6GnRHa與卵巢功能保護
目前有以下幾種方法保護女性腫瘤患者的生育功能:胚胎凍存、卵母細胞凍存、卵巢組織凍存、卵巢移位、卵巢移植、藥物應(yīng)用等。其中胚胎冷凍適合于有配偶的女性,卵母細胞冷凍適合于無配偶的年輕女性,而卵巢組織凍存是青春期前患者的唯一選擇并適用于各種年齡階段的患者。但所有這些技術(shù)都較復(fù)雜,花費較大,且面臨倫理學問題。因此,通過藥物治療降低化療藥物對生育功能的影響越來越受到關(guān)注。以下主要介紹GnRHa保護卵巢功能的研究進展。
GnRHa保護卵巢功能不像胚胎移植需要患者有配偶,而且使用方便、經(jīng)濟、無損傷,且不需要因為促排卵而延誤化療時間[19]。但是目前關(guān)于GnRHa對化療中卵巢的保護作用仍存爭議。Wong等[20]描述性分析了125例接受戈舍瑞林治療的早期乳腺癌患者月經(jīng)和生育情況認為,GnRHa對閉經(jīng)和妊娠都是有益的。但需要更進一步的隨機對照研究。84%的患者在6個月恢復(fù)月經(jīng),其中76%是年齡大于35歲的患者。42例患者有生育要求,30例嘗試妊娠,共妊娠42次,30例成功分娩。GnRHa保護作用的可能機制有:①抑制FSH分泌,阻斷卵泡凋亡;②造成體內(nèi)低雌激素環(huán)境,減少卵巢血供;③直接與卵巢上的GnRH受體結(jié)合發(fā)揮保護作用;④上調(diào)卵巢S1P水平;⑤誘導卵巢內(nèi)一種未分化的生殖干細胞分化成原始卵泡細胞。
但Elgindy等[21]在一項系統(tǒng)評價和Meta分析中納入10項研究,共計907例患者。GnRHa在月經(jīng)恢復(fù)或預(yù)防卵巢功能早衰方面沒有優(yōu)勢,GnRHa的卵巢功能恢復(fù)率為68.4%(320/468),無GnRHa組卵巢功能恢復(fù)率為59.9%(263/439);在卵巢功能相關(guān)指標方面,如FSH、竇前卵泡數(shù)、AMH等,是否使用GnRHa差異無統(tǒng)計學意義;自然妊娠率也無增加。因此認為GnRHa對性腺功能無保護價值,其不是卵巢功能保護的可靠方式。而在霍奇金病中研究結(jié)果也不一致[22]。2006年美國臨床腫瘤學會(ASCO)發(fā)表了第1部保留腫瘤患者生育功能診治的臨床指南,2013年ASCO頒布的最新指南總體推薦原則未變,也認為GnRHa尚處于爭議階段,只能作為臨床試驗進一步研究,不能作為保護卵巢功能的方法推薦[23]。
化療造成的卵巢功能損害是不可忽視的,腫瘤醫(yī)師應(yīng)該充分告知患者化療的目的和作用,以及潛在的卵巢損傷。若其有保留生育功能的意愿,應(yīng)同生殖專家一起在腫瘤治療之前制定相應(yīng)的卵巢功能保護方案,并在治療過程中給予精神和相關(guān)臨床知識的指導。臨床腫瘤醫(yī)師在面對腫瘤患者時不僅應(yīng)關(guān)注腫瘤的治療問題,還應(yīng)對生育問題有興趣的患者主動提供相關(guān)的指導意見。
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[本文編輯王琳]
2016-01-18)