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NF-κB信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

2016-02-10 20:24黃環(huán)靜,馮玉梅
關(guān)鍵詞:調(diào)節(jié)通路乳腺癌

綜述

NF-κB信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

黃環(huán)靜綜述,馮玉梅審校

(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤研究所,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,乳腺癌防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津300060)

乳腺癌;NF-κB;增殖;凋亡;轉(zhuǎn)移

乳腺癌是在全球女性中發(fā)病率及致死率最高的惡性腫瘤之一,并且近幾年的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì)。研究證實(shí)炎癥促進(jìn)乳腺癌的發(fā)生,炎癥因子IL-1β、IL-8和TNF-α是乳腺癌發(fā)生和發(fā)展的重要因素[1]。NF-κB信號(hào)通路通常能夠被這些炎癥因子誘導(dǎo)激活,并且參與炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移,與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)。大量研究證實(shí)激活的NF-κB信號(hào)通路,可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、生存相關(guān)的一些基因?qū)е履[瘤的發(fā)生或者促進(jìn)腫瘤的惡化[2-3]。同時(shí)NF-κB上游信號(hào)分子、調(diào)節(jié)蛋白對(duì)其進(jìn)行一系列調(diào)控,影響下游靶基因的表達(dá)。NF-κB信號(hào)通路存在于多種類型腫瘤細(xì)胞中,NF-κB家族成員能兩兩結(jié)合成同源性或異源性二聚體,最為常見(jiàn)的是p50/p65異源二聚體,能迅速被多種刺激激活[4]。這些蛋白中只有RelA、RelB、c-Rel含有轉(zhuǎn)錄激活區(qū),行使轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的作用[5-6]。當(dāng)細(xì)胞受到刺激時(shí),激活的IKKβ使NF-κB抑制劑IκB-α的Ser32和Ser36磷酸化,從而使IκB-α降解,釋放p50/p65二聚體,二聚體入核以后結(jié)合到靶基因的DNA啟動(dòng)子區(qū),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)靶基因的調(diào)控。這些靶基因包括與增殖相關(guān)基因:細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1(CCND1)、c-MYC;與血管生成相關(guān)基因:血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)、IL-6等;細(xì)胞生存相關(guān):X連鎖凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)、BCL-xL、c-IAP2;與侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因:基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP9)、Snail、E-鈣黏著蛋白(E-Cad)[7-9]。NF-κB正是通過(guò)對(duì)一系列靶基因的調(diào)控實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞惡性表型的調(diào)控,本文將詳細(xì)闡述NF-κB對(duì)乳腺癌生存轉(zhuǎn)移的作用及其相關(guān)機(jī)制。

1 NF-κB對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞生存能力的影響

1.1 NF-κB促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力及其機(jī)制 NF-κB信號(hào)通路對(duì)于乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響已經(jīng)受到廣泛的關(guān)注和研究,并且已經(jīng)證實(shí)NF-κB信號(hào)通路對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖能力的促進(jìn)作用。Pahl[10]用不同的方式激活NF-κB信號(hào)通路,高通量篩選出NF-κB的候選靶基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)與增殖相關(guān)的基因包括Cyclin D1、Cyclin E、CDK2、c-Myc,信號(hào)通路包括GM-CSF、IL-6。Denis等[11]利用骨骼肌分化模型研究證實(shí)NF-κB在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平促進(jìn)CCND1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)pRb的過(guò)度磷酸化,在對(duì)細(xì)胞周期的影響中則促進(jìn)了G1/S轉(zhuǎn)化。NF-κB的這種促增殖作用在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中也得到了驗(yàn)證。在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231中干擾掉NF-κB信號(hào)通路的關(guān)鍵蛋白p65,發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞系的增殖能力受到抑制,并且流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示G1/S期的轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程受到抑制,Western結(jié)果也顯示CCND1的表達(dá)量下降[12-14]。Ito-Kureha等[15]利用微陣列分析的方法,在三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中篩選出了NF-κB的靶基因、原肌球調(diào)節(jié)蛋白1(TMOD1),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TMOD1能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖轉(zhuǎn)移能力,在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中也證實(shí)其能促進(jìn)小鼠乳腺腫瘤的形成和轉(zhuǎn)移。NF-κB還能夠直接轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)中心體復(fù)制相關(guān)的酶:Polo樣激酶(pLK4),PLK4作為NF-κB的靶基因使NF-κB調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程的機(jī)制更加明確,這也解釋了為什么NF-κB異常激活增加了基因組的不穩(wěn)定性和增殖異常[16]。另一方面,腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)因子(TNF-α)、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)也受到NF-κB的調(diào)節(jié)作用,他們之間形成一個(gè)正反饋調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)來(lái)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[17]。

p65在NF-κB促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的過(guò)程中起到至關(guān)重要的作用,作為關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,p65起到對(duì)增殖相關(guān)靶基因的調(diào)節(jié)作用,在這個(gè)過(guò)程中也受到很多因素的調(diào)節(jié)。其中輔轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控,對(duì)于p65行使轉(zhuǎn)錄活性至關(guān)重要。研究表明細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴激酶6(CDK6)通常在異常增殖的腫瘤細(xì)胞中控制G1期的進(jìn)程,它在物理水平上和功能上與p65相互作用,轉(zhuǎn)錄激活p65靶基因的表達(dá)[18]。α-輔肌動(dòng)蛋白4(ACTN4)也可以作為p65的輔轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,來(lái)促進(jìn)p65的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[19]。這種輔調(diào)節(jié)作用對(duì)于p65發(fā)揮轉(zhuǎn)錄活性是必需的。

1.2 NF-κB抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡及其機(jī)制 癌細(xì)胞生存能力增強(qiáng)不僅體現(xiàn)在增殖能力的增強(qiáng),另一個(gè)重要的影響因素就是凋亡的抑制作用增強(qiáng),細(xì)胞凋亡是一種程序性的壞死。在小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞中干擾p65的表達(dá),使細(xì)胞TNF-α誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用增強(qiáng),說(shuō)明NF-κB的激活抑制了TNF-α誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[20]。有研究表明在HER2+乳腺癌細(xì)胞中激活NF-κB抑制細(xì)胞的凋亡作用[21]。在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中FOXP3-miR-146-NF-κB負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)能夠抑制細(xì)胞的凋亡[22]。

NF-κB抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡主要通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)凋亡相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)。細(xì)胞凋亡調(diào)控基因包括C-myc,c-jun,Bc1-2,c-fos,ras,p53,bc1-x,bax等。NF-κB能夠上調(diào)凋亡抑制因子Bcl-2、TNF受體相關(guān)因子(TRAF1和TRAF2)、JNK等抗凋亡基因的表達(dá)[23-24];另一方面激活的NF-κB通過(guò)TRAF抑制caspase-8的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[25]。腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TRAIL)不僅能夠誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡還能夠激活NF-κB抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡,這種雙重作用也與caspase-8相關(guān)[26]。NF-κB的活性直接影響凋亡的能力,p65的Ser536磷酸化狀態(tài)對(duì)于p65的抑制凋亡作用至關(guān)重要,磷酸化后使p65失去凋亡抑制作用而體現(xiàn)凋亡的誘導(dǎo)作用[27]。說(shuō)明關(guān)鍵位點(diǎn)的激活狀態(tài)對(duì)于p65活性的調(diào)節(jié)至關(guān)重要。NF-κB可以作為影響細(xì)胞凋亡的分子開(kāi)關(guān),一旦被激活細(xì)胞的凋亡作用則被抑制。

2 NF-κB促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移及其機(jī)制

乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移是受多種因素影響的,多基因參與的復(fù)雜生物學(xué)行為。研究表明NF-κB能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中抑制NF-κB的活性或者干擾掉p65的表達(dá)能夠抑制癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力[28]。研究表明NF-κB能夠通過(guò)促進(jìn)MMP9的表達(dá)促進(jìn)乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移[29]。MMP9能夠破壞細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),使腫瘤細(xì)胞易于進(jìn)入血液或淋巴循環(huán),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移,在乳腺癌組織中MMP9高表達(dá)[30]。VEGF能夠促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖促進(jìn)血管生成從而促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,NF-κB對(duì)其存在正調(diào)控作用,在乳腺癌中的表達(dá)量呈正相關(guān)[31]。TNF-α還能夠激活NF-κB誘導(dǎo)EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子SLUG、TWIST1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[32-33]。

NF-κB調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移能力也受到多種因素的影響。Paul等[34]研究顯示cytokine-PKCλ/ι-RelA能夠調(diào)節(jié)與三陰性乳腺癌侵襲相關(guān)的基因,PKCλ/ι為三陰性乳腺癌的治療提供了可選擇的靶點(diǎn)。p300可以促進(jìn)p65的乙酰化作用,染色體重塑蛋白SMAR1與p300形成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合作用,抑制p65的乙?;饔?,從而降低了IL-8的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步抑制了乳腺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力[35]。睪丸特異性蛋白酶50(TSP50)誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖需要NF-κB信號(hào)通路的參與,他能夠刺激NF-κB靶基因MMP-9的表達(dá)[36]。缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子(HIF1α)能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移,這種作用依賴于它與NF-κB的相互作用,并且NF-κB的活性以及下游炎癥相關(guān)的靶基因的表達(dá)與HIF1α都有直接關(guān)系[37]。Zeste基因增強(qiáng)子同源物2(EZH2)可以與p65相互作用調(diào)節(jié)p65靶基因的表達(dá),但是在不同ER狀態(tài)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞中EZH2的作用是不同的,對(duì)p65靶基因的調(diào)控作用也不一樣[38]。綜上所述NF-κB對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移的促進(jìn)作用及其機(jī)制雖然已經(jīng)有較為深入的研究,但是隨著一些新的蛋白功能的發(fā)現(xiàn),NF-κB對(duì)乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的促進(jìn)作用及機(jī)制也變得更加明確。

3 應(yīng)用前景

NF-κB做為炎癥信號(hào)通路與乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有密不可分的關(guān)系,其激活狀態(tài)在一定程度上可以反映乳腺癌的惡性程度。在其他類型腫瘤中也起到至關(guān)重要的作用。在肺癌、肝癌、結(jié)直腸癌等實(shí)體腫瘤中通常由于NF-κB的異常激活導(dǎo)致腫瘤的惡化。NF-κB的異常激活通常能夠影響增殖、凋亡、轉(zhuǎn)移等相關(guān)的蛋白表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。NF-κB的激活狀態(tài)也受到多種因素的影響,上游的炎癥信號(hào)TNF-α、IL-1等均能刺激NF-κB的激活;NF-κB的激活狀態(tài)還受p65的磷酸化乙?;癄顟B(tài)影響,一些基因可以作為輔轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與p65結(jié)合,影響p65的活性從而促進(jìn)或者抑制p65靶基因的表達(dá)。

基于NF-κB對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的影響,多種針對(duì)NF-κB的抗腫瘤藥物也得到深入的研究。激活ER+乳腺癌細(xì)胞中的NF-κB信號(hào)通路之后,細(xì)胞變?yōu)镋R非依賴型,轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng)[39-41]。在三陰性乳腺癌中NF-κB一般處于較高的激活狀態(tài)[2-3],可以將NF-κB作為ER-乳腺癌的治療靶點(diǎn)。二甲基延胡索酸(DMF)可以對(duì)p65進(jìn)行共價(jià)修飾從而抑制NF-κB的活性,達(dá)到抑制浸潤(rùn)性乳腺癌發(fā)展的目的[42]。青藤堿可以調(diào)節(jié)IL-4/miR-324-5p/CUEDC2信號(hào)通路來(lái)抑制NF-κB的活性,從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移侵襲能力[43]。另外NF-κB上游的一些負(fù)調(diào)控因子,泛素連接酶SOCS-1、miRNAs均可以做為NF-κB的抑制靶點(diǎn)[44]。

綜上所述,NF-κB對(duì)乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、治療都有著重要作用,并且還與化療敏感性和耐藥性有關(guān)系,尋求抑制NF-κB活性的有效可靠地方法對(duì)乳腺癌乃至其他腫瘤的治療都有非同尋常的意義,在臨床上將NF-κB抑制劑和放化療配合應(yīng)用,降低耐藥性,在腫瘤治療方面有著很好的應(yīng)用前景。

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(2015-12-29收稿)

R730.2

A

1006-8147(2016)03-0270-03

黃環(huán)靜(1989-),女,碩士在讀,研究方向:乳腺癌分子診斷與轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制;E-mail:huanjing1989929@126.com。

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