歐興密 綜述 閆瑞玲 審校
超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者右心房功能研究進(jìn)展*
歐興密1綜述 閆瑞玲2審校
(1.甘肅中醫(yī)藥大學(xué), 甘肅 蘭州 730000 ;2. 蘭州軍區(qū)蘭州總醫(yī)院超聲科, 甘肅 蘭州 730050)
肺動(dòng)脈高壓可導(dǎo)致肺血管重構(gòu)、右心衰竭等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。升高的右房壓是肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者的一項(xiàng)確定的預(yù)后指標(biāo),然而肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者右心房所發(fā)生的功能改變鮮為人知。積極評(píng)估右心房的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能對(duì)肺動(dòng)脈高壓的監(jiān)測(cè)和預(yù)后至關(guān)重要。組織多普勒、實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖以及斑點(diǎn)追蹤成像等超聲新技術(shù)為臨床評(píng)價(jià)肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者右心房的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能提供便捷、可靠的信息,本文就超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者右心房功能研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
超聲心動(dòng)圖; 肺動(dòng)脈高壓; 右心房功能
肺動(dòng)脈高壓(Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, PAH)是一種嚴(yán)重的肺血管疾病,主要特征是肺血管阻力升高和心輸出量減低[1]。隨著疾病的進(jìn)展,將出現(xiàn)肺血管的重構(gòu)以及肺動(dòng)脈平滑肌細(xì)胞的凋亡或增殖,如果不及時(shí)治療將導(dǎo)致右心衰竭甚至死亡[2]。1973年首次提出的肺動(dòng)脈高壓分類(lèi),僅將其分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性?xún)深?lèi)。2008年在美國(guó)舉行的第四次肺動(dòng)脈高壓世界研討會(huì),修改了以前的分類(lèi),將其分為五個(gè)亞型[3]:①特發(fā)性或家族性PAH。②左心疾病所致PAH。③呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病所致PAH。④慢性血栓性栓塞所致PAH。⑤多種因子所致PAH。盡管PAH有著不同的類(lèi)型,其基礎(chǔ)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變是相似的。目前右心導(dǎo)管術(shù)是評(píng)估PAH的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),然而超聲心動(dòng)圖以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)在PAH的篩查、診斷和評(píng)估中扮演著不可或缺的重要角色[4]。
右心房的結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括右心耳、梳狀肌、界嵴、三個(gè)入口和一個(gè)出口,三個(gè)入口即上、下腔靜脈口和冠狀竇口,主要收集全身及心臟本身的靜脈回流,相當(dāng)于回心血流的儲(chǔ)存庫(kù),起著存儲(chǔ)功能;正常情況下右心房唯一的一個(gè)出口即右房室口,右心室舒張期血液經(jīng)右心房從三尖瓣口入右心室,此時(shí)右心房充當(dāng)著管道的角色,而管道功能和右室的舒張?zhí)匦韵⑾⑾嚓P(guān)。右心室舒張?jiān)缙谛氖业某溆饕坑倚氖业某槲饔脕?lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),而到了末期,則主要取決于右心房的主動(dòng)收縮,即右心房的輔助泵功能。右心房的主動(dòng)收縮功能,反映了右心房的前負(fù)荷、后負(fù)荷和收縮能力,在維持正常的心臟功能中起著重要作用[5]。Mehmet 等人的研究表明,心房?jī)?nèi)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變與心耳收縮功能也是息息相關(guān)的[6]。此外,右心房的大小及順應(yīng)性,右室的僵硬度亦影響著右心房的功能[7]。
2.1 M型及二維超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)PAH患者右房功能的評(píng)價(jià) M型超聲心動(dòng)圖(M-mode echocardiograp--hy,MME)的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)是能夠精確的定位時(shí)間和距離,其對(duì)局部結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的方向、時(shí)間、幅度、速率以及心功能的測(cè)定是二維超聲所無(wú)法取代的。其特有的距離敏感性使得M型超聲可用于房室腔的大小測(cè)量 ,當(dāng)右心房增大時(shí),該測(cè)量值具有一定的意義。由于只有當(dāng)取樣線(xiàn)和心內(nèi)膜垂直時(shí),測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)才準(zhǔn)確,而傳統(tǒng)的M型超聲受取樣線(xiàn)的限制,不能任意旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,因此,多年來(lái)該方法主要局限于心室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究。解剖M型超聲心動(dòng)圖的問(wèn)世克服了取樣線(xiàn)的角度依賴(lài)性,可360度旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,極大地?cái)U(kuò)展了探查范圍,使其對(duì)心房運(yùn)動(dòng)的評(píng)價(jià)更為精確。計(jì)曉涓等應(yīng)用解剖型M型超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)30名健康兒童的心房功能進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果顯示左、右心房壁運(yùn)動(dòng)均為舒張期向心腔內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng),收縮期離心運(yùn)動(dòng),與二維超聲觀(guān)察一致;房間隔于舒張期向左心房腔運(yùn)動(dòng),與左心房壁運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相反,而與右心房壁運(yùn)動(dòng)方向一致,表明房間隔參與左房的泵血作用;左、右心房頂部收縮不明顯,與心房收縮作用的相關(guān)性極小[8]。近年由福州大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程研究所研制的全方位M型超聲心動(dòng)圖保留了傳統(tǒng)和解剖M型超聲心動(dòng)圖的優(yōu)點(diǎn),克服其取樣線(xiàn)角度及數(shù)量的限制,可同時(shí)對(duì)同一平面不同節(jié)段的室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行分析,具有同平面、多點(diǎn)顯像的優(yōu)勢(shì)[9,10]。
二維超聲心動(dòng)圖(Two Dimensional Echocardiography, 2DE)在房室腔大小,室壁及房、室間隔的厚度,大血管管徑的測(cè)量方面已經(jīng)應(yīng)用得相當(dāng)成熟,2DE還能較為直觀(guān)地觀(guān)察室壁各階段的運(yùn)動(dòng),結(jié)合MME可半定量地評(píng)價(jià)室壁的運(yùn)動(dòng),不過(guò)此方法要求操作者要有較為扎實(shí)的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Jaarsma C等人的研究表明,2DE診斷急性心肌梗死(AMI)和慢性心肌梗死(CMI)的敏感性分別為78.7%和61.3%,特異性為80.6%[11]。2DE主要用于評(píng)價(jià)PAH患者右心房結(jié)構(gòu)及大血管管徑的變化。
2.2 彩色和頻譜多普勒對(duì)PAH患者右房功能的評(píng)價(jià) 彩色多普勒能夠直觀(guān)地觀(guān)察心臟及其與之相連血管的血流情況,結(jié)合頻譜多普勒,能夠?qū)Χ⑷獍?,主?dòng)脈瓣及大血管內(nèi)的血流速度、方向以及有無(wú)異常血流進(jìn)行定量描述,是評(píng)價(jià)瓣膜返流、肺動(dòng)脈高壓、血管狹窄等問(wèn)題的常用方法[12]。瓣膜返流壓差估測(cè)法是目前估測(cè)肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓(pulmonary arterial systolic pressure,PASP)最常用的方法,有研究表明,瓣膜壓差估測(cè)法與右心導(dǎo)管法估測(cè)的PASP有較好的相關(guān)性[13]。
2.3 實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖(Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiograp,RT3DE) 實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖(RT3DE)是近幾年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一門(mén)新技術(shù),不用對(duì)房室腔進(jìn)行幾何模型的假設(shè),能夠動(dòng)態(tài)地顯示心腔的立體空間結(jié)構(gòu),直觀(guān)地了解心臟解剖和運(yùn)動(dòng)[14]。Li Y等分別采用 2DE、RT3DE 以及心臟磁共振對(duì)PAH患者的右心功能進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),應(yīng)用RT3DE測(cè)量的PAH患者的右室舒張末和收縮末容積與心臟磁共振測(cè)值相關(guān)性很大[15]。Vander Zwaan HB等的研究指出,RT3DE能夠?qū)τ倚娜莘e及射血分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行快速且可重復(fù)的評(píng)估[16]。RT3DE能夠更準(zhǔn)確地測(cè)量右心房收縮末和舒張末的容積,相比傳統(tǒng)的辛普森法,能更好地計(jì)算右心房射血分?jǐn)?shù)(RAEF),有研究報(bào)道,輕-中度PAH患者其RAEF增強(qiáng),重度PAH患者其RAEF降低,且右房?jī)?chǔ)存功能與心臟指數(shù)和6分鐘步行實(shí)驗(yàn)密切相關(guān)[17]。
2.4 組織多普勒成像(Doppler Tissue Imaging,DTI)及其衍生技術(shù) 組織多普勒成像(DTI)在分析室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)方面有著獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),通過(guò)測(cè)量組織速度、應(yīng)變和應(yīng)變率,定量的評(píng)價(jià)心臟整體、局部的收縮功能和異常舒張,是測(cè)量心肌形變的經(jīng)典方法[18,19]。DTI的檢測(cè)對(duì)象不是血流紅細(xì)胞,通過(guò)降低總增益及使用低通濾波器的方法,濾除血流運(yùn)動(dòng)的高頻低振幅信號(hào),從而獲取其檢測(cè)對(duì)象心肌組織運(yùn)動(dòng)的低頻高振幅信號(hào)[20]。DTI 是探測(cè)PAH和右心功能紊亂的一種快速、非侵入性的方法。該技術(shù)以無(wú)創(chuàng)性、不受角度依賴(lài)及可重復(fù)性高的特征,為臨床心功能的評(píng)估提供較大的診斷價(jià)值[21,22]。Utsunomiya等得出結(jié)論,三尖瓣E/Ea比值能夠較為可靠地評(píng)估PAH患者的右室充盈壓并預(yù)測(cè)該類(lèi)人群心血管事件的發(fā)生[23]。
DTI 發(fā)展至今產(chǎn)生了多種衍生技術(shù),如多普勒組織頻譜圖(Doppleer Tissue Pulse Wve,DT-PW)、組織追蹤顯像(Tissue Tracking Imageing,TTI)、組織同步顯像(Tissue Synchronization Imaging,TSI)、組織多普勒的加速度模式(Tissue Doppler Acceleration Mode,DTAM)、心肌速度梯度(Myocardial Velocity Gradient,MVG)、應(yīng)變(Strain,S)及應(yīng)變率(Strain Rate,SR)等。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DTI 計(jì)算顯示的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度與實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)K的真實(shí)速度高度相關(guān)[24]。正常人心尖四腔心切面 DTI 曲線(xiàn)規(guī)則有序,等容收縮期、心室射血期出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)正向波,等容舒張期、快速充盈期、心房收縮期出現(xiàn)三個(gè)負(fù)向波,并且從基底段至心尖段峰值速度呈現(xiàn)逐漸遞減的趨勢(shì)[25]。
2.5 斑點(diǎn)追蹤成像技術(shù)(Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, STE) 二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤成像技術(shù)(two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography,2D-STE)是把心肌回聲根據(jù)其灰階的差異分為若干個(gè)小點(diǎn),通過(guò)分析不同斑點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,反映心肌的做功情況。應(yīng)變(Strain,S)和應(yīng)變率(Strain Rate,SR)是其主要參數(shù),分別反映心肌發(fā)生形變的程度和速度。已有研究表明,2D-STE可定量評(píng)價(jià)左心房的整體和節(jié)段性功能[26]。而左心房和右心房有著相似的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能[27],2D-STE同樣也適用于右心房的功能評(píng)價(jià)[28]??紤]其對(duì)心臟病變的早期診斷和預(yù)測(cè),STE是心臟力學(xué)評(píng)估非常有前景的一種方法,該方法能夠幫助我們更深一步地去理解一些復(fù)雜心臟疾病的細(xì)胞學(xué)及病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制,且其評(píng)價(jià)心房功能的參數(shù)較傳統(tǒng)參數(shù)更敏感,更準(zhǔn)確[29,30]。
右心房在右心室功能障礙時(shí)對(duì)維持右心室充盈起著重要作用,長(zhǎng)期的壓力和容量負(fù)荷超標(biāo)致使右心房的大小、心房肌的厚度以及心房的運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生改變,其中右心房的大小可以直觀(guān)地反映PAH患者的預(yù)后情況[31]。Sato T等研究顯示,右心房容積、儲(chǔ)存功能以及RAEF可作為前毛細(xì)血管肺動(dòng)脈高壓的新的預(yù)測(cè)因子[32]。PAH患者的Tai指數(shù)增高,且與PAH的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),提示右心室功能隨著PAH癥狀的加重而減低[33,34]。隨著PAH患者右心室結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變,右心房的功能也出現(xiàn)了一些變化。右心房被動(dòng)排空容積(RAVp)、右房被動(dòng)排空分?jǐn)?shù)(RAVpEF)、舒張?jiān)缙谟曳颗趴账俾史逯?dv/dtE)代表右心房管道功能,出現(xiàn)肺動(dòng)脈高壓時(shí),這些指標(biāo)減低,提示右心室舒張功能減低;充盈壓升高將會(huì)影響右心房的血液流入右心室,此時(shí)右心房?jī)?chǔ)存器功能及助力泵功能增加,表現(xiàn)為右房總排空容積(RAVt)、收縮期右房充盈速率(dv/dtS)、右房主動(dòng)排空容積(RAVa)、舒張晚期右房排空速率峰值(dv/dtA)增大[35]。
三維斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)(Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography,3D-STE)是在實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖(RT3DE)和二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)(2D-STE)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的,用二者各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)互補(bǔ)了彼此的缺陷,使心肌斑點(diǎn)回聲信號(hào)的追蹤更加客觀(guān)、精確,實(shí)現(xiàn)了三維心臟解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的空間定位,是RT3DE和2D-STE的完美結(jié)合。三維斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)較二維增加了面積應(yīng)變和三維立體應(yīng)變等新技術(shù)。Kleijn SA等研究指出,面積應(yīng)變將取代目前的超聲標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因其對(duì)局部室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)異常的敏感性好,能夠更好地評(píng)價(jià)局部與整體心臟功能[36]。Saha SK等的研究結(jié)果顯示,右房肌斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)能夠產(chǎn)生特征性的應(yīng)變(S)和應(yīng)變率(SR)曲線(xiàn),清晰地描述右心房的儲(chǔ)存功能(RA-RS%)、管道功能(RA-SR E)及助力泵功能(RA-SR A)[37]。肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者,RA-RS%與肺血管阻力(PVR)呈負(fù)相關(guān),與心搏量和心輸出量呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05);右心導(dǎo)管術(shù)獲得的右房壓(RAP)和RA-SR E與肺動(dòng)脈高壓的WHO功能分級(jí)密切相關(guān)。
盡管右心導(dǎo)管術(shù)被認(rèn)為是PAH診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖以其廉價(jià)、可重復(fù)且無(wú)創(chuàng)的特點(diǎn)備受臨床青睞,是監(jiān)測(cè)PAH尤其是心臟功能非常有用的一種方法[38,39]。超聲技術(shù)也存在不足,二維超聲對(duì)心內(nèi)膜面的顯示不完整,對(duì)房室腔各節(jié)段運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的觀(guān)察欠佳,且易受檢查手法、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、圖像質(zhì)量等因素的影響,主觀(guān)依賴(lài)性較大,具有一定局限性。 RT-3DE對(duì)左室心內(nèi)膜的顯示依賴(lài)于良好的二維圖像、較好的透聲窗,對(duì)于肺氣腫、胸壁透聲情況差、心臟明細(xì)增大的患者 RT-3DE 的應(yīng)用及準(zhǔn)確性受到一定的限制。DTI在測(cè)量心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)速度方面有一定優(yōu)越性,且有較好的時(shí)間分辨力,檢查較方便,還可聯(lián)機(jī)顯示心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)速度。
目前核磁共振、核素顯像及右心導(dǎo)管術(shù)等可用于評(píng)價(jià)心臟功能,由于以上技術(shù)存在價(jià)格昂貴、同位素福射或有創(chuàng)性檢查的局限性,臨床應(yīng)用受到一定的限制。超聲心動(dòng)圖作為評(píng)價(jià)心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能最常用的技術(shù),具有操作簡(jiǎn)便、無(wú)創(chuàng)、安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、可重復(fù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。由于目前對(duì)右房的研究尚少,超聲心動(dòng)圖的各項(xiàng)參數(shù)指標(biāo)基本都是以左室為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)置的,對(duì)心房結(jié)構(gòu)及功能評(píng)價(jià)尚缺乏明確的參數(shù)指標(biāo)。隨著超聲醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展,相信先進(jìn)技術(shù)會(huì)對(duì)右房功能做出更廣泛、更全面、更精確的評(píng)價(jià)[40]。
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Assessment of right atrial function in patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension by new technology of echocardiography
OU Xingmi1reviewingYAN Ruiling2checking
(1.GansuUniversityofChineseMedicine,Lanzhou730000,China;2.DepartmentofEcocardiography,LanzhouGeneralHospitalofLanzhouMilitaryCommand,Lanzhou730050,China)
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can lead to serious complication such as pulmonary vascular remodeling, right heart failure. Elevated right atrial (RA) pressure is an established prognostic measure in PAH. However, little is known about perturbations in RA function in PAH. It is very important for the remodeling and prognosis of PAH to assess the structure and function of RA actively. New technology of Echocardiography, such as Real-Time Doppler Tissue Imaging, Three Dimensional Echocardiography and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, provide convenient and reliable message for the assessment of right atrial struction and function in patient with PAH.
Echocardiography; Pulmonary arterial hypertension; Right atrial function
蘭州軍區(qū)衛(wèi)生科研面上項(xiàng)目(CLZ11JA03)
閆瑞玲,主任醫(yī)師,本刊編委,E-mail:1217949187@qq.com
R 445.1; R 543.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-3511.2016.03.039
2015-11-16; 編輯:陳舟貴)