清中分離鑒定出了36、39和33種風(fēng)味物質(zhì),而生雞蛋蛋黃和蛋清中僅檢測(cè)出8和18種[3](表1)。熟雞蛋的香味主要來自烷基芳香族、腈類和酮類[2]等揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),其前體物質(zhì)主要有:脂肪酸、氨基酸、色素、羥基酸(合成烯萜類物質(zhì))、單糖和糖苷。醛類氣味閾值較低,對(duì)風(fēng)味貢獻(xiàn)大,主要由纈氨酸的施特雷克爾降解(Strecker degradation)和脂肪酸的氧化產(chǎn)生;芳香族化合物多具有香味,主要由葡萄糖或類胡蘿卜素的熱降解產(chǎn)生[1,5]。由糖類和脂肪產(chǎn)生的羰基化合物,通過與氨基酸或蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生美拉德反應(yīng)(Maillard re?action)產(chǎn)生雜環(huán)化合物:吡嗪類、吡咯類、噻吩類、噻唑、呋喃、萜類和具有雞蛋特征氣味的硫化物(以及硫胺素的降解)。
表1 熟雞蛋和生雞蛋組分的風(fēng)味物質(zhì)比較Table 1 Flavor compounds of different composition in cooked egg compared with raw ones
對(duì)比全蛋、蛋清和蛋黃中揮發(fā)性風(fēng)味物質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)腈類和低分子酮類僅存在于全蛋和蛋清中,其中4-甲基戊烯是最主要的腈[1-2];全蛋和蛋黃中的2-乙酰基吡咯有一種愉快、焦糖似的風(fēng)味。熟蛋黃中的非脂溶性成分(主要是蛋白質(zhì)、葡萄糖、游離氨基酸和多肽等)與極性脂溶性成分(磷脂)共同作用產(chǎn)生蛋黃的特征香味,其中,非脂溶性成分是蛋腥味的主要來源,極性脂(磷脂)參與了蛋香味的形成[5]。硫化物、醛酮類和吡嗪類化合物,閾值較低,是對(duì)熟蛋黃乃至整個(gè)雞蛋風(fēng)味貢獻(xiàn)最大的化合物。2-甲基酮類(C7~C10)僅在蛋黃中有,2-甲基丁醛是蛋黃中最主要的醛,且半胱氨酸等含羥基和硫基氨基酸對(duì)它的形成起重要作用[1-3]。熟蛋清中特征風(fēng)味物質(zhì)有醛酮類、芳香族、雜環(huán)類、胺類物質(zhì)和茚滿(對(duì)蛋清風(fēng)味貢獻(xiàn)率最高)[2-3]。除甲基苯并噻唑外,噻唑僅現(xiàn)于蛋清中,系糖類和含硫氨基酸反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生。
產(chǎn)蛋雞飼糧組成直接影響雞蛋品質(zhì)和風(fēng)味。其中,關(guān)于n?3多不飽和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)富集雞蛋的異味和雞蛋魚腥味報(bào)道較多。n?3 PUFAs富集雞蛋的異味主要由脂肪酸氧化和魚粉中的三甲胺引起。據(jù)報(bào)道,產(chǎn)蛋雞飼糧中的動(dòng)物源(魚粉、魚油)和植物源(菜籽餅粕、亞麻籽、海藻、棕櫚、葡萄籽、大麻籽、異養(yǎng)微藻等)原料,可能影響雞蛋風(fēng)味。維生素(抗氧化等作用)、植物提取物常用于緩解脂質(zhì)氧化對(duì)風(fēng)味的影響。
2.1 魚粉和魚油
Kochler等[6]首次描述了產(chǎn)蛋雞飼喂魚粉或魚油后的雞蛋風(fēng)味,如發(fā)霉、不新鮮、腐臭和魚腥味等。魚粉中氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine oxide,TMAO)含量(約4.9 g/kg)較高,TMAO在雞體腸道微生物作用下氧化為帶有魚臭味的三甲胺(tri?methylamine,TMA),沉積于雞蛋中引起異味。TMAO廣泛分布于海產(chǎn)動(dòng)物組織中,魚體中TMAO含量因品種和生活水域不同相差較大[7-8]。與英國(guó)鯡魚和秘魯鳀魚粉相比,飼喂5%鱈魚粉和加拿大大西洋鯡魚粉,雞蛋的發(fā)霉、腐臭和魚腥味更明顯,儲(chǔ)存后異味加重[6]。因魚粉等級(jí)和來源等因素,引起雞蛋異味的添加量差異較大(2.5%~20.0%)[9]。有研究認(rèn)為,魚粉添加量低于2.5%不影響雞蛋風(fēng)味[10],也有研究認(rèn)為1.5%的魚粉即可降低雞蛋風(fēng)味評(píng)分[11]。
魚粉或魚油中n?3 PUFAs的腐敗是引起雞蛋風(fēng)味下降的另一因素[6,12-14]。n?3 PUFAs氧化過程中產(chǎn)生的過氧化物易于再次氧化或分解,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生如短鏈醛,酮類等副反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物和其他氧化產(chǎn)物,破壞雞蛋的風(fēng)味[15]。產(chǎn)蛋雞飼喂2.5%普通魚油即產(chǎn)生魚腥味雞蛋,而添加大于10%的微囊魚油(microencapsulated fish oil,MFO)未檢測(cè)到風(fēng)味下降[6,16];與普通魚油相比,MFO脂質(zhì)氧化穩(wěn)定性更好[16],但2%的MFO也會(huì)導(dǎo)致雞蛋產(chǎn)生異味(硫黃風(fēng)味)[17]。飼喂含1.5%的英國(guó)鯡魚油、大西洋鯡魚油、太平洋鱈魚油或秘魯鳀魚油的飼糧,結(jié)果表明魚油的來源對(duì)雞蛋風(fēng)味有影響,秘魯鳀魚油生產(chǎn)的雞蛋魚腥味最大[6],可能是魚油中脂肪酸的組成和含量來源不同所致。延長(zhǎng)飼糧儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間會(huì)引起魚粉或魚油中不飽和脂肪酸和蛋白質(zhì)等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的氧化,氧化產(chǎn)物沉積于雞蛋中,影響雞蛋風(fēng)味[6,18-20]。
2.2 菜籽餅粕
菜籽餅粕極易誘發(fā)魚腥味雞蛋產(chǎn)生,飼糧中去除后,蛋雞不再產(chǎn)魚腥味雞蛋[21-23]。菜籽餅粕中的芥子堿(0.8%~3.0%)[24]是TMA的前體物,飼糧中添加3%菜籽粕就能導(dǎo)致雞蛋產(chǎn)生魚腥味[22];雙低菜籽餅粕不產(chǎn)魚腥味蛋的最大添加量為4%~7%[25];10%的各類菜籽粕均可致雞蛋產(chǎn)生魚腥味[26]。一般采食含菜籽餅粕飼糧5 d后,便可檢到魚腥味雞蛋。易感型蛋雞對(duì)菜籽餅粕比氯化膽堿更為敏感[25],這是因?yàn)槟憠A的吸收主要在小腸前段,當(dāng)吸收達(dá)到飽和,且有足量的膽堿到達(dá)盲腸時(shí),腸道菌才能代謝產(chǎn)生TMA;而芥子堿在腸道前段不被吸收,直到到達(dá)盲腸才釋放出膽堿。菜籽餅粕中含有硫代葡萄糖苷、單寧、芥子堿等多種抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子,硫代葡萄糖苷能水解生成硫氰酸鹽、異硫氰酸鹽和惡唑烷硫酮等毒性物質(zhì);5-乙烯基惡唑烷硫酮和可溶性單寧是FMO3的強(qiáng)烈抑制劑[27]。惡唑烷硫酮通過與TMA競(jìng)爭(zhēng)FMO3酶活性中心從而降低TMA的代謝,單寧則以非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性機(jī)制影響FMO3活性[28]。體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)表明,只有易感基因型蛋雞的雞蛋中TMA含量與飼糧雙低菜籽餅粕劑量存在明顯的線性關(guān)系,隨著雙低菜籽餅粕添加量增加而升高,野生型和雜合性基因型蛋雞雞蛋中TMA含量并無上升趨勢(shì)[25]。Kretzschmar等[29]也得出相似結(jié)論,認(rèn)為飼糧中芥子堿的含量是引起TMA含量升高的主要原因,而硫代葡萄糖甙的抑制作用并未體現(xiàn)。
2.3 其他植物源飼料
一些富含n?3 PUFAs的植物,如大麻籽、亞麻籽、微藻(heterotrophic microalgae,HMA)等,在生產(chǎn)n?3 PUFAs富集雞蛋時(shí),會(huì)影響雞蛋的風(fēng)味和香氣。飼糧中添加亞麻籽1%~2%,不影響雞蛋的感官性狀[30],而高添加量(10%~20%)會(huì)產(chǎn)生異味雞蛋,比如魚腥味或類似油漆味[31-32]。飼喂含等量n?3 PUFAs(4%)的亞麻籽或魚油飼糧,亞麻籽組雞蛋的風(fēng)味顯著優(yōu)于魚油組。雞蛋中油酸、n?3 PUFAs、γ-亞麻酸和硬脂酸等脂肪酸與風(fēng)味相關(guān)。蛋黃中油酸的含量越大雞蛋的風(fēng)味越差,n?3 PUFAs、γ-亞麻酸和硬脂酸的含量越高其風(fēng)味越好[30]。而大麻籽及其油中,對(duì)雞蛋風(fēng)味不利的油酸等脂肪酸含量較少。有報(bào)道,蛋雞飼糧中添加大麻籽或其油,雞蛋帶有甜味,4%的大麻籽組雞蛋甜味較小,20%組的甜味最大[30],可能系因大麻籽或其油改變了蛋清蛋黃比率。有研究報(bào)道,蛋黃與蛋清比例為58∶42的雞蛋比10∶90組更甜[31]。有研究表明,含較低含量n?3 PUFAs(0.5%)的飼糧增加雞蛋的甜度,但高含量(8%)無此作用[30]。此外,亞麻籽等植物源飼料的加工形式(完整或去皮),脂肪酸含量和組成等均影響雞蛋風(fēng)味[33-35]。蛋雞飼糧中添加2%HMA生產(chǎn)的雞蛋感官性狀良好[17],4.8%未見引起雞蛋異味[32];而從HMA中提取的油添加于飼糧中時(shí),雞蛋的風(fēng)味下降[25]。這可能是由于提取后,油暴露于氧氣中,降低了脂肪的穩(wěn)定性,而HMA細(xì)胞膜成了脂肪的天然保護(hù)膜。另外,類胡蘿卜素在HMA的提取煉制時(shí)可能會(huì)丟失。
2.4 抗氧化劑
產(chǎn)蛋雞飼糧中添加維生素E、維生素C能夠降低蛋黃過氧化值,減少雞蛋酸敗的異味[36-37]。蛋黃的脂質(zhì)氧化產(chǎn)物主要是飼料氧化產(chǎn)物的直接沉積,在儲(chǔ)存過程雞蛋脂質(zhì)未進(jìn)一步氧化[36-38]。因此,維生素E主要通過防止飼糧中脂肪酸的氧化,改善雞蛋風(fēng)味。10 IU/kg維生素E即可使雞蛋不產(chǎn)生異味的亞麻籽最大添加量由10%提高到20%[39];但較高水平的維生素E(100 IU/kg)降低了雞蛋的可接受性,可能是因?yàn)榫S生素E在低含量時(shí)具有抗氧化作用,而高含量則表現(xiàn)促氧化作用[40]。
此外,添加一些植物或植物提取物(牛至、百里香、姜黃和迷迭香)能顯著提高雞蛋的氧化穩(wěn)定性,改善雞蛋風(fēng)味[41-42]。添加1.0%牛至、1.0%迷迭香或0.5%~1.0%姜黃于蛋雞飼糧中,能顯著降低蛋黃丙二醛含量,改善雞蛋風(fēng)味[43]。姜黃通過提高抗氧化酶活性降低蛋黃過氧化值,而迷迭香提取物(尾鼠草酸)則是減慢雞蛋的脂肪氧化速度,提高雞蛋的感官品質(zhì)[38,41]。將迷迭香提取物添加于富含n?3 PUFAs的飼糧中能夠消除不飽和脂肪酸對(duì)雞蛋的不良影響[17,43]。
目前,改善雞蛋風(fēng)味的有效途徑主要為營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控和育種,就如何從育種方面改善雞蛋風(fēng)味的研究較少,而通過營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控的手段是短期內(nèi)效果最顯著的措施。產(chǎn)蛋雞飼糧中前體物質(zhì)添加量的控制和在飼糧中添加抗氧化劑為改善雞蛋風(fēng)味的主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控手段。研究表明,不同品種、產(chǎn)地、質(zhì)量和添加形式(普通魚油、微囊魚油)的魚油和魚粉破壞雞蛋風(fēng)味的添加量不同[6-8,16]。因此研究者需逐一確定具體飼料原料破壞雞蛋風(fēng)味的最小添加量,指導(dǎo)實(shí)際生產(chǎn)。產(chǎn)蛋雞飼糧中添加適量的維生素E和一些植物提取物等抗氧化劑能顯著減少飼糧中脂肪的氧化,提高雞蛋的氧化穩(wěn)定性,改善雞蛋風(fēng)味[36-37,41-42]。
關(guān)于飼料因素影響雞蛋風(fēng)味的研究主要集中在魚粉、菜粕等引起的魚腥味雞蛋和魚油、亞麻籽等生產(chǎn)富n?3 PUFAs雞蛋時(shí)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面感官性狀的影響,并且研究多停留在劑量對(duì)雞蛋異味等風(fēng)味影響的階段,對(duì)飼料因素影響風(fēng)味的形成機(jī)制鮮有報(bào)道。需要深入研究的工作包括:各種蛋品風(fēng)味區(qū)別的原因,鑒定雞蛋特有風(fēng)味,確定其前體物質(zhì)及其富集機(jī)理;通過對(duì)雞蛋風(fēng)味的基礎(chǔ)研究,采用營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控手段來改善雞蛋風(fēng)味,生產(chǎn)風(fēng)味優(yōu)異的雞蛋以滿足人們不斷增加的對(duì)風(fēng)味的需要。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] BREWER M S,VEGA J D.Detec
Table odor thresholds of selected lipid oxidation compounds in a meat model system[J].Journal of Food Science,1995,60(3):592-595.
[2] 馮月超,劉美玉,任發(fā)政,等.不同蛋黃組分對(duì)蛋黃風(fēng)味的影響[J].食品科學(xué):基礎(chǔ)研究,2006,27(12):58-61.
[3] 馮月超,劉美玉,任發(fā)政.熱處理對(duì)雞蛋黃揮發(fā)性風(fēng)味成分的影響[J].肉類研究,2006(10):31-33.
[4] 張蕾旻.不同類型雞蛋揮發(fā)性成分的比較分析[D].碩士學(xué)位論文.武漢:華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2012:28-34.
[5] MACLEOD A J,CAVE S J.Volatile flavour compo?nents of eggs[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1975,26(3):351-360.
[6] KOEHLER H H,BEARSE G E.Egg flavor quality as affected by fish meals or fish oils in laying rations[J].Poultry Science,1975,54(3):881-889.
[7] GRIFFITHS N M,LAND D G,HOBSON?FROHOCK A.Trimethylamine and egg taint[J].British Poultry Science,1979,20(6):555-558.
[8] 王晶.FMO3基因型和膽堿對(duì)雞蛋三甲胺含量影響的研究[D].博士學(xué)位論文.哈爾濱:東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2011:19.
[9] WAKELING D E.A fishy taint in eggs:interaction be?tween fishmeal diets and strain of bird[J].British Poultry Science,1982,23(2):89-93.
[10] HOLDAS A,MAY K N.Fish oil and fishy flavor of eggs and carcasses of hens[J].Poultry Science,1966,45(6):1405-1407.
[11] HAMMERSHOJ M.Effects of dietary fish oil with natural content of carotenoids on fatty acid composi?tion,n?3 fatty acid content,yolkcolour and egg quality of hen eggs[J].Archiv für Geflugelkunde,1995,59 (3):189-197.
[12] BARCLAY W,ABRIL R,ABRIL P,et al.Production of docosahexaenoic acid from microalgae and its bene?fits for use in animal feeds[J].World Review in Nu?trition and Dietetics,1998,83:61-76.
[13] WOODS V B,F(xiàn)EARON A M.Dietary sources of un?saturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat,milk and eggs:a review[J].Livestock Science,2009,126(1/2/3):1-20.
[14] GONZALEZ?ESQUERRA R,LEESON S.Effect of feeding hens regular or deodorized menhaden oil on production parameters,yolk fatty acid profile and sen?sory quality of eggs[J].Poultry Science,2000,79 (11):1597-1602.
[15] VERCELLOTTI J R,St ANGELO A J,SPANIER A M.Lipid oxidation in foods:an overview[C]//ACS Symposium Series?American Chemical Society,New Orleans,1992:51.
[16] LAWLOR J B,GAUDETTE N,DICKSON T,et al.Fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of
Table eggs from laying hens fed diets containing microen?capsulated fish oil[J].Animal Feed Science and Tech?nology,2010,156(3/4):97-103.
[17] PARPINELLO G P,MELUZZI A,SIRRI F,et al.Sen?sory evaluation of egg products and eggs laid from hens fed diets with different fatty acid composition and supplemented with antioxidants[J].Food Research In?ternational,2006,39(1):47-52.
[18] MAZALLI M R,BRAGAGNOLO N.Increase of cho?lesterol oxidation and decrease of pufa as a result of thermal processing and storage in eggs enriched with n?3 fatty acids[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2009,57(11):5028-5034.
[19] KOO N S,WANG S G,PARK J M.Change of fatty acid content in egg yolk oil of various chicken eggs during storage[J].International Journal of Food Sci?ences and Nutrition,2002,(31):184-188.
[20] NAHTIGAL B,SMIDOVNIK A,GOLC?WONDRA A.Determination of fatty acids in ordinary and omega?enriched eggs,prepared in four different ways:raw,boiled for 3 and 8 minutes and fried,old 3/7 days and after 4 weeks of storage[J].Czech Journal of Food Science,2000,18:138-141.
[21] PEARSON A W,BUTLER E J,CURTIS R F,et al.Rapeseed meal and egg taint:demonstration of the metabolic defect in male and female chicks[J].The Veterinary Record,1979,104(14):318-319.
[22] OVERFIELD N D,ELSON H A.Dietary rapeseed meal and the incidence of tainted eggs[J].British Poultry Science,1975,16(2):213-217.
[23] HOBSON?FROHOCK A,F(xiàn)ENWICK R G,LAND D G,et al.Rapeseed meal and egg taint[J].British Poul?try Science,1975,16(2):219-222.
[24] 鈕琰星.菜粕芥子堿降解及其作用機(jī)理研究[D].博士學(xué)位論文.武漢:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,2013:4.
[25] WARD A K.Genetic and dietary interactions of fishy?egg taint in brown?shelled laying hens[D].Master Thesis.Saskatoon:University of Saskatchewan,2008:42-46.
[26] GOH Y K,CLANDININ D R,ROBBLEE A R,et al.The effect of level of sinapine in a laying ration on the incidence of fishy odor in eggs from brown?shelled egg layers[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1979,59(2):313-316.
[27] KHAJALI F,SLOMINSKI B A.Factors that affect the nutritive value of canola meal for poultry[J].Poultry Science,2012,91(10):2564-2575.
[28] FENWICK G R,PEARSON A W,GREENWOOD N M,et al.Rapeseed meal tannins and egg taint[J].Ani?mal Feed Science and Technology,1981,6(4):421-431.
[29] KRETZSCHMAR K,D?NICKE S,SCHMUTZ M,et al.Interactions of flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3)genotype and feeding of choline and rape?seed cake on the trimethylamine(TMA)content in egg yolks of laying hens[J].Archives of Animal Nu?trition,2009,63(3):173-187.
[30] GOLDBERG E M,GAKHAR N,RYLAND D,et al.Fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of
Table eggs from laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil [J].Journal of Food Science,2012,77(4):S153-S160.
[31] WARREN M W,LARICK D K,BALL H R.Volatiles and sensory characteristics of cooked egg yolk,white and their combinations[J].Journal of Food Science,1995,60(1):79-84.
[32] HERBER?MCNEILL S M,VAN ELSWYK M E.Di?etary marine algae maintains egg consumer acceptabil?ity while enhancing yolk color[J].Poultry Science,1998,77(3):493-496.
[33] JIANG Z,AHN D U,LADNER L,et al.Influence of feeding full?fat flax and sunflower seeds on internal and sensory qualities of eggs[J].Poultry Science,1992,71(2):378-382.
[34] SCHEIDELER S E,F(xiàn)RONING G,CUPPETT S.Stud?ies of consumer acceptance of high omega?3 fatty acid?enriched eggs[J].The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,1997,6(2):137-146.
[35] ELSWYK M E,DAWSON P L,SAMS A R.Dietary menhaden oil influences sensory characteristics and headspace volatiles of shell eggs[J].Journal of Food Science,1995,60(1):85-89.
[36] HAYAT Z,CHERIAN G,PASHA T N,et al.Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance of eggs from hens fed flax seed and 2 different antioxidants[J].Poultry Science,2010,89(10):2293-2298.
[37] HAYAT Z,CHERIAN G,PASHA T N,et al.Oxida?tive stability and lipid components of eggs from flax?fed hens:effect of dietary antioxidants and storage[J].Poultry Science,2010,89(6):1285-1292.
[38] GALOBART J,BARROETA A C,BAUCELLS M D,et al.Effect of dietary supplementation with rose?mary extract and α?tocopheryl acetate on lipid oxida?tion in eggs enriched with ω?3?fatty acids[J].Poultry Science,2001,80(4):460-467.
[39] LEESON S,CASTON L,MACLAURIN T.Organo?leptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E[J].Poultry Science,1998,77(9):1436-1440.
[40] CHEN J Y,LATSHAW J D,LEE H O,et al.α?to?copherol content and oxidative stability of egg yolk as related to dietary α?tocopherol[J].Journal of Food Science,1998,63(5):919-922.
[41] BOTSOGLOU N A,YANNAKOPOULOS A L,F(xiàn)LE?TOURIS D J,et al.Effect of dietary thyme on the oxi?dative stability of egg yolk[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1997,45(10):3711-3716.
[42] LOPEZ?BOTE C J,GRAY J I,GOMAA E A,et al.Effect of dietary administration of oil extracts from rosemary and sage on lipid oxidation in broiler meat [J].British Poultry Science,1998,39(2):235-240.
(責(zé)任編輯 陳 燕)
[43] RADWAN N L,HASSAN R A,QOTA E M,et al.Effect of natural antioxidant on oxidative stability of eggs and productive and reproductive performance of laying hens[J].International Journal of Poultry Sci?ence,2008,7(2):134-150.
Influence of Feed Factors on Egg Flavor and the Measures for Flavor Improvement
LONG Cheng WANG Jing WU Shugeng ZHANG Haijun YUE Hongyuan QI Guanghai?
(Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture,F(xiàn)eed Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,Beijing 100081,China)
?Corresponding author,professor,E?mail:qiguanghai@caas.cn
Abstract:With the rapid development of animal husbandry,the supply of livestock products is becoming a?bundant,leading to people’s ever?growing demands for high quality animal by?products.On the basis of suffi?cient supply,consumers start to focus on their safety,flavor and nutritional value.Precursor substances in forming egg flavor,the influence of feed factors on the egg flavor and some measures for flavor improvement were reviewed in this paper,which aimed to provide the reference for related research.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(2):352?358]
Key words:egg flavor;precursor substance;feed factors
通信作者:?齊廣海,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,E?mail:qiguanghai@caas.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:龍 城(1990—),男,江西萍鄉(xiāng)人,碩士研究生,從事家禽營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控研究。E?mail:dxfdn666@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家青年自然基金(31301991);國(guó)家蛋雞產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS?41?K13);家禽產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京市創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(CARS?PSTP)
收稿日期:2014-08-15
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006?267x.2015.02.004
文章編號(hào):1006?267X(2015)02?0352?07
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
中圖分類號(hào):S831.5
動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào)2015年2期