陶 霖,鄭東明
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽 110004)
PET顯像技術(shù)在阿爾茨海默病診斷中的應(yīng)用
陶霖,鄭東明
(中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽110004)
阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)是老年期癡呆最常見類型。目前,分子影像學(xué)在AD的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。PET功能顯像可通過各種顯像劑敏感、特異性地反映AD的病理生理學(xué)改變,筆者將重點(diǎn)介紹18F-FDG顯像劑和淀粉樣蛋白顯像劑在AD中的應(yīng)用,詳細(xì)闡述PET顯像在AD病因?qū)W研究、早期診斷、鑒別診斷、疾病轉(zhuǎn)歸和藥物治療中的作用。
阿爾茨海默??;正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像術(shù)
阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer’s disease,AD)是臨床最為常見老年期癡呆疾病,嚴(yán)重危害老年人的身心健康和生活質(zhì)量。AD的診斷尤其是早期診斷是早期干預(yù)AD、提高AD治療效果的前提,但在臨床工作中由于缺少客觀的輔助檢查手段而較為困難。近年來,大量的研究推動(dòng)了正電子發(fā)射斷層成像(PET)技術(shù)在AD診斷和病情評(píng)估中的應(yīng)用,PET已經(jīng)成為AD早期診斷的重要輔助手段?,F(xiàn)已研發(fā)了針對(duì)AD各病理環(huán)節(jié)不同靶點(diǎn)的PET顯像劑,包括糖代謝類、Aβ結(jié)合類、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)及受體類、tau蛋白結(jié)合類、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化的神經(jīng)炎癥類等顯像劑。其中,糖代謝類顯像劑18F-FDG(18F-2-fluora-deoxy-D-glucose,18F標(biāo)記的脫氧葡萄糖)和Aβ顯像劑對(duì)AD診斷和病情評(píng)估方面的作用已經(jīng)得到充分的論證并取得了大量的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),對(duì)臨床有現(xiàn)實(shí)的指導(dǎo)意義。其他種類的PET顯像劑目前還處于科研階段。目前國(guó)內(nèi)雖然有PET設(shè)備的單位越來越多,但是針對(duì)AD等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性病能夠進(jìn)行PET檢查的單位還很少,認(rèn)識(shí)不足是主要原因之一。本綜述將圍繞18F-FDG和淀粉樣蛋白顯像PET在AD臨床中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值做以綜述。
18F-FDG PET開展較早、技術(shù)較成熟,已被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。18F-FDG能被細(xì)胞膜葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體結(jié)合進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,通過己糖激酶磷酸化生成6-PO4-18F-FDG,因分子結(jié)構(gòu)改變不能進(jìn)一步參加糖代謝而較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間滯留在細(xì)胞內(nèi),其顯影反應(yīng)的是細(xì)胞的葡萄糖代謝水平。當(dāng)神經(jīng)元變性、丟失及突觸功能異常時(shí),所在區(qū)域的糖代謝水平下降,18F-FDG被神經(jīng)元攝取減少,從而在顯像階段出現(xiàn)受累區(qū)域核素信號(hào)強(qiáng)度的改變。
大量AD患者的18F-FDG PET研究顯示AD患者葡萄糖代謝降低的區(qū)域主要涉及顳頂區(qū)、顳葉內(nèi)側(cè)、后扣帶回、楔前葉皮質(zhì),隨著病情進(jìn)展,額葉也逐漸受累[1]。這些區(qū)域也是Aβ顯著沉積的區(qū)域[2-3],也反映出AD患者腦糖低代謝程度與臨床癥狀嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[4]。而正常老年人隨年齡增長(zhǎng),F(xiàn)DG低代謝出現(xiàn)在額葉至外側(cè)裂區(qū)域、前扣帶回,而不累及顳頂葉、后扣帶回及海馬區(qū),說明AD患者FDG代謝的改變與年齡增長(zhǎng)無關(guān)[5]。Herholz等[6]對(duì)396例AD和110例對(duì)照組的多中心研究顯示,F(xiàn)DG PET對(duì)輕、中度AD患者診斷的靈敏度及特異度均達(dá)93%。
18F-FDG PET在AD臨床中起到的另一個(gè)重要的作用就是用來評(píng)價(jià)病情嚴(yán)重的程度,也可以用來評(píng)估AD藥物治療的效果。Ishii等[7]對(duì) 68例AD患者分為輕、中、重度 3組,F(xiàn)DG PET檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)重度AD組所有皮質(zhì)區(qū)代謝均降低;中度AD組頂顳葉、額葉代謝降低;輕度AD組僅有頂葉代謝降低。另外在2014年AD的IWG-2科研指南中,18F-FDG PET被劃歸為評(píng)價(jià)AD病情輕重的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物[8]。FDG PET還可檢測(cè)AchE抑制劑治療前后rCMRglu的變化,應(yīng)用美曲豐Metrifonate治療AD 3月后,PET顯像發(fā)現(xiàn)治療有效者左側(cè)額頂葉和雙側(cè)顳葉代謝明顯增高,表明臨床認(rèn)知改善和相關(guān)腦區(qū)代謝增加有關(guān)[9]。
18F-FDG PET對(duì)于識(shí)別輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙 (Mild cognitive impairment,MCI)及預(yù)測(cè)MCI的轉(zhuǎn)歸有一定的價(jià)值。許多研究顯示MCI患者在開始有輕微認(rèn)知下降時(shí),F(xiàn)DG PET就已顯示出相應(yīng)腦區(qū)糖代謝降低的表現(xiàn),如后扣帶回-楔前葉、內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉[10]、顳頂區(qū)[11],但代謝減低程度要遠(yuǎn)低于 AD患者,受累腦葉的范圍也小于AD患者[12-14]。進(jìn)展型MCI患者FDG PET代謝減低更明顯、減低的速率更快。Drzezga等[15]隨訪研究結(jié)果顯示進(jìn)展型MCI后扣帶回及頂葉代謝較穩(wěn)定型MCI進(jìn)一步減低。Caroli等[1]的研究顯示,F(xiàn)DG PET能從MCI患者中識(shí)別那些將進(jìn)展為AD的患者,其鑒別的靈敏度、特異度可高達(dá)80%。
18F-FDG PET對(duì)于AD與其他變性類癡呆的鑒別也有重要幫助。額顳癡呆18F-FDG PET的改變主要集中在額顳葉區(qū)域出現(xiàn)低代謝,而較少累及頂葉及邊緣系統(tǒng),且額顳葉的受累雙側(cè)多不對(duì)稱[16];另外Frederick等[17]FDG PET研究結(jié)果顯示AD患者后扣帶回代謝減低,而FTD患者的后扣帶回未受累,所以后扣帶回低代謝可以作為兩者的鑒別。但對(duì)不典型的額顳葉癡呆和AD,因受累腦區(qū)可相互重疊,單用FDG顯像則不能鑒別,可考慮聯(lián)合PiB PET在病理水平上進(jìn)一步鑒別。路易體癡呆患者與AD低代謝腦區(qū)相似,但前者的海馬區(qū)活性相對(duì)保留,枕葉皮層受累較明顯,18F-FDG PET對(duì)于AD和路易體癡呆的鑒別能力有限[18-19]。
FDG PET雖然可以通過反映AD患者相關(guān)腦區(qū)低代謝程度對(duì)AD的診斷有一定的意義[20],但實(shí)質(zhì)上反映的并不是AD的特異性的病理改變。淀粉樣蛋白示蹤PET則可以反映腦內(nèi)Aβ的異常沉積從而使生前確診AD成為可能。目前淀粉樣蛋白PET可作為不同階段AD診斷的重要生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,涵蓋臨床前期、前驅(qū)期和AD癡呆的所有階段。
針對(duì)Aβ聚集物檢測(cè)的示蹤劑有多種,其中最具代表性的是PiB復(fù)合物(Pittsburgh Compound B,PiB),其為硫磺素T和二苯乙烯為母體結(jié)構(gòu)[21-22]。11C標(biāo)記的PiB能特異性地與β樣淀粉蛋白斑塊結(jié)合[23],特異性極高,已在國(guó)外廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。2004年Klunk等[24]首次將PiB應(yīng)用在人體臨床研究,16例輕度AD患者和9例正常對(duì)照組行PiB PET掃描,結(jié)果顯示在公認(rèn)的Aβ沉積區(qū)域PiB保留值顯著升高。Devanand 等[25]研究示楔前葉PiB的結(jié)合力對(duì)AD診斷的靈敏度及特異度均為94.4%。
PiB最為重要的價(jià)值是可以在MCI階段甚至是更早的AD臨床前期就可以識(shí)別AD患者,實(shí)現(xiàn)AD的早期診斷,也使AD的早期干預(yù)成為可能。Okello等[26]應(yīng)用PiB PET顯像來評(píng)估MCI向AD轉(zhuǎn)化率的3年隨訪研究結(jié)果顯示,17例PiB陽性的MCI患者中有14例進(jìn)展為AD,而14例PiB陰性的MCI患者僅有1例發(fā)展為AD;另有Forsberg等[27]研究顯示PIB殘留多的7例MCI患者隨訪證實(shí)均發(fā)展為AD,而PiB殘留較少的10例MCI患者隨訪后無1例發(fā)展為AD。回顧近年來多項(xiàng)MCI淀粉樣蛋白PET研究,結(jié)果顯示其中的59%淀粉樣蛋白陽性,這類人群后經(jīng)隨訪證實(shí)大部分MCI轉(zhuǎn)化為AD,表明PiB PET陽性的MCI患者更容易向AD轉(zhuǎn)歸[28-29]。是否PiB陽性就意味著患者一定會(huì)進(jìn)展為AD尚不十分確定,尚需進(jìn)一步長(zhǎng)期觀察。
PiB對(duì)于鑒別AD和其他癡呆意義重大。Engler等[30]報(bào)告,額顳葉癡呆患者各皮質(zhì)區(qū)及海馬均未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯PiB放射性滯留,所以尤其對(duì)于不典型額顳葉癡呆患者,或在應(yīng)用FDG顯像后,仍不能鑒別AD及FTD時(shí),可以考慮進(jìn)行PiB顯像。王穎等[31]研究結(jié)果顯示存在2例AD患者經(jīng)FDG成像后,仍難以和額顳葉癡呆相鑒別,且1例患者頭MRI提示額葉萎縮最為嚴(yán)重,但最終根據(jù)PiB陽性結(jié)果而診斷為AD。對(duì)于路易體及帕金森病癡呆的患者,PiB PET結(jié)果可呈陽性,可能是因?yàn)锳β蛋白對(duì)此類譜系疾病的癡呆有不同程度的影響。
PiB PET對(duì)于早期診斷AD意義重大,但卻不適合用來判定病情的嚴(yán)重程度,這一點(diǎn)正好和FDG PET形成互補(bǔ)。Engler等[32]對(duì)16例AD患者進(jìn)行FDG PET與PiB PET的隨訪研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)隔2年的兩次掃描相應(yīng)腦區(qū)PiB結(jié)合量無明顯增加,但皮質(zhì)低代謝程度顯著下降。Kadir等[33]聯(lián)合應(yīng)用PiB和FDG隨訪3~5年的研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),AD組PiB攝取值趨于平穩(wěn)沒有變化,但rCMRgic及認(rèn)知功能明顯下降。上述研究結(jié)果表明淀粉樣物質(zhì)的沉積和神經(jīng)元功能的喪失并非是平行關(guān)系,AD患者Aβ沉積在病情較早的階段就達(dá)到一個(gè)飽和狀態(tài),沉積量并不隨病情的進(jìn)展而增加,但FDG PET反映的腦代謝卻隨著病情加重呈持續(xù)降低的改變。因此,淀粉樣蛋白PiB在篩選AD的高危人群、AD的早期診斷和鑒別診斷方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì),而FDG PET更適合用于監(jiān)測(cè)病情進(jìn)展、評(píng)估病情程度及評(píng)價(jià)藥物效果方面更優(yōu)。
PET在AD的診斷和臨床評(píng)估方面顯示出巨大的實(shí)用價(jià)值,但目前臨床應(yīng)用仍面臨一些問題:①檢查費(fèi)用昂貴,技術(shù)設(shè)備要求較高,限制廣泛使用。②是否淀粉樣蛋白顯像劑PET顯示出有異常沉積的健康人都會(huì)在將來進(jìn)展為AD還需要進(jìn)行大規(guī)模長(zhǎng)期隨訪觀察。③定量分析及統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件應(yīng)用復(fù)雜,亟待規(guī)范化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。雖然面臨諸多技術(shù)問題,但隨著PET技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,有理由相信PET顯像在今后神經(jīng)變性病的臨床診斷及藥物研發(fā)過程中將起到重要的作用。
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Application of PET imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
TAO Lin,ZHENG Dong-ming
(Department of Neurology,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China)
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in the current elderly population.Molecular imaging plays an important role in the basic and clinical research of Alzheimer’s disease.PET can detect pathophysiological changes in Alzheimer’s disease with different radiotracers.This paper will focus on evaluating the value of18F-FDG and amyloid PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease,and describe in detail the role of PET imaging in the research of etiology,early diagnosis,differential diagnosis,prognosis and medical treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer diseases;Positron-emission tomography
R749.16;R817.4
A
1008-1062(2016)05-0367-03
2015-11-05
陶霖(1984-),男,遼寧沈陽人,在讀碩士研究生。E-mail:799161682@qq.com
鄭東明,中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,110004。E-mail:zhengdm@sj-hospital.org