張 欣,羅曉平,劉 瓊,竇 薇
(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)1.附屬曙光醫(yī)院藥劑科;2.中藥研究所中藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育部重點實驗室暨上海市復(fù)方中藥重點實驗室,上海 201203)
結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)的結(jié)直腸癌的癌變因素及信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
張 欣1,羅曉平2,劉 瓊1,竇 薇2
(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)1.附屬曙光醫(yī)院藥劑科;2.中藥研究所中藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育部重點實驗室暨上海市復(fù)方中藥重點實驗室,上海 201203)
炎癥性腸病(IBD)是一種病因未明的結(jié)直腸炎性病變,隨著病程延長,癌變風(fēng)險增加。結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)性結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)是IBD最為嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,近年來全球CRC的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢。本文討論了CRC的主要癌變因素,包括IBD患者的病程、病變范圍、遺傳因素、生活方式及飲食習(xí)慣等,并對與CRC發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路如核因子κB(NF-κB)通路、Wnt通路、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)/轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子3(STAT3)通路和表皮生長因子(EGF)/表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)通路的激活,以及促炎因子和抑炎因子的表達(dá)失調(diào)進(jìn)行了概述,為CRC的預(yù)防提供參考。
結(jié)腸炎;結(jié)腸癌;直腸癌;信號通路
炎癥性腸?。╥nflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克羅恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD),是一種病因尚不明確的發(fā)生于結(jié)直腸的慢性非特異性炎性病變。臨床表現(xiàn)為腹痛、腹瀉、黏液膿血便、反復(fù)發(fā)作和病程遷延不愈,主要并發(fā)癥有出血、腸穿孔、肛瘺、腸梗阻和結(jié)腸癌等。由于IBD具有病程長、病情反復(fù)發(fā)作和進(jìn)行性加重的特點,其并發(fā)結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險明顯增加,與家族性腺瘤性息肉病和非腺瘤性息肉病一起被認(rèn)為是結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生的三大風(fēng)險因素[1]。
目前全球新發(fā)惡性腫瘤患者中,結(jié)直腸癌患者在男性和女性中分別位居第三和第二位[1]。隨著生活水平的提高和生活方式的改變,近年我國結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率明顯增高[2]。流行病學(xué)顯示,慢性炎癥和腫瘤之間存在密切聯(lián)系,約20%惡性腫瘤與慢性炎癥有關(guān)[3]。在IBD背景下發(fā)生的結(jié)直腸癌稱為結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)性結(jié)直腸癌(colitis-related colorectal can?cer,CRC),其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未十分明確。病程、病變范圍、遺傳和生活方式等可能在CRC癌變過程中發(fā)揮一定作用。CRC發(fā)病機(jī)制包括一系列分子通路的改變和炎癥因子的表達(dá)失調(diào)。本綜述對CRC的癌變因素及發(fā)病機(jī)制中的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路變化作一概述,為CRC的預(yù)防提供參考。
1.1 病程
研究顯示,IBD患者癌變發(fā)生率比正常人高5~8倍,且發(fā)病年齡越小,病程越長,癌變風(fēng)險越高,這也是導(dǎo)致IBD患者死亡的主要原因[4-5]。據(jù)報道,IBD病程為10,20和30年的癌變發(fā)生率分別為2%,8%和18%[4],病程>40年的癌變發(fā)生率為60%[6]。IBD患者并發(fā)CRC的過程為炎癥-損傷-異型增生-癌變,比正常人群從腺瘤癌變的進(jìn)展速度更快,平均病程約為16.3年[7]。在這一過程中,炎癥刺激誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞的異型增生是癌變過程最重要的環(huán)節(jié),異型增生程度決定了癌變進(jìn)展速度,并且與結(jié)直腸癌的惡性程度呈正相關(guān)。
1.2 病變范圍
炎癥的范圍和程度與結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生直接相關(guān)[8-9]。Eaden等[7]總結(jié)116年來的前人研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)IBD并發(fā)CRC的總體發(fā)病率為3.7%,但是累及全結(jié)腸者則發(fā)病率上升至5.4%。Askling等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),病變范圍較大的UC患者,其癌變發(fā)生率是局部病變者的3.5倍。Ullman等[11]也報道了廣泛性或全結(jié)腸病變的UC患者癌變風(fēng)險更高。與散發(fā)性結(jié)腸癌(sporadic colon cancer,SCC)不同,IBD患者癌變表現(xiàn)為多病灶,全結(jié)腸黏膜均有高度惡變的可能,從平坦型病變或非息肉狀不典型增生,進(jìn)展為浸潤性癌的概率更高[12]。
1.3 遺傳因素
結(jié)直腸癌家族史也是導(dǎo)致UC患者并發(fā)CRC的一個重要因素。Nuako等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),具有結(jié)直腸癌家族史的UC患者并發(fā)CRC的發(fā)病率為14.3%,而無家族史的UC患者并發(fā)CRC的發(fā)病率為6.7%。另有研究表明,若UC患者一級親屬50歲前并發(fā)CRC,則該患者的癌變風(fēng)險是正常人的9.2倍[10,14]。
1.4 其他因素
環(huán)境因素、飲食習(xí)慣(如蔬菜和水果攝入減少、低膳食纖維、高蛋白和高脂肪攝入、吸煙和飲酒)和生活方式(如缺乏體育鍛煉、久坐者、高強度體力工作者和肥胖)等也是導(dǎo)致IBD患者并發(fā)CRC的重要因素[15-16]。另外,原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎、糖尿病和闌尾切除等也可造成CRC的發(fā)生[5]。
CRC癌變過程與SCC不同,CRC與結(jié)直腸炎癥反復(fù)發(fā)作及病程相關(guān),是反復(fù)炎癥刺激-損傷-異型增生-癌變的過程。而在CRC癌變過程中,慢性炎癥啟動了腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,因此慢性炎癥被認(rèn)為是腫瘤發(fā)生的決定性因素[5]。研究表明,在CRC發(fā)病機(jī)制中,常伴隨一系列促炎因子及分子通路的改變[17-18]。
2.1 NF-κB通路
NF-κB不僅參與機(jī)體免疫、炎癥、損傷、修復(fù)和胚胎發(fā)育等過程,還可調(diào)節(jié)凋亡相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[18]。據(jù)報道,IBD患者和CRC患者的腸道NF-κB存在異常活化現(xiàn)象[18-19]。NF-κB家族共有5個成員組成,其中p65和p50在靜息狀態(tài)下,通常與κB抑制物(inhibitor of κB,IκB)相結(jié)合,以非活性的p65/p50/IκB三聚體復(fù)合物形式存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)中。該復(fù)合物可被多種因素激活,如白細(xì)胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和細(xì)菌內(nèi)毒素脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)等。在上述激活物存在時,IκB在IκB激酶-β(IκB kinase β,IKKβ)的作用下發(fā)生磷酸化,然后被泛素酶泛素化后降解,導(dǎo)致與其結(jié)合的p65/p50易位到細(xì)胞核,與下游靶基因的啟動子結(jié)合,從而啟動靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)[18]。據(jù)報道,異常活化的IKK激酶復(fù)合體與多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生有關(guān),如乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌和前列腺癌等[18-21]。NF-κB的激活可啟動多個腫瘤基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長和分化[18-19]。另據(jù)報道,細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活蛋白3(signal transducer and ac?tivator of transcription 3,STAT3)參與了NF-κB的核內(nèi)滯留過程,>50%的結(jié)直腸癌患者腫瘤組織中STAT3是持續(xù)激活的[22]。
2.2 Wnt通路
Wnt通路的異?;罨c腫瘤發(fā)生密切相關(guān),例如結(jié)腸癌、肺癌、肝源性腫瘤、卵巢腫瘤和乳腺腫瘤等的發(fā)生,Wnt通路已成為腫瘤研究的熱點[23-24]。Wnt通路異?;罨c細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)β-鏈接蛋白的不斷積聚有關(guān)。升高的β-鏈接蛋白進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,啟動下游細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)基因和原癌基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,引起細(xì)胞增殖和分化失控,導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生[24]。研究表明,Wnt通路基因突變,如腺瘤性結(jié)腸息肉病蛋白(adeno?matous polyposis coli,APC)、糖原合酶激酶-3β(glycogen synthase kinase 3β,GSK-3β)、軸蛋白(axin)或傳導(dǎo)蛋白(conductin)等基因突變,均可引起胞內(nèi)β-鏈接蛋白的積聚。β-鏈接蛋白是Wnt通路的正調(diào)節(jié)因子,而APC、GSK-3β和軸蛋白是Wnt通路的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子[25-26]。β-鏈接蛋白的積聚是結(jié)直腸癌早期惡性病變的主要因素[27]。APC是一種與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生有關(guān)的抑癌基因,被稱作結(jié)直腸癌的管家基因,可通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡而抑制腫瘤生長[26]。GSK-3β通過不斷磷酸化β-鏈接蛋白使其泛素化降解,使β-鏈接蛋白無法在胞質(zhì)內(nèi)蓄積和入核激活Wnt通路[26],從而抑制結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生。
2.3 絲裂原活化蛋白激酶通路
絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated pro?tein kinases,MAPK)是細(xì)胞內(nèi)一類絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶體系,可將細(xì)胞外刺激信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)至胞質(zhì)或核內(nèi),對細(xì)胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)化及凋亡等具有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用[28]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MAPK通路參與炎癥及腫瘤的發(fā)生,目前臨床多個治療結(jié)直腸癌的藥物,如5-氟尿嘧啶、順鉑、伊立替康等均可通過抑制MAPK通路從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[28]。
MAPK可通過磷酸化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、細(xì)胞骨架相關(guān)蛋白、酶類等各種目標(biāo)蛋白調(diào)節(jié)多種細(xì)胞生理過程。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MAPK的激活現(xiàn)象廣泛存在于各種結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞和組織中[29]。如細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶激活與結(jié)直腸癌的細(xì)胞黏附、血管發(fā)生、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)[29-30];JNK異?;罨cIBD并發(fā)CRC有關(guān)[31];P38 MAPK在IBD并發(fā)CRC中起到連接炎癥與腫瘤的橋梁作用[32]。因此,針對IBD患者結(jié)腸黏膜JNK及P38 MAPK通路的廣泛激活現(xiàn)象,給予JNK和p38 MAPK通路的抑制劑CNI-1493,可顯著抑制炎癥反應(yīng),阻止其向CRC發(fā)展[33]。
2.4 IL-6/STAT3通路
IL-6/STAT3信號通路的激活主要靠IL-6與細(xì)胞表面IL-6受體(IL-6R)識別并結(jié)合,進(jìn)一步活化細(xì)胞表面糖蛋白gp130,形成gp130同源二聚體,激活與gp130相關(guān)聯(lián)的酪氨酸激酶Jak,使其結(jié)合并激活STAT3,最終引起NF-κB的活化,啟動炎性因子的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)[34]。
IBD患者腸道組織和多種人類腫瘤(如結(jié)腸癌和宮頸癌)組織中,都存在IL-6信號通路下游關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子STAT3的持續(xù)激活現(xiàn)象[34]。目前認(rèn)為STAT3的促腫瘤機(jī)制可能是其上游IL-6信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)失調(diào),導(dǎo)致磷酸化STAT3水平增高,進(jìn)而引起下游抗凋亡基因和細(xì)胞周期調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)失調(diào),最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生。另外,結(jié)直腸癌患者血清和癌組織中IL-6水平升高,而IL-6的濃度與腫瘤大小、腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后和生存率相關(guān)[2]。
2.5 EGF/EGFR通路
表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor recep?tor,EGF)通過與其受體EGFR結(jié)合而發(fā)揮作用。細(xì)胞表面EGFR的表達(dá),是其下游信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路激活的基礎(chǔ)。EGFR是細(xì)胞表面ErbB受體家族的一員,通過與EGF結(jié)合,參與激活多種信號通路。研究表明,EGF與EGFR的過表達(dá)在IBD并發(fā)CRC癌變中起重要作用[35]。EGFR過表達(dá)參與細(xì)胞增殖、生長、分化、遷移和浸潤等過程[36]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EGFR在多種惡性腫瘤中存在高表達(dá),如結(jié)直腸癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌和非小細(xì)胞肺癌等,其中結(jié)直腸癌的表達(dá)率為25%~77%[37]。EGFR的表達(dá)與腫瘤臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)受累及血管浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移等關(guān)系密切,提示EGFR信號通路直接參與腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[36]。
2.6 細(xì)胞因子
CRC小鼠模型結(jié)腸黏膜有巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤,巨噬細(xì)胞趨化因子2的表達(dá)升高。Bongers等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),趨化因子受體US28可能參與了CRC的發(fā)生;小腸或大腸上皮細(xì)胞特異性表達(dá)US28的小鼠易發(fā)生腸上皮增生,從而引發(fā)腺瘤和腺癌,Wnt/鏈接蛋白信號通路可能參與了這個過程。另有研究顯示,IL-6和TNF-α等促炎因子的釋放可促進(jìn)腫瘤生長,而TGF-β和IL-10等抑炎細(xì)胞因子的低表達(dá)可加速這一過程[39]。促炎因子和抑炎因子二者在腸道免疫動態(tài)平衡、炎癥及癌變中具有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用。
世界胃腸病學(xué)組織(World Gastroenterology Organization,WGO)2010年IBD診療指南指出,UC病程>8年者患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險明顯增加;CD病變范圍若累及大部分結(jié)腸,則具有類似的風(fēng)險。癌變風(fēng)險與病程、病變范圍、家族史、生活方式及飲食習(xí)慣相關(guān)。IBD伴原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎也是結(jié)直腸癌的一個風(fēng)險因素。另外,在CRC發(fā)病機(jī)制中,常伴隨一系列分子通路的改變,如NF-κB通路、Wnt通路、MAPK通路、IL-6/STAT3通路和EGF/EGFR通路的激活,以及促炎因子(如巨噬細(xì)胞趨化因子2、IL-6和TNF-α)和抑炎因子(如TGF-β和IL-10)的表達(dá)失調(diào)。但CRC的發(fā)生是多條信號通路相互交聯(lián)、共同作用的結(jié)果。若要完全闡明信號通路的相互作用,尚需進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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Research progress:malignant factors and pathogenesis associated signaling pathways of colitis-related colorectal cancer
ZHANG Xin1,LUO Xiao-ping2,LIU Qiong1,DOU Wei1
(Shanghai University of TCM 1.Department of Pharmacy,Affiliated Shuguang Hospital;2.MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,Shanghai 201203,China)
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a colorectal inflammatory disorder of unknown eti?ology.With the extension of the course of disease,IBD is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer.Colitis-related colorectal cancer(CRC)is the most serious complication of IBD,and its global incidence has continued to rise in recent years.This paper not noly discusses the main malignant factors including the disease course,scope of lesions,genetic factors,lifestyle,and eating habits,but also outlines the CRC pathogenesis related signaling pathways,such as NF-κB pathway,Wnt path?way,mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway,interleukin-6/the activator of transcription 3 pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor pathway,as well as the expression dysregulation of the proinflamma?tory factors and inflammatory suppressors.This review will provide insights into the prevention of CRC.
colitis;colon cancer;rectal cancer;signaling pathways
LIU Qiong,E-mail:shuguangypjg@126.com,Tel:(021)6328394;DOU Wei,Tel:(021)51322498,E-mail:douwei123456@126.com
R966
A
1000-3002-(2016)08-0874-05
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.08.012
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273572),and First-class Discipline Innovation and Research Foundation of Science of Chinese Materia Medica(ZYX-CXYJ-023).
2016-03-21 接受日期:2016-08-11)
(本文編輯:賀云霞)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81273572);中藥學(xué)一流學(xué)科創(chuàng)新研究基金(ZYX-CXYJ-023)
張 欣,女,中藥師,醫(yī)院藥學(xué)與藥事管理研究,E-mail:ymjsy59@163.com
劉 瓊,E-mail:shuguangypjg@126.com,Tel:(021)63283948;竇 薇,Tel:(021)51322498,E-mail:douwei123456@126.com