徐佳,郭航遠(yuǎn),何益平
運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)能力研究
徐佳,郭航遠(yuǎn),何益平
目的探討運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者的心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。方法選取2014年4月—2015年5月在紹興市人民醫(yī)院就診的胸悶待查患者110例,均行心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)(CPET),根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)中的血壓反應(yīng)分為運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組(n=48)和運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組(n=62)。比較兩組運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓情況及CPET指標(biāo)。結(jié)果兩組性別、年齡、吸煙史、糖尿病史、總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組BMI、高血壓家族史比例、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平、左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù)(LVMI)均高于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組靜息收縮壓(SBP)、靜息舒張壓(DBP)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組運(yùn)動(dòng)峰值SBP、運(yùn)動(dòng)SBP增量、運(yùn)動(dòng)峰值脈壓、恢復(fù)期3 min SBP及恢復(fù)期3 min脈壓均高于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組無氧閾攝氧量(VO2@AT)、峰值攝氧量(Peak VO2)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組無氧閾公斤攝氧量(VO2/kg@AT)、無氧閾代謝當(dāng)量(METS@AT)、峰值公斤攝氧量(Peak VO2/kg)、峰值代謝當(dāng)量(Peak METS)、峰值氧脈搏(Peak VO2/HR)、二氧化碳通氣當(dāng)量(VE/VCO2)均低于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者運(yùn)動(dòng)能力及心肺儲(chǔ)備較差,可能與左心室肥厚及舒張功能不全有關(guān)。
高血壓;運(yùn)動(dòng);心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)
徐佳,郭航遠(yuǎn),何益平.運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)能力研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(7):786-789.[www.chinagp.net]
Xu J,Guo HY,He YP.Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity of patients with exercise hypertension[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(7):786-789.
高血壓是心腦血管疾病重要的危險(xiǎn)因素,靜息血壓值與心血管疾病發(fā)病率及死亡率密切相關(guān)[1]。對高血壓的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期治療,可明顯減少腦卒中及心血管事件,改善患者的生存質(zhì)量。然而人們對高血壓的認(rèn)識(shí)多局限于靜態(tài)血壓的觀察結(jié)果。近年來,國內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者對運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究,提出運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓可以預(yù)測未來血壓狀況,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓可能是一個(gè)潛在的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素[2-4]。心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)(CPET)是一種評價(jià)心肺儲(chǔ)備功能和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力的無創(chuàng)性檢測方法。CPET能夠更精確、全面地評價(jià)患者的心肺功能,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)心肌氧供需不平衡,可以用于冠心病的早期診斷[5]。而有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力又與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度及冠心病冠狀動(dòng)脈病變嚴(yán)重程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[6]。利用CPET可早期發(fā)現(xiàn)心血管的繼發(fā)病變。采用最大運(yùn)動(dòng)量時(shí)收縮壓(SBP)≥210 mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)(男性)/≥190 mm Hg(女性)為運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]。本研究旨在探討運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者的心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,以期盡早保護(hù)靶器官,提高對高血壓一級(jí)預(yù)防的重視。
1.1 研究對象 選取2014年4月—2015年5月在紹興市人民醫(yī)院就診的胸悶待查患者110例,其中男63例,女47例;年齡23~73歲,平均(58.8±8.3)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)均符合CPET的適應(yīng)證并行心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)測試;(2)靜息血壓正常,均未使用β-受體阻滯劑、硝酸酯類藥物,1個(gè)月內(nèi)未使用其他降壓藥物;(3)行CPET,運(yùn)動(dòng)量均達(dá)到極量或次極量,測試中平板運(yùn)動(dòng)均提示陰性。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)急性心肌梗死、不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、嚴(yán)重心律失常;(2)急性心包炎、心內(nèi)膜炎、嚴(yán)重主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄、嚴(yán)重左心功能受損;(3)急性肺動(dòng)脈栓塞或肺梗死、嚴(yán)重下肢脈管炎或肢體功能障礙。根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)中的血壓反應(yīng)分為運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組(n=48)和運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組(n=62)。研究經(jīng)本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 資料收集 (1)記錄患者的性別、年齡;(2)測量身高、體質(zhì)量,計(jì)算BMI;(3)詢問吸煙史、高血壓家族史及糖尿病史情況。
1.2.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查 采用雅培AEROSET全自動(dòng)生化分析儀行實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,于入院時(shí)采集靜脈血檢測血清總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平。
1.2.3 心功能檢查 采用PhilipsiE33超聲診斷儀行心功能檢查,測量指標(biāo)主要包括:左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LVEDD)、室間隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(PWT)、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)。并根據(jù)公式依次計(jì)算出體表面積(BSA)、左心室質(zhì)量(LVM)和左心室質(zhì)量指數(shù)(LVMI)。計(jì)算公式:BSA=0.006 1×身高+0.012 8×體質(zhì)量-0.152 9,LVM=1.04〔(IVST+LVEDD+PWT)3-LVEDD3〕-13.6,LVMI=LVM/BSA。
1.2.4 CPET 采用GANSHORN Power Cube-Ergo心肺功能測試儀行靜息肺功能測試,結(jié)合GE T2100活動(dòng)平板,采用Bruce方案行癥狀控制性極量運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)。在安全的前提下,鼓勵(lì)患者盡可能堅(jiān)持運(yùn)動(dòng)。終止試驗(yàn):患者出現(xiàn)不適自認(rèn)為必須停止時(shí);SBP達(dá)240 mm Hg和/或舒張壓(DBP)達(dá)120 mm Hg;SBP或平均血壓下降>10 mm Hg;出現(xiàn)明顯的心律失常;ST段壓低≥3 mm;患者因任何原因不能或不愿繼續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
1.2.5 血壓監(jiān)測 采用SunTech Tango袖帶式血壓自動(dòng)記錄儀行血壓測量,分別于運(yùn)動(dòng)前、每運(yùn)動(dòng)階段開始后2 min、運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束即刻、恢復(fù)期3 min、運(yùn)動(dòng)后6 min進(jìn)行血壓測定。
1.3 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.3.1 高血壓定義 根據(jù)中國高血壓防治指南2010修訂版[8],在未使用降壓藥的情況下,測量非同日3次血壓,SBP≥140 mm Hg和/或DBP≥90 mm Hg。
1.3.2 運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓定義 根據(jù)Framingham標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],最大運(yùn)動(dòng)量時(shí)SBP≥210 mm Hg(男性)/≥190 mm Hg(女性)。
1.3.3 平板運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 根據(jù)美國心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ACC)/美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)2002運(yùn)動(dòng)心電圖試驗(yàn)指南[9],運(yùn)動(dòng)中或恢復(fù)期ST段在J點(diǎn)后0.08 s呈水平型或下斜型壓低≥0.1 mV或ST段抬高≥0.1 mV,持續(xù)>2 min;運(yùn)動(dòng)中出現(xiàn)典型的心絞痛;出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的心律失常,如室性心動(dòng)過速、心室顫動(dòng)等。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以(±s)表示,組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組基線資料比較 兩組性別、年齡、吸煙史、糖尿病史、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、LVEF間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而BMI、高血壓家族史、CRP、LVMI間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
2.2 兩組血壓指標(biāo)比較 兩組靜息SBP、靜息DBP間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而運(yùn)動(dòng)峰值SBP、運(yùn)動(dòng)SBP增量、運(yùn)動(dòng)峰值脈壓、恢復(fù)期3 min SBP及恢復(fù)期3 min脈壓間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表2)。
2.3 兩組CPET指標(biāo)比較 兩組無氧閾攝氧量(VO2@AT)、峰值攝氧量(Peak VO2)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);而無氧閾公斤攝氧量(VO2/kg@AT)、無氧閾代謝當(dāng)量(METS@AT)、峰值公斤攝氧量(Peak VO2/kg)、峰值代謝當(dāng)量(Peak METS)、峰值氧脈搏(Peak VO2/HR)、二氧化碳通氣當(dāng)量(VE/VCO2)間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表3)。
表1 兩組基線資料比較Table 1 Comparison of general data between the two groups
表2 兩組血壓指標(biāo)比較(±s,mm Hg)Table 2 Comparison of blood pressure indexes between the two groups
表2 兩組血壓指標(biāo)比較(±s,mm Hg)Table 2 Comparison of blood pressure indexes between the two groups
注:SBP=收縮壓,DBP=舒張壓;1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa
脈壓運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組組別例數(shù)靜息SBP靜息DBP運(yùn)動(dòng)峰值SBP運(yùn)動(dòng)SBP增量運(yùn)動(dòng)峰值脈壓恢復(fù)期3 min SBP恢復(fù)期3 min 62 126±9 75±8 155±10 30±9 80±12 127±9 53±8運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組48 128±7 78±6 205±6 77±8 113±10 155±6 69±8 t 0.20 0.06<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01 0.82 1.56 31.29 27.99 15.03 19.53 11.09 P值值
表3 兩組CEPT指標(biāo)比較(±s)Table 3 Comparison of CEPT indexes between the two groups
表3 兩組CEPT指標(biāo)比較(±s)Table 3 Comparison of CEPT indexes between the two groups
注:VO2@AT=無氧閾攝氧量,VO2/kg@AT=無氧閾公斤攝氧量,METS@AT=無氧閾代謝當(dāng)量,Peak VO2=峰值攝氧量,Peak VO2/kg=峰值公斤攝氧量,Peak METS=峰值代謝當(dāng)量,Peak VO2/HR=峰值氧脈搏,VE/VCO2=二氧化碳通氣當(dāng)量
組別例數(shù)VO2@AT(m l/min)(ml·min-1·kg-1)METS@AT Peak VO2(ml/min)VO2/kg@AT(ml·min-1·kg-1)Peak METS Peak VO2/HR(ml·min-1·beat-1)VE/VCO Peak VO2/kg 2運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組62 0.95±0.13 14.41±0.89 4.49±0.62 1.41±0.2321.47±1.91 6.41±0.53 11.21±1.32 29.09±1.44運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組48 0.92±0.11 13.63±0.79 4.03±0.60 1.37±0.21 20.34±2.02 6.16±0.60 10.73±1.00 28.62±1.51 t 0.18<0.01<0.01 0.28<0.01 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.93 4.62 3.70 0.58 2.76 2.02 1.82 1.27 P值值
健康人運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中SBP隨運(yùn)動(dòng)量的增加而上升,而DBP無明顯變化或略下降。運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓過度升高,其相應(yīng)機(jī)制有:(1)神經(jīng)體液機(jī)制:運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)激活,交感神經(jīng)興奮性增強(qiáng),迷走神經(jīng)興奮性減弱,引起心肌收縮力增強(qiáng)、心排血量增加、心率增快、血壓增高。(2)內(nèi)皮功能損傷:運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓增高可能是由于內(nèi)皮功能受損,導(dǎo)致一氧化氮(NO)等血管舒張因子釋放減少,血管舒張功能受損,血管對增加的切應(yīng)力的反應(yīng)性舒張能力下降。(3)炎性反應(yīng):Jae等[10]研究顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)中SBP過度增高的男性外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)比運(yùn)動(dòng)中血壓正常反應(yīng)者更高,白細(xì)胞數(shù)量與運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓水平呈正相關(guān)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者CRP水平較運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常者高[11]。(4)膽固醇異常和胰島素抵抗:有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膽固醇水平和胰島素抵抗與運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓的升高有關(guān),而與靜息血壓無關(guān)[12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組CRP水平明顯高于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組,說明運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓異常升高可能與炎性因子有關(guān);兩組糖尿病史比例及血脂水平間無差異,說明并未發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓與血脂、血糖異常有關(guān)。而運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓與交感神經(jīng)活性及血管內(nèi)皮功能的關(guān)系還有待進(jìn)一步研究明確。
高血壓患者左心室收縮負(fù)荷加重,左心室舒張期延長,使左心室充盈壓增高,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力減退[13]。而靜息血壓正常,運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓反應(yīng)過高患者是否存在運(yùn)動(dòng)能力下降,尚罕見報(bào)道。本研究結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組在到達(dá)無氧閾時(shí),其VO2/kg及METS明顯低于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組;運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組極量運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)VO2/kg及METS也明顯低于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組,說明運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓反應(yīng)過高患者的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力明顯低于血壓反應(yīng)正常者。
高血壓由于長時(shí)間壓力負(fù)荷升高,導(dǎo)致心肌肥厚、纖維化,使心室的順應(yīng)性降低,導(dǎo)致左心室舒張功能障礙。LVMI是反映左心室向心性重構(gòu)的有效指標(biāo),與左心室舒張功能存在良好的相關(guān)性[13]。運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者運(yùn)動(dòng)中血壓過高,導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞肥大及間質(zhì)纖維化,引起心肌細(xì)胞舒張障礙,從而導(dǎo)致左心室肥厚及舒張功能不全。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組LVEF間并無差異,但運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組LVMI明顯高于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組。有研究顯示,左心室舒張功能不全的患者接受運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)后出現(xiàn)明顯運(yùn)動(dòng)后SBP過高以及運(yùn)動(dòng)能力減退[14]。這些說明運(yùn)動(dòng)后血壓過度升高可能與左心室舒張功能不全及心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)能力下降有關(guān)。
既往就運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓預(yù)后影響的研究結(jié)果并不一致,一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓與發(fā)展為高血壓有必然的聯(lián)系[15],而也有報(bào)道指出運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓并不是高血壓獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素[16]。但多項(xiàng)研究顯示對靜息血壓正常的運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓患者進(jìn)行藥物干預(yù),進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)挠醒踹\(yùn)動(dòng),能明顯提高對高血壓的預(yù)防作用[17-18]。本研究中運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組高血壓家族史比例明顯高于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組。高血壓屬于遺傳傾向較高疾病,這部分患者可能更易發(fā)展為高血壓,兩組血壓進(jìn)展情況及干預(yù)措施后的轉(zhuǎn)歸還有待進(jìn)一步研究。本研究中運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓組BMI也明顯高于運(yùn)動(dòng)血壓正常組。本研究提示對運(yùn)動(dòng)型高血壓人群進(jìn)行及早發(fā)現(xiàn)、控制,有益于改善心室舒張功能,提高運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受性,從而改善生活質(zhì)量,并且對預(yù)防高血壓的發(fā)生及心血管事件有重要作用。
作者貢獻(xiàn):徐佳負(fù)責(zé)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施,資料收集、統(tǒng)計(jì),以及撰寫論文并成文;何益平參與試驗(yàn)實(shí)施、質(zhì)量控制以及資料收集;郭航遠(yuǎn)對試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行總體指導(dǎo)以及審校。
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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Capacity of Patients W ith Exercise Hypertension
XU Jia,GUO Hang-yuan,HE Yiping.Department of Cardiology,Shaoxing People′s Hospital,Shaoxing 312000,China
ObjectiveTo evaluate the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity of patients with exercise hypertension.M ethodsFrom April 2014 to May 2015,110 patients with chest distress who received treatment in Shaoxing People′s Hospital were enrolled.Cardiopulmonary exercise test(CPET)was conducted on all the patients.According to blood pressure reactions,the patients were divided into two groups:exercise hypertension group(n=48)and non exercise hypertension group(n=62).Comparison wasmade between the two groups in blood pressure and CPET indexes.ResultsThe two groupswere not significantly different in gender,age,history of smoking,history of diabetes,TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C and LVEF(P>0.05);the exercise hypertension group was higher than non exercise hypertension group in BMI,the proportion of patientswith family history of hypertension,CRP level and LVMI(P<0.05).The two groupswere not significantly different in resting SBP and resting DBP(P>0.05);while exercise hypertension group was higher than non exercise hypertension group in exercise SBP,exercise SBP increase,exercise peak pulse pressure,3 min SBP during convalescence and 3 min pulse pressure during convalescence(P<0.05).The two groups were not significantly different in VO2@AT and Peak VO2(P>0.05);exercise hypertension group was lower than non exercise hypertension group in VO2/kg@AT,METS@AT,Peak VO2/kg,Peak METS,Peak VO2/HR and VE/VCO2(P<0.05).ConclusionExercise hypertension patients have worse exercise performance and cardiopulmonary reserve,which may be related with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction.
Hypertension;Exercise;Cardiopulmonary exercise test
R 544.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.07.010
2015-11-13;
2016-01-05)
(本文編輯:崔沙沙)
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徐佳,312000浙江省紹興市人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科;E-mai1:13587338809@163.com