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病灶刮除骨水泥填充治療四肢骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的效果評價(jià)

2016-01-23 10:28牛曉輝
中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)發(fā)四肢

牛曉輝

作者單位:100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科

Evaluation of curettage and cement reconstruction as treatment of giant cell tumors in the extremities

NIU Xiao-hui.Department of Orthopaedic Oncology Surgery,Beijing Jishuitan Hospital,Beijing,100035,PRC

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病灶刮除骨水泥填充治療四肢骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的效果評價(jià)

牛曉輝

作者單位:100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科

Evaluation of curettage and cement reconstruction as treatment of giant cell tumors in the extremities

NIU Xiao-hui.Department of Orthopaedic Oncology Surgery,Beijing Jishuitan Hospital,Beijing,100035,PRC

【關(guān)鍵詞】骨巨細(xì)胞瘤;四肢;骨水泥成形術(shù);刮除術(shù);復(fù)發(fā)

骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 (giant cell tumor,GCT) 是較為常見的原發(fā)骨腫瘤,歐美報(bào)道約占全部原發(fā)骨腫瘤的 5%[1],但來自亞洲的報(bào)道,其相對發(fā)病率似乎更高,北京積水潭醫(yī)院的大宗病例報(bào)道 GCT 占該中心全部診治原發(fā)骨腫瘤的13.7%[2],另外也有一些文獻(xiàn)顯示亞洲人種發(fā)病率較高[3],因此 GCT 的治療在中國值得重視。

GCT 好發(fā)于膝關(guān)節(jié)等關(guān)節(jié)周圍,尤其常見于股骨遠(yuǎn)端及脛骨近端。若治療不當(dāng),極易影響關(guān)節(jié)功能。目前,手術(shù)治療 GCT 的方式多樣,包括腫瘤擴(kuò)大刮除,空腔可填充骨水泥、自體骨、異體骨或人工骨等,以及腫瘤大塊切除后行人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)或大段異體骨植骨,但其理想的治療方法仍存在爭議。大塊切除盡管能達(dá)到滿意的局部控制率,但由于大多數(shù) GCT 位于關(guān)節(jié)附近,大塊切除術(shù)后肢體功能勢必受影響,且 GCT 好發(fā)年齡為 20~40 歲,行人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后多數(shù)患者需要再次行翻修手術(shù)。因此,在臨床上,擴(kuò)大刮除仍然是治療肢體 GCT 最常用的治療方法。

擴(kuò)大刮除時(shí),選擇腫瘤侵犯較重的一側(cè)進(jìn)行骨皮質(zhì)橢圓形開窗,開窗的大小須保證瘤腔的充分暴露,同時(shí)亦應(yīng)考慮骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然后使用不同大小的刮匙進(jìn)行搔刮,之后進(jìn)行高速磨鉆打磨腔壁,磨除范圍在松質(zhì)骨應(yīng)達(dá)到肉眼腫瘤以外 10 mm,皮質(zhì)骨為 1 mm,之后用苯酚、乙醇及氬氣刀等處理殘留骨質(zhì)表面。使用苯酚時(shí),應(yīng)使用紗布保護(hù)周圍軟組織,以免被苯酚灼傷。確定達(dá)到要求的刮除范圍后,瘤腔以骨水泥填充。

GCT 生物學(xué)行為叵測,多數(shù)病例臨床上表現(xiàn)為良性,但很多病例局部侵襲性強(qiáng),甚至可以發(fā)生惡變,其手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率高一直是腫瘤刮除術(shù)治療的難題。但其復(fù)發(fā)率的確切數(shù)據(jù)是較難確定的。Malek 等[4]報(bào)道 45 例 GCT 患者,進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大刮除術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)率為 32.5%。Prosser 等[5]報(bào)道193 例 GCT 擴(kuò)大刮除術(shù)后,其總體復(fù)發(fā)率為 19%。Klenke 等[6]報(bào)道 46 例病例,其總體復(fù)發(fā)率為 32%。另外一些文獻(xiàn)也報(bào)道進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大刮除手術(shù)后,其局部復(fù)發(fā)率可達(dá) 20%~89%[7-9]。總體來說,較早的病例復(fù)發(fā)率多在 25%~35%,而近期的病例其復(fù)發(fā)率多在 10%~20%[10-12]。Errani 等[13]近期報(bào)道 349 例 GCT 患者中,單純刮除術(shù)后其復(fù)發(fā)率為 16%,而刮除術(shù)后再輔以苯酚、乙醇處理,以骨水泥填充的病例,復(fù)發(fā)率可降至 12.5%。北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科報(bào)道擴(kuò)大刮除、骨水泥填充病例的總體復(fù)發(fā)率僅為 7.4%[2],較文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道低,該研究認(rèn)為,復(fù)發(fā)率低可能與其堅(jiān)持的幾個(gè)原則有關(guān),包括:(1) 開窗應(yīng)足夠大,肉眼應(yīng)可以直視全部腫瘤區(qū)域,避免死角;(2) 手術(shù)必須使用高速磨鉆,磨除范圍在松質(zhì)骨應(yīng)達(dá)到肉眼腫瘤以外10 mm,皮質(zhì)骨為 1 mm;(3) 刮除后采用沖洗槍反復(fù)沖洗手術(shù)區(qū)域,避免種植。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,手術(shù)開窗的大小是影響復(fù)發(fā)率的重要因素[14]。Capanna 等[15]報(bào)道顯示,開窗長度<50% 瘤體長度的病例組,其復(fù)發(fā)率為 48%,而開窗長度>50% 瘤體長度組的復(fù)發(fā)率為 26%。Prosser 等[5]研究也支持該結(jié)論,應(yīng)用足夠大的骨窗進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大刮除術(shù),可將GCT 的復(fù)發(fā)率控制在 7% 以下。北京積水潭醫(yī)院的研究也指出,高速磨鉆在 GCT 擴(kuò)大刮除術(shù)中有重要作用,應(yīng)用高速磨鉆組較不采用磨鉆的傳統(tǒng)刮除組相比,其復(fù)發(fā)率更低[2]。而沖洗槍的應(yīng)用,大大降低了腫瘤的種植,降低了軟組織復(fù)發(fā)率。

骨水泥及苯酚等的作用不容忽視。Klenke 等[6]研究顯示,用骨水泥填充瘤腔較異體骨填充可明顯降低腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率 (14% vs.50%)。Balke 等[16]的研究也同樣支持該觀點(diǎn)。Kivioja 等[17]的包括 294 例病例的多中心研究顯示,刮除后填充骨水泥的病例復(fù)發(fā)率為 20%,而未使用骨水泥填充的病例復(fù)發(fā)率為 56%,兩組數(shù)據(jù)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但加拿大 Turcotte 等[18]的研究顯示,填充物并不是影響復(fù)發(fā)率的因素。總體來說,更多的文獻(xiàn)支持骨水泥填充可降低 GCT 刮除術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)率[13]。同時(shí),骨水泥可提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的支撐,患者可以早期負(fù)重,并防止術(shù)后巨大空腔的塌陷及骨折。

不同部位的 GCT 復(fù)發(fā)率有一定差異[19]。與股骨遠(yuǎn)端及脛骨近端等其它部位的 GCT 相比,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道橈骨遠(yuǎn)端 GCT 進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大刮除后的復(fù)發(fā)率較高,可能與該部位腫瘤與腕骨及尺骨更加靠近有關(guān)[19-21]。Vander 等[22]甚至指出,該部位的 GCT 具有更強(qiáng)的侵襲性,在其研究的病例中,73.9% 的病例因?yàn)閺?fù)發(fā)最終接受了腫瘤切除或截肢。Errani 等[13]總結(jié)的 349 例 GCT 病例中,也顯示該部位的GCT 術(shù)后有較高的復(fù)發(fā)傾向,同時(shí)建議對于 Campanacci分級 1、2 級的橈骨遠(yuǎn)端 GCT 采用刮除、骨水泥填充術(shù),而對于 Campanacci 3 級的病例,建議給予瘤段截除、自體骨瓣移植術(shù)。在北京積水潭醫(yī)院治療的病例中,對于橈骨遠(yuǎn)端的 GCT,也更多地采取瘤段截除的術(shù)式以達(dá)到更高的局部控制。因此,對于不同部位的 GCT,選擇術(shù)式時(shí)不應(yīng)一成不變。

目前,關(guān)于 GCT 病理骨折后的治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對有限。Dreinh?fer 等[23]指出,病理骨折不是進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大刮除、骨水泥填充手術(shù)的禁忌證。Deheshi 等[24]研究顯示,病理骨折組進(jìn)行刮除手術(shù)和無病理骨折組相比,其復(fù)發(fā)率并不增高,兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

理想的手術(shù)應(yīng)該達(dá)到腫瘤局部控制且術(shù)后肢體功能良好。盡管通過整塊切除達(dá)到邊緣或廣泛邊界,有可能獲得更好的局部控制。但因 GCT 的良性腫瘤特點(diǎn),大塊切除后人工假體置換對患者的長期生活質(zhì)量影響將是非常嚴(yán)重的。現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)顯示,與進(jìn)行瘤段截除、人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)相比,進(jìn)行腫瘤擴(kuò)大刮除、骨水泥填充術(shù)可以達(dá)到更好的肢體功能,同時(shí)非腫瘤相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥較低[7,24-26]。Turcotte 等[25]報(bào)道,刮除術(shù)后以骨水泥填充的患者,術(shù)后功能與非骨水泥填充患者的功能差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,兩組骨與軟組織腫瘤協(xié)會(huì) (musculoskeletal tumor society,MSTS) 評分相近。Errani 等[13]報(bào)告顯示,腫瘤擴(kuò)大刮除骨水泥填充術(shù)組的患者,其肢體功能評分要好于腫瘤廣泛切除重建組,但同樣并未發(fā)現(xiàn)刮除術(shù)后骨水泥填充或自/異體骨填充兩組之間的功能差異,這表明,骨水泥并不一定會(huì)嚴(yán)重破壞關(guān)節(jié)軟骨導(dǎo)致繼發(fā)的退行性關(guān)節(jié)炎。GCT 多數(shù)位于骺端,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨往往成為腫瘤的自然屏障,本身受侵犯的極少見,但由于軟骨下骨往往很薄,故建議軟骨下骨植骨,因?yàn)橐灿醒芯孔C實(shí)軟骨下骨植骨可以減少膝關(guān)節(jié)退行性變的發(fā)生[27]。因此,在可能的情況下應(yīng)盡量選擇擴(kuò)大刮除術(shù),發(fā)生病理骨折甚至骨折累及關(guān)節(jié)面也不是擴(kuò)大刮除術(shù)的絕對禁忌證。

綜上所述,病灶擴(kuò)大刮除骨水泥填充是治療肢體 GCT的有效方法。為了滿意的腫瘤控制及功能結(jié)果,建議:(1) 在刮除時(shí)堅(jiān)持?jǐn)U大刮除術(shù),最大限度地降低復(fù)發(fā)率;(2) 對于某些病例,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)證,必要時(shí)行切除術(shù),如大多數(shù)橈骨遠(yuǎn)端 GCT。另外,對臨床和影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)的分析,有助于認(rèn)識疾病的侵襲程度和確定手術(shù)方案,并采取措施降低復(fù)發(fā)率。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Unni.KK.Dahlin’s bone tumors:general aspects and data on 10,165 cases.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2009.

[2]Niu X,Zhang Q,Hao L,et al.Giant cell tumor of the extremity:retrospective analysis of 621 Chinese patients from one institution.J Bone Joint Surg Am,2012,94(5):461-467.

[3]Settakorn J,Lekawanvijit S,Arpornchayanon O,et al.Spectrum of bone tumors in Chiang Mai University Hospital,Thailand according to WHO classification 2002:A study of 1,001 cases.J Med Assoc Thai,2006,89(6):780-787.

[4]Malek F,Krueger P,Hatmi ZN,et al.Local control of long bone giant cell tumour using curettage,burring and bone grafting without adjuvant therapy.Int Orthop,2006,30(6):495-498.

[5]Prosser GH,Baloch KG,Tillman RM,et al.Does curettage without adjuvant therapy provide low recurrence rates in giantcell tumors of bone? Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005,(435):211-218.

[6]Klenke FM,Wenger DE,Inwards CY,et al.Recurrent giant cell tumor of long bones:analysis of surgical management.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2011,469(4):1181-1187.

[7]Campanacci M,Baldini N,Boriani S,et al.Giant-cell tumor of bone.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1987,69(1):106-114.

[8]Goldenberg RR,Campbell CJ,Bonfiglio M.Giant-cell tumor of bone.An analysis of two hundred and eighteen cases.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1970,52(4):619-664.

[9]Malek F,Krueger P,Hatmi ZN,et al.Local control of long bone giant cell tumour using curettage,burring and bone grafting without adjuvant therapy.Int Orthop,2006,30(6):495-498.

[10]Labs K,Perka C,Schmidt RG.Treatment of stages 2 and 3 giant-cell tumor.Arch Orthop Rauma Surg,2001,121(1-2):83-86.

[11]Rooney RJ,Asirvatham R,Lifeso RM,et al.Giant cell tumour of bone.A surgical approach to grade III tumours.Int Orthop,1993,17(2):87-92.

[12]Waldram MA,Sneath RS.Is bone graft necessary? Analysis of twenty cases of giant cell tumour of bone treated by curettage without graft.Int Orthop,1990,14(2):129-133.

[13]Errani C,Ruggieri P,Asenzio MA,et al.Giant cell tumor of the extremity:a review of 349 cases from a single institution.Cancer Treat Rev,2010,36(1):1-7.

[14]Masui F,Ushigome S,Fujii K.Giant cell tumor of bone:a clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors.Pathol Int,1998,48(9):723-729.

[15]Capanna R,Fabbri N,Bettelli G.Curettage of giant cell tumor of bone.The effect of surgical technique and adjuvants on local recurrence rate.Chir Organi Mov,1990,75(Suppl 1):206.

[16]Balke M,Schremper L,Gebert C,et al.Giant cell tumor of bone:treatment and outcome of 214 cases.J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2008,134(9):969-978.

[17]Kivioja AH,Blomqvist C,Hietaniemi K,et al.Cement is recommended in intralesional surgery of giant cell tumors:a Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study of 294 patients followed for a median time of 5 years.Acta Orthop,2008,79(1):86-93.

[18]Turcotte RE,Wunder JS,Isler MH,et al.Giant cell tumor of long bone:a Canadian Sarcoma Group Study.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2002,(397):248-258.

[19]魚鋒,張清,郝林,等.股骨近端骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的刮除治療.中國骨腫瘤骨病,2007,6(3):133-135.

[20]Cheng CY,Shih HN,Hsu KY,et al.Treatment of giant cell tumor of the distal radius.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2001,(383):221-228.

[21]Sheth DS,Healey JH,Sobel M,et al.Giant cell tumor of the distal radius.J Hand Surg Am,1995,20(3):432-440.

[22]Vander Griend RA,Funderburk CH.The treatment of giant-cell tumors of the distal part of the radius.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1993,75(6):899-908.

[23]Dreinh?fer KE,Rydholm A,Bauer HC,et al.Giant-cell tumours with fracture at diagnosis.Curettage and acrylic cementing in ten cases.J Bone Joint Surg Br,1995,77(2):189-193.

[24]Deheshi BM,Jaffer SN,Griffin AM,et al.Joint salvage for pathologic fracture of giant cell tumor of the lower extremity.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2007,459:96-104.

[25]Turcotte RE.Giant cell tumor of bone.Orthop Clin North Am,2006,37(1):35-51.

[26]Pals SD,Wilkins RM.Giant cell tumor of bone treated by curettage,cementation,and bone-grafting.Orthopedics,1992,15(6):703-708.

[27]Xu HR,Niu XH,Zhang Q,et al.Subchondral bone grafting reduces degenerative change of knee joint in patients of giant cell tumor of bone.Chin Med J (Engl),2013,126(16):3053-3056.

(本文編輯:王萌)

.綜述 Review.

【Abstract】Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a common primary bone tumor,which is locally aggressive with unpredictable behavior.It accounts for 5% of primary bone tumors and 20% of all benign tumors.However,the reported incidence in some Asian countries may be higher than others.Giant cell tumors of the bone located preferentially around the knee joint,especially in the distal femur and proximal tibia.The surgical treatment of giant cell tumors includes tumor curettage,packing of the cavity with bone cement,allograft,auto-graft or artificial bone,prosthesis or allograft reconstruction following the resection.In practice,curettage and cement reconstruction are most commonly used to treat giant cell tumors in the extremities.Extensive curettage need to be carried out as follows:(1) a cortical window should be made to access all possible existing tumors so as to avoid blind angle.(2) a highspeed burr is needed,and the residual cavity should be burred at least 10 mm into the normal cancellous bone or/and 1 mm into the normal cortical bone.(3) the whole curettage field should be physically washed out with flushing gun.The use of bone cement and phenol is necessary.Some reports show that packing of the cavity with bone cement can significantly reduce the recurrence rate of tumors.There are some differences in the recurrence rate of giant cell tumors in different sites.Compared with the distal femur and proximal tibia,the recurrence rate of giant cell tumor of the distal radius after curettage seems to be higher,so the treatment varies from site to site.

【Key words】Giant cell tumor of bone; Extremities; Cementoplasty; Curettage; Recurrence

(收稿日期:2015-11-03)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.01.007

中圖分類號:R738.1

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