丘學(xué)林，趙明輝，徐輝龍，等

推薦論文摘要

南海深地震探測的重要科學(xué)進(jìn)程：回顧和展望

丘學(xué)林，趙明輝，徐輝龍，等

南海是西太平洋最大的邊緣海之一，研究其深部地殼的結(jié)構(gòu)對深入認(rèn)識南海共軛邊緣的構(gòu)造屬性、深海盆形成演化歷史、含油氣盆地的形成機(jī)制均具有十分重要的科學(xué)意義。南海地殼結(jié)構(gòu)的深地震探測從構(gòu)造區(qū)域上可分為南海北部陸緣、南海南部陸緣、南海中部深海盆等幾個海域，在探測技術(shù)上經(jīng)歷了聲納浮標(biāo)、雙船擴(kuò)展剖面（expanding spread profile, ESP）、海底地震儀（ocean bottom seismometer, OBS）探測3個階段。特別是近20年OBS探測蓬勃發(fā)展，從南海北部、發(fā)展到南海南部、再到南海中部，從二維直線探測到三維網(wǎng)格探測。這些探測和研究得到了寶貴的深部地殼結(jié)構(gòu)信息，為南海的形成演化理論提供了重要依據(jù)，同時也推動了國產(chǎn)OBS的應(yīng)用和人才隊伍的培養(yǎng)。而最新完成的深海盆三維OBS探測標(biāo)志了一個新的歷史階段，具有非常深遠(yuǎn)的科學(xué)意義。

南海；深地震探測；地殼結(jié)構(gòu)；大陸邊緣；深海盆

來源出版物：熱帶海洋學(xué)報, 2012, 31(3): 1-9

我國深水海洋油氣田開發(fā)現(xiàn)狀分析

單日波

摘要：首先闡明了世界上豐富的海洋油氣資源及開發(fā)海洋油氣資源的巨大前景；進(jìn)而說明了海洋油氣資源的開發(fā)向深海發(fā)展的必然性，闡述了深海油氣開發(fā)的特點和困難以及世界海洋油氣開發(fā)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢；并介紹了我國海洋油氣開發(fā)的現(xiàn)狀，分析了我國海洋油氣開發(fā)的技術(shù)、裝備、人才方面存在的困境，指出了我國海洋油氣開發(fā)目前所面臨的歷史機(jī)遇和使命。

關(guān)鍵詞：海洋油氣開發(fā)；深海開發(fā)；船舶資源

來源出版物：中國造船, 2012, 53(S1): 274-278

深海采礦機(jī)器人研究：現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展

戴瑜，劉少軍

摘要：系統(tǒng)全面地介紹了多金屬結(jié)核、富鈷結(jié)殼和多金屬硫化物3種深海主要礦產(chǎn)資源采礦機(jī)器人的作業(yè)環(huán)境、功能要求以及國內(nèi)外已有的結(jié)構(gòu)形式設(shè)計、已開展的動力學(xué)及控制研究等，總結(jié)了我國深海采礦機(jī)器人研究取得的成果、存在的不足以及與先進(jìn)國家相比存在的差距，提出了深海采礦機(jī)器人研究亟待提高的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和發(fā)展趨勢。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海礦產(chǎn)資源；深海采礦機(jī)器人；作業(yè)環(huán)境；功能要求；結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計；動力學(xué)模型；控制系統(tǒng)

來源出版物：機(jī)器人, 2013, 35(3): 363-375

第三代全海深載人潛水器“深海挑戰(zhàn)者”的阻力特性分析

李志偉，崔維成

摘要：當(dāng)前，能在全海深（11000 m）范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀察作業(yè)的載人潛水器代表了最前沿的國際深海載人技術(shù)。隨著下潛深度的增加，如何大幅度提高下潛和上浮速度以確保海底作業(yè)時間已經(jīng)成為潛水器設(shè)計中的關(guān)鍵問題。該文是系列研究的第一篇論文，主要解讀剛剛完成挑戰(zhàn)馬里亞納海溝壯舉的由美國導(dǎo)演 Cameron設(shè)計的“深海挑戰(zhàn)者”潛水器的水動力性能，它采用魚雷外形，實現(xiàn)了下潛上浮速度的大幅提升。該文研究了各外形參數(shù)對該深潛器本體阻力的影響，采用優(yōu)化拉丁方法設(shè)計了深潛器本體阻力系數(shù)的計算方案，并采用二階響應(yīng)面方法，給出了深潛器本體阻力系數(shù)的估算公式。此研究結(jié)果可供我國今后研制全海深載人潛水器時參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：載人潛水器；全海深；阻力性能；試驗設(shè)計；響應(yīng)面方法

來源出版物：水動力學(xué)研究與進(jìn)展A輯, 2013, 28(1): 1-9

科學(xué)與技術(shù)并進(jìn)——近20年來海底峽谷濁流觀測的成就和挑戰(zhàn)

徐景平

摘要：自1993年至今，美國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局的科學(xué)家及其合作伙伴在美國西海岸的Monterey海底峽谷進(jìn)行了針對現(xiàn)代濁流過程的一系列基礎(chǔ)性研究，并成功地在世界上首次實地測量到高精度濁流流速及粒度參數(shù)。近20年來的數(shù)據(jù)和知識積累為解釋海底峽谷內(nèi)沉積物和其他顆粒物質(zhì)輸運的機(jī)理，以及濁流在維持深海峽谷中生機(jī)勃勃的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所起的重要作用提供了直接依據(jù)。通過展示把海底觀測應(yīng)用于海洋沉積動力學(xué)研究過程中的成果、經(jīng)驗、教訓(xùn)，以及介紹目前還在討論中的研究計劃，以期達(dá)到以下宏觀論點：在海洋科學(xué)里，只有科學(xué)與技術(shù)不脫節(jié)的科研團(tuán)隊才有希望獲得成果和突破。

關(guān)鍵詞：觀測；海底峽谷；濁流

來源出版物：地球科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2013, 28(5): 552-558

深海礦產(chǎn)資源巖芯探測取樣技術(shù)與裝備發(fā)展歷程與趨勢

劉德順，金永平，萬步炎，等

摘要：海底巖芯取樣鉆機(jī)是開展海洋地質(zhì)及環(huán)境科學(xué)研究、進(jìn)行海洋礦產(chǎn)資源勘探和海底工程地質(zhì)勘察所必備的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)裝備。首先對世界深海巖芯探測取樣技術(shù)與裝備的發(fā)展歷程進(jìn)行了梳理，重點介紹了目前世界上幾種典型的海底巖芯取樣鉆機(jī)性能、結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)特點；然后，分別對海底巖芯取樣鉆機(jī)中的穩(wěn)定支撐及調(diào)平技術(shù)、取芯技術(shù)、鉆桿鉆具接卸存儲技術(shù)、液壓系統(tǒng)與壓力平衡技術(shù)、光纖動力復(fù)合電纜供電與通訊技術(shù)、下放與回收技術(shù)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)進(jìn)行了分析；最后，分析和預(yù)測了深海礦產(chǎn)資源巖芯探測取樣技術(shù)與裝備的發(fā)展趨勢——將朝著大型化、多用途化、智能化、專業(yè)化和便利化以及高保真取樣方向發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海；礦產(chǎn)資源；海底鉆機(jī)；巖芯探測取樣

來源出版物：中國機(jī)械工程, 2014, 25(23): 3255-3266

深海采礦裝備研發(fā)的現(xiàn)狀與進(jìn)展

劉少軍，劉暢，戴瑜

摘要：近年來，國際社會關(guān)于深海礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)的競爭急速加劇，與此相適應(yīng)，深海采礦技術(shù)及裝備的研發(fā)也再度引起了世界主要工業(yè)國家與新興工業(yè)國家以及一些國際大型企業(yè)的高度關(guān)注和投入。針對深海采礦技術(shù)與裝備的不同發(fā)展階段，分別介紹連續(xù)鏈斗法、穿梭艇式、水力（氣力）管道提升式三種典型深海采礦系統(tǒng)的組成及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。分別從海底固體礦產(chǎn)資源采集技術(shù)、海底采礦車行走技術(shù)、礦物由海底向海面輸送技術(shù)以及水面支持系統(tǒng)技術(shù)等4個方面全面系統(tǒng)地分析深海采礦裝備研發(fā)中的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、需要面對的特殊問題及近期研究進(jìn)展，并對深海采礦裝備發(fā)展的可行性及研發(fā)模式進(jìn)行總結(jié)與展望，對于我國深海采礦技術(shù)與裝備的研究開發(fā)具有參考價值與指導(dǎo)作用。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海采礦裝備；采集技術(shù)；行走技術(shù)；輸送技術(shù)；水面支持系統(tǒng)

來源出版物：機(jī)械工程學(xué)報, 2014, 50(2): 8-18

海洋礦產(chǎn)資源分布及深海揚礦研究進(jìn)展

肖業(yè)祥，楊凌波，曹蕾，等

摘要：海洋蘊藏著豐富的生物、礦產(chǎn)和動力能源，是巨大的資源寶庫。開發(fā)海洋資源已經(jīng)逐漸成為各國新的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。深海采礦揚礦的工作環(huán)境惡劣，對設(shè)備要求較高，技術(shù)難度大，因此亟須開展相關(guān)研究。文中首先介紹了海底礦產(chǎn)資源的分類及全球分布，并就中國深海采礦現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了總結(jié)；然后以大洋錳結(jié)核的開發(fā)為例，重點對各種提升方式進(jìn)行了綜合分析。揚礦技術(shù)是深海采礦系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，其中管道提升被認(rèn)為是最有發(fā)展前景的方法。管道提升包括水力、氣力、管道容器、輕介質(zhì)和重介質(zhì)等方法，其中礦漿泵水力提升和氣舉泵提升技術(shù)已進(jìn)行了深海試驗，最具發(fā)展前景；最后對多級離心式提升泵的設(shè)計方法和研發(fā)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了介紹，并對深海采礦趨勢進(jìn)行了展望，提出要立足國情，借鑒國外技術(shù)經(jīng)驗，吸收近海石油煤炭提升技術(shù)，進(jìn)行技術(shù)攻關(guān)的發(fā)展思路，進(jìn)而為商業(yè)開采提供技術(shù)儲備。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海采礦；礦產(chǎn)資源；錳結(jié)核；揚礦技術(shù)；礦漿泵

來源出版物：排灌機(jī)械工程學(xué)報, 2014, 32(4): 319-326

面向深海潛水器的液壓技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

呂超，崔維成，劉爽

摘要：“蛟龍?zhí)枴钡某晒ρ兄剖刮覈詈撍骷夹g(shù)獲得了跨越式的發(fā)展，但國際上已經(jīng)在研制深度更大的全海深載人潛水器。介紹了深海潛水器的基本功能組成，得出深海潛水器所需的液壓層面的技術(shù)。以此為基礎(chǔ)，給出了國內(nèi)外深海潛水器液壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，包括水液壓技術(shù)在海洋工程領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用?？偨Y(jié)了面向深海潛水器液壓技術(shù)的研究重點問題，為我國全海深潛水器的研究與設(shè)計提供幫助與參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：深海潛水器；液壓技術(shù)；海洋工程；深淵科學(xué)

來源出版物：液壓與氣動, 2015, (2): 42-46

載人潛水器在深?？茖W(xué)考察中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

劉保華，丁忠軍，史先鵬，等

摘要：載人深潛技術(shù)是深海技術(shù)的前沿與制高點，也是深?？瓶甲钕冗M(jìn)的技術(shù)手段之一。20世紀(jì)60年代以來，隨著高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，美國、法國、俄羅斯、日本等國在載人潛水器的研制和應(yīng)用上取得了快速的發(fā)展，先后掌握了大深度載人深潛技術(shù)，具備了在復(fù)雜海況下進(jìn)行水下作業(yè)的能力，實現(xiàn)了對深海和大洋洋底的現(xiàn)場觀察、探測和取樣等。目前，深海載人潛水器的考察范圍已經(jīng)遍及全球大陸坡深水區(qū)、洋中脊、海山、海溝和洋盆等海底區(qū)域，獲得了大量的深海地質(zhì)、地球物理、生物、化學(xué)和環(huán)境方面的信息或樣品，取得了一批重大的發(fā)現(xiàn)和創(chuàng)新性的研究成果，推動了深海科學(xué)的發(fā)展。我國自主集成研制的“蛟龍”號載人潛水器順利完成了7000 m級海試，并于2013年開始開展了試驗性應(yīng)用,取得了豐碩的科考成果。本文簡要介紹了世界載人潛水器的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及其在深?？茖W(xué)考察中的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢，綜述了國內(nèi)外載人潛水器在深海地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)和物理海洋學(xué)等領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用情況。

關(guān)鍵詞：載人潛水器；深海；科學(xué)考察；地質(zhì)科學(xué)；生物科學(xué)；物理海洋

來源出版物：海洋學(xué)報, 2015, 37(10): 1-10

一種用于深海裝備的著陸控制技術(shù)

章雪挺，魏晗冬，曾凡宗，等

摘要：針對深海裝備在海洋科學(xué)調(diào)查和資源勘探等領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用，設(shè)計并實現(xiàn)了一種用于深海裝備的著陸控制技術(shù)，并完成了原理樣機(jī)的開發(fā)。系統(tǒng)以 STM32處理器為核心，結(jié)合高度計、傾角傳感器及步進(jìn)電機(jī)，通過采用創(chuàng)新性的“二次調(diào)平”機(jī)制，在實驗室水池中實現(xiàn)了原理樣機(jī)在復(fù)雜地形下的平穩(wěn)著陸與調(diào)平功能。經(jīng)測試，其能可靠地完成預(yù)定功能，滿足了設(shè)計的要求。

關(guān)鍵詞：水下著陸技術(shù)；二次調(diào)平；STM32；PID算法

來源出版物：電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用, 2015, 41(9): 42-44

全海深潛水器的技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展綜述

徐偉哲，張慶勇

摘要：全海深潛水器是海斗深淵科學(xué)研究中不可或缺的深海裝備。介紹了國內(nèi)外全海深無人潛水器及全海深載人潛水器的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,提出了快速潛浮、人—機(jī)—環(huán)境設(shè)計、浮力材料、載人艙設(shè)計和制造、大容量蓄電池、全海深通信和定位等全海深載人潛水器未來必須攻克的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：全海深；海斗深淵；潛水器

來源出版物：中國造船, 2016, 57(2): 206-221

關(guān)鍵詞：silicic acid; dissolved silicon; marine silica budget; silica production; steady state

來源出版物：Annual Review of Marine Science, 2013, 5: 477-501

Deep structures of the Palawan and Sulu Sea and their implications for opening of the South China Sea

Liu, Wei-Nan; Li, Chun-Feng; Li, Jiabiao; et al.

Abstract:Compared to the northern South China Sea continental margin, the deep structures and tectonic evolution of the Palawan and Sulu Sea and ambient regions are not well understood so far. However, this part of the southern continental margin and adjacent areas embed critical information on the opening of the South China Sea (SCS). In this paper, we carry out geophysical investigations using regional magnetic, gravity and reflection seismic data. Analytical signal amplitudes (ASA) of magnetic anomalies are calculated to depict the boundaries of different tectonic units. Curie-point depths are estimated from magnetic anomalies using a windowed wavenumber-domain algorithm. Application of the Parker-Old-enburg algorithm to Bouguer gravity anomalies yields a 3D Moho topography.The Palawan Continental Block (PCB) is defined by quiet magnetic anomalies, low ASA, moderate depths to the top and bottom of the magnetic layer, and its northern boundary is further constrained by reflection seismic data and Moho interpretation. The PCB is found to be a favorable area for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the continent ocean transition zone between the PCB and the SCS is characterized by hyper-extended continental crust intruded with magmatic bodies. The NW Sulu Sea is interpreted as a relict oceanic slice and the geometry and position of extinct trench of the Proto South China Sea (PSCS) is further constrained. With additional age constraints from inverted Moho and Curie-point depths, we confirm that the spreading of the SE Sulu Sea started in the Early Oligocene/Late Eocene due to the subduction of the PSCS, and terminated in the Middle Miocene by the obduction of the NW Sulu Sea onto the PCB.

關(guān)鍵詞：Sulu Sea; Palawan Continental Block; South China Sea; relict oceanic crust; curie depth; Moho

來源出版物：Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2014, 58: 721-735

Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources

Hein, James R; Mizell, Kira; Koschinsky, Andrea; et al.

Abstract:Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts are strongly enriched relative to the Earth’s lithosphere in many rare and critical metals, including Co, Te, Mo, Bi, Pt, W, Zr, Nb, Y, and rare-earth elements (REEs). Fe-Mn nodules are strongly enriched in Ni, Cu, Co, Mo, Zr, Li, Y, and REEs. Compared to Fe-Mn crusts, nodules are more enriched in Ni, Cu, and Li, with subequal amounts of Mo and crusts are more enriched in the other metals. The metal ions and complexes in seawater are sorbed onto the two major host phases, FeO(OH) with a positively charged surface and MnO2with a negatively charged surface. Metals are also derived from diagenetically modified sediment pore fluids and incorporated into most nodules. Seafloor massive sulfides (SMS), especially those in arc and back-arc settings, can also be enriched in rare metals and metalloids, such as Cd, Ga, Ge, In, As, Sb, and Se. Metal grades for the elements of economic interest in SMS (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag) are much greater than those in land-based volcanogenic massive sulfides. However, their tonnage throughout the global ocean is poorly known and grade/tonnage comparisons with land-based deposits would be premature. The Clarion-Clipperton Fe-Mn Nodule Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific and the prime Fe-Mn crust zone (PCZ) in the central Pacific are the areas of greatest economic interest for nodules and crusts and grades and tonnages for those areas are moderately well known. We compare the grades and tonnages of nodules and crusts in those two areas with the global terrestrial reserves and resources. Nodules in the CCZ have more Tl (6000 times), Mn, Te, Ni, Co, and Y than the entire global terrestrial reserve base for those metals. The CCZ nodules also contain significant amounts of Cu, Mo, W, Li, Nb, and rare earth oxides (REO) compared to the global land-based reserves. Fe-Mn crusts in the PCZ have significantly more TI (1700 times), Te (10 times more), Co, and Y than the entire terrestrial reserve base. Other metals of significance in the PCZ crusts relative to the total global land-based reserves are Bi, REO, Nb, and W. CCZ nodules and PCZ crusts are also compared with the two largest existing land-based REE mines, Bayan Obo in China and Mountain Pass in the USA. The land-based deposits are higher grade but lower tonnage deposits. Notably, both land-based deposits have <1% heavy REEs (HREEs), whereas the CCZ has 26% HREEs and the PCZ, 18% HREEs; the HREEs have a much greater economic value. Radioactive The concentrations are appreciably higher in the land-based deposits than in either type of marine deposit. A discussion of the differences between terrestrial and marine impacts and mine characteristics is also presented, including the potential for rare metals and REEs in marine deposits to be recovered as byproducts of mining the main metals of economic interest in nodules and crusts.

關(guān)鍵詞：deep-ocean mineral resources; Fe-Mn crusts and nodules; rare metals; rare earth elements; comparisons with land-based resources

來源出版物：ORE Geology Reviews, 2013, 51: 1-14

Exploration beyond seismic: The role of electromagnetics and gravity gradiometry in deep water subsalt plays of the Red Sea

Colombo, Daniele; McNeice, Gary; Raterman, Nickolas; et al.

Abstract:The Red Sea is characterized by thick salt sequences representing a seal for potential hydrocarbon accumulations within Tertiary formations deposited over deep basement structures. The Red Sea “salt” is characterized by halite concentrations embedded in layeredevaporite sequences composed of evaporite and clastic lithologies. Salt complicates seismic exploration efforts in the Red Sea by generating vertical and lateral velocity variations that are difficult to estimate by seismic methods alone. In these conditions, the exploration challenges of independently imaging the subsalt section and provide enhanced velocity model building capabilities were addressed by a multigeophysics strategy involving marine electromagnetics (magnetotellurics and controlled source electromagnetics [CSEM]) and gravity gradiometry surveys colocated with wide azimuth seismic. Threedimensional inversion of MT and CSEM is performed first with minimal a priori constraints and then by including variable amounts of interpretation in the starting models. The internal variations in the evaporitic overburden, the subsalt, and the basement structures are independently imaged by combined electromagnetic methods and confirmed by new drilling results. CSEM, in particular, provides unprecedented detail of the internal structures within the salt overburden while magnetotellurics provides excellent reconstruction of the base of salt and basement. Gravity gradiometry shows primary sensitivity to the basement and the corresponding 3D inversion provides density distributions structurally consistent with the resistivity volumes. The common-structure, multi-parameter models obtained from 3D inversion deliver additional aid to seismic interpreters to further derisk exploration in the Red Sea and provide additional detail to depth imaging velocity models. The reciprocal consistency of the obtained results show promises for extending the work to more analytical integration with seismic such as provided by joint geophysical inversion.

來源出版物：Interpretation-A Journal of Subsurface Characterization, 2014, 2(3): 33-53

Real-time visualization system for deep-sea surveying

Li, Yujie; Lu, Huimin; Zhang, Lifeng; et al.

Abstract:Remote robotic exploration holds vast potential for gaining knowledge about extremeenvironments, which is difficult to be accessed by humans. In the last two decades, various underwater devices were developed for detecting the mines and mine-like objects in the deep-sea environment. However, there are some problems in recent equipment, like poor accuracy of mineral objects detection, without real-time processing, and low resolution of underwater video frames. Consequently, the underwater objects recognition is a difficult task, because the physical properties of the medium, the captured video frames, are distorted seriously. In this paper, we are considering use of the modern image processing methods to determine the mineral location and to recognize the mineral actually within a little computation complex. We firstly analyze the recent underwater imaging models and propose a novel underwater optical imaging model, which is much closer to the light propagation model in the underwater environment. In our imaging system, we remove the electrical noise by dual-tree complex wavelet transform. And then we solve the nonuniform illumination of artificial lights by fast guided trilateral bilateral filter and recover the image color through automatic color equalization. Finally, a shape-based mineral recognition algorithm is proposed for underwater objects detection. These methods are designed for real-time execution on limited-memory platforms. This pipeline is suitable for detecting underwater objects in practice by our experiences. The initial results are presented and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed real-time visualization system.

來源出版物：Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014: 437071

Gas hydrate risks and prevention for deep water drilling and completion: A case study of well QDN-X in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

Zhang Liang; Zhang Chong; Huang Haidong; et al.

Abstract:Taking a deep-water exploration well of natural gas located in the Qiongdongnan Basin in the South China Sea as an example, the hydrate risks of the well under operational conditions during drilling and testing processes were analyzed, and the corresponding hydrate prevention solutions were presented and verified by lab experiments and field application. Based on the predicted gas hydrate equilibrium curves and the calculated wellbore pressuretemperature fields, the hydrate risks were analyzed. The maximum sub-cooling temperature is 6.5 degrees C during normal drilling with a small hydrate stability zone in the wellbore; when the drilling or testing stops, the hydrate stability zone in the wellbore becomes larger and the maximum sub-cooling temperatures are 19 degrees C and 23 degrees C respectively; the maximum sub-cooling temperature at the beginning of testing is no more than that when testing stops; when the tested production rate of natural gas increases, the hydrate stability zone in thewellbore decreases or even disappears if the gas rate is more than 25 × 104m3/d. The designed hydrate prevention solutions include: adding sodium chloride and ethylene glycol into drilling fluid during normal drilling and when drilling stops; adding calcium chloride/potassium formate and ethylene glycol into testing fluid; applying downhole methyl alcohol injection when the production rate of natural gas is lower than 25 × 104m3/d; filling the testing string with testing fluid when the test shuts down for a long time. Lab experiments and field operations have indicated that all the designed solutions can meet the requirements of hydrate prevention.

關(guān)鍵詞：gas hydrate; drilling fluid; wellbore temperature; sub-cooling temperature; hydrate inhibitor; deep water drilling

來源出版物：Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2014, 41(6): 824-832

The northeastern South China Sea margin created by the combined action of down-slope and along-slope processes: Processes, products and implications for exploration and paleoceanography

Gong, Chenglin; Wang, Yingmin; Xu, Shang; et al.

Abstract:Processes and products associated with the interplay of down-slope and along-slope processes are geographically widespread and yet poorly documented. Using a high-quality 2D database consisting of bathymetry, 20 seismic, piston cores, faunal, and radiocarbon data, six major depositional systems are recognized along the northeastern South China Sea margin, and from the upper slope to abyssal plain, they are erosional features, mass-flow systems, sediment gravity-flow (SGF) systems, mixed contourite-SGF systems, contourite systems and hemipelagic systems. Sedimentary processes on the studied margin show considerable spatial complexity, yielding a depositional model that must incorporate the interplay of down-slope and along-slope processes. Erosional features and mass-flow systems are common on upper and middle slopes, respectively, where high mass flows probably dominate over bottom currents. In the lower slope and continental rise where mass flows transform into SGFs, yielding SGF system. In the lower segment of the Taiwan canyon, there is a strong interplay of SGFs and bottom currents, forming the mixed contourite-SGF system. On the abyssal plain where SGFs are volumetrically overwhelmed by contour currents, contourite depositional systems are well developed. Our results highlight the complex interaction between down-slope and along-slope processes on continental margins, thus helping to better understand the deep-water sedimentation. Bottom-current reworked sands lacking ‘typical turbidite signatures’ are recognized, and are interpreted to be created by the interplay of SGF and bottom currents (including contour currents, bottom currents associated with internal solitary waves and deepmarine tidal bottom currents), which could potentially yield excellent hydrocarbon reservoirs after burial, affording an alternative for interpreting deep-marine non-turbidite reservoirs. Fine-grained bottom-current sediment waves are first recognized in the abyssal plain of the South China Sea and are interpreted to be created by contour currents resulting from the North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW-CCs), providing solid evidence for the intrusion of NPDW into the abyssal plain of the South China Sea. Preliminary bedform-velocity analysis suggests that NPDW-CCs have a maximum flow velocity up to 3 similar to 7 cm/s.

關(guān)鍵詞：the northeastern South China Sea margin; Bottom-current reworked sands; bottom-current sediment waves; the interplay of down-slope and along-slope processes; intrusion of North Pacific Deep Water into South China Sea

來源出版物：Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2015, 64: 233-249

Haptic object recognition in underwater and deep-sea environments

Aggarwal, Achint; Kampmann, Peter; Lemburg, J; et al.

Abstract:Tactile sensors, because of their intrinsic insensitivity to lighting conditions and water turbidity, provide promising opportunities for perception and object recognition in underwater and deep-sea environments. However, the limited availability of tactile sensors for underwater use has led to limited research in this domain. Recently, we have developed a deep-sea-capable tactile sensing system, with high spatial and force resolutions, which has made underwater haptic exploration possible for the first time. This paper presents a tactile sensor-based object recognition and localization methodology for structured underwater and deep-sea applications. Our approach is based on database matching using a local feature-based Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, and sequentially evolving the resulting hypotheses over the course of object exploration.It can handle a large database of three-dimensional objects of complex shapes, and it performs a complete six degree of freedom localization of a static object. An approach to utilize both contact and free-space measurements is presented. Extensive experimentation is performed in underwater environments for validating both the sensor system and the algorithms. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of haptic object recognition and localization in underwater and deep-sea environments.

來源出版物：Journal of Field Robotics, 2015, 32(S1): 167-185

Underwater sensor network applications: A comprehensive surveyFelemban, Emad; Shaikh, Faisal Karim;

Qureshi, Umair Mujtaba; et al.

Abstract:We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled-source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one-dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled-source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air-wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short-offset time-domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled-source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled-source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled-source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled-source electromagnetic method.

關(guān)鍵詞：marine electromagnetics; signal detectability; resistive targets

來源出版物：Geophysical Prospecting, 2015, 63(1): 192-210

Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea-with focus on natural gas

Wang, Zhenfeng; Sun, Zhipeng; Zhang, Daojun; et al.

Abstract:The deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDN Basin), which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent years. In this study, the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data, extensive 3D seismic survey, cores and cuttings, paleontology and geochemical indexes, proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin, identified different oil and gas systems, and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water region. Our basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements, such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision, Tibetan Uplift, Red River faulting and the expansion of the South China Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting, Neogene depression, and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine deposits. The drilling results show that this region is dominated by marineterrestrial transitional and neriticbathyal facies from the early Oligocene. The Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source rock. According to the geologicalgeochemical data from the latest drilling wells, Lingshui, Baodao, Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbongenerating potentials, where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were developed. Those reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone, Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao Sag. Among them, the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoirforming elements are well developed, i.e., good coal-measure source rocks, sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan, faults connecting source rock and reservoirs, effective verticalmigration, late stage aggregation and favorable structurallithological composite trapping. These study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this region, evidenced by the recent discovery of the significant commercial LS-A gas field in the central canyon of the Lingshui Sag.

關(guān)鍵詞：South China Sea; deepwater; natural gas; petroleum system; central canyon; reservoir-forming conditions; Qiongdongnan Basin

來源出版物：ACTA Oceanologica Sinica, 2015, 34(10): 57-70

Migration of multiples from the South China Sea

Liu, Yike; Zhu, Weilin; Mi, Lijun; et al.

Abstract:The South China Sea where water depth is up to 5000 m is the most promising oil and gas exploration area in China in the future. The seismic data acquired in the South China Sea contain various types of multiples that need to be removed before imaging can be developed. However, compared with the conventional reflection migration, multiples carry more information of the underground structure that helps provide better subsurface imaging. This paper presents a method to modify the conventional reverse time migration so that multiple reflections can migrate to their correct locations in the subsurface. This approach replaces the numerical impulsive source with the recorded data including primaries and multiples on the surface, and replaces the recorded primary reflection data with multiples. In the reverse time migration process, multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated backward in time to each depth level, while primaries and multiples recorded on the surface are extrapolated forward in time to the same depth levels. By matching the difference between the primary and multiple images using an objective function, this algorithm improves the primary resultant image. Synthetic tests on Sigsbee2B show that the proposed method can obtain a greater range and better underground illumination. Images of deep water in the South China Sea are obtained using multiples and their matching with primaries. They demonstrate that multiples can make up for the reflection illumination and the migration of multiples is an important research direction in the future.

關(guān)鍵詞：the South China Sea; reverse time migration of multiples; seismic imaging

來源出版物：Science China-Earth Sciences, 2015, 58(3): 482-490

Water column imaging with multibeam echo-sounding in the mid-Okinawa Trough: Implications for distribution of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites and the cause of acoustic water column anomaly

Nakamura, Kentaro; Kawagucci, Shinsuke; Kitada, Kazuya; et al.

Abstract:Polymetallic sulfides deposited in seafloor hydrothermal vents have recently attracted attention as potential deep-sea mineral resources for base, rare, and precious metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, In, Ga, Ge, Au, and Ag. For future exploitation of this type of deep-sea mineral resources, development of effective methods for exploring seafloor hydrothermal activity is a key to provide the most promising list of fields. However, conventional exploration methods are likely laborious and time-consuming, and a more efficient methods for exploration of seafloor hydrothermal vents are to be further developed. In the last decade, water column observation using multibeam echo souder (MBES) systems have become successfully applied to exploration of seafloor hydrothermal vents. In 2013 and 2014, we conducted extensive water column surveys using MBES systems in the mid-Okinawa Trough. During the surveys, we detected 10 hydrothermal vent sites, including previously known sites, belonging to four relatively large hydrothermal vent fields, located at the Izena Hole, Iheya North Knoll, Iheya Small Ridge, and a seamount 15 km northwest of the Izena Hole. All of the hydrothermal vent sites are in groups of 2-3 vent sites belonging to a hydrothermal field. Morphological features of the acoustic water column anomalies (rising vertically up to similar to 1000 m from the seafloor without a significant change of width) implied that the acoustic water column anomalies were not caused directly by hydrothermal vent fluid flows. The depth of the top of the acoustic water column anomalies (similar to 500 m) corresponded rather well to the depth of the CO2phase transition from liquid/ clathratehydrate to vapor. This suggests that the acoustic water column anomalies are attributed to water mass including dense liquid CO2droplets with clathrate-hydrate crusts, which are originally derived from the seafloor hydrothermal fluid discharges.

關(guān)鍵詞：multibeam echo sounder (MBES); acoustic water column anomaly; liquid CO2droplet; hydrothermal exploration; mid-Okinawa Trough

來源出版物：Geochemical Journal, 2015, 49(6): 579-596

The NOAA vents program 1983 to 2013: Thirty years of ocean exploration and research

Hammond, Stephen R; Embley, Robert W; Baker, Edward T

Abstract:Two seminal advances in the late 1970s in science and technology spurred the establishment of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Vents Program: the unexpected discovery of seafloor vents and chemosynthetic ecosystems on the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC), and civilian access to a previously classified multibeam mapping sonar system. A small team of NOAA scientists immediately embarked on an effort to apply the new mapping technology to the discovery of vents, animal communities, and polymetallic sulfide deposits on spreading ridges in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The addition of interdisciplinary colleagues from NOAA’s cooperative institutes at Oregon State University and the University of Washington led to the creation of the Vents Program in 1983 at NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Within a decade, Vents surveyed the entire Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridges for hydrothermal activity, discovered the first “megaplume,” established multiyear time series of hydrothermal fluid measurements, and, for the first time, acoustically detected and responded to a deep-sea volcanic eruption. With this experience, and partnering with researchers from around the globe, Vents expanded to exploration along the East Pacific and GSC divergent plate boundaries. In 1999, the Vents Program embarked on systematic surveys along volcanic arcs and back-arc basins of the Mariana and Kermadec-Tonga subduction zones. For three decades, the Vents Program focused on understanding the physical, chemical, and biological environmental consequences of global-scale processes that regulate the transfer of heat and mass from Earth’s hot interior into the ocean. As the fourth decade began, the Vents Program was restructured into two new programs, Earth-Ocean Interactions and Acoustics, that together continue, and broaden, the scope of Vents’pioneering ocean exploration and research.

來源出版物：Oceanography, 2015, 28(1): 160-173

Design of a novel installation device for a subsea production system

Cao, Yuguang; Hu, Xueyang; Zhang, Shihua; et al.

Abstract:Subsea production systems (SPSs) have dominated the exploration of deep-sea oil and gas fields because of their economic superiority. SPS is a highinvestment and high-risk technology. A floating installation device (FID) and an installation method for the SPS using this device were designed in this study. The device is made of buoyant materials, allowing both the SPS and the FID to be kept in a suspended state. Thus, the restriction caused by the great weight of the SPS can be avoided. The dynamic response of the chain system and FID was analysed according to environmental loads and material characteristics. The feasibility of the design was validated through numerical simulation and theoretical computation.

關(guān)鍵詞:subsea production system; installation method; floating installation device; theoretical computation; numerical simulation

來源出版物：Applied Ocean Research, 2016, 59: 24-37

責(zé)任編輯：衛(wèi)夏雯

The world ocean silica cycle

Treguer, Paul J; De La Rocha, Christina, L

Over the past few decades, we have realized that the silica cycle is strongly intertwined with other major biogeochemical cycles, like those of carbon and nitrogen, and as such is intimately related to marine primary production, the efficiency of carbon export to the deep sea, and the inventory of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For nearly 20 years, the marine silica budget compiled by Treguer et al. (1995), with its exploration of reservoirs, processes, sources, and sinks in the silica cycle, has provided context and information fundamental to study of the silica cycle. Today, the budget needs revisiting to incorporate advances that have notably changed estimates of river and groundwater inputs to the ocean of dissolved silicon and easily dissolvable amorphous silica, inputs from the dissolution of terrestrial lithogenic silica in ocean margin sediments, reverse weathering removal fluxes, and outputs of biogenic silica (especially on ocean margins and in the form of nondiatomaceous biogenic silica). The resulting budget recognizes significantly higher input and output fluxes and notes that the recycling of silicon occurs mostly at the sediment-water interface and not during the sinking of silica particles through deep waters.