周夕敏
高考英語(yǔ)試題詞匯量的加大,對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀能力有了更高的要求。在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,應(yīng)該更重視對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。如何在教學(xué)中指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和掌握閱讀技巧,幫助他們掃除閱讀過(guò)程中的障礙呢?當(dāng)然,有效提高閱讀能力的策略有很多種,下面筆者重點(diǎn)介紹兩種方法。在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,這兩種方法可以使學(xué)生的閱讀更具準(zhǔn)確性,是行之有效的閱讀策略。
只有正確理解閱讀題出題人的出題目的,才能準(zhǔn)確地找到問(wèn)題的答案。實(shí)際上,閱讀過(guò)程是讀者根據(jù)自己的需要和作者進(jìn)行交流的過(guò)程。學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)需要不斷地進(jìn)行猜測(cè)、取舍,隨著閱讀的深入,學(xué)生需要利用上下文線索、邏輯推理、文化背景等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷,找到正確的答案。下面我們通過(guò)實(shí)例來(lái)分析兩種有效的做題方法。
第一,我們要了解文章的體裁,掌握各種體裁文章的寫作手法,以便在閱讀時(shí)對(duì)文章有整體的把握。一般情況下,英語(yǔ)文章的主題句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在首段或尾段,段落的主題句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在文章的段首或段尾,有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落中間。首段或尾段一般會(huì)是總結(jié)性或概括性的陳述,經(jīng)常會(huì)得出某種結(jié)論或提出某項(xiàng)建議。掌握了這個(gè)規(guī)律,我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)就可以很容易地找到問(wèn)題的答案。
例1:Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle,twinkle,little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
Q:Whats the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D.Stories for children are easy to remember.
解析:根據(jù)本段的第一句話可知:文章講的是成年人經(jīng)常驚嘆他們能夠很好地記住兒時(shí)學(xué)過(guò)的東西。C、D兩項(xiàng)都是以偏概全,斷章取義。答案A
我們?cè)陂喿x過(guò)程中可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中提到幾點(diǎn),在一個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中卻只出現(xiàn)其中一種或兩種情況,這種干擾項(xiàng)通常是以偏概全、以部分代替整體。教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生抓住文章中的高頻詞匯或關(guān)鍵詞,分析每一段落都圍繞什么進(jìn)行寫作,對(duì)全文內(nèi)容及作者意圖、態(tài)度、立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)、主旨等全面理解,從而掌握篇章的主題思想。
第二,在閱讀過(guò)程中,我們經(jīng)常遇到猜詞現(xiàn)象。學(xué)生在做題過(guò)程中對(duì)閱讀理解題的推理判斷題常會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤,就是善于使用個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行判斷,而不是根據(jù)作者的真正意圖。猜詞題的設(shè)置主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)文中的關(guān)鍵詞、短語(yǔ)或句子在特定語(yǔ)境下所表達(dá)的含義或其他使用目的的理解能力。
例2:CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up.It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite,the doctor doesnt overreact,which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.So when Im in the operating room,I ask for ideas and help from others.Sometimes theyre not willing to speak up.But I hope that if I continue to encourage them,someday someone will keep me from “l(fā)anding gear up”.
Q:In the last paragraph “l(fā)anding gear up” probably means ?搖?搖 ?搖?搖.
A.following flying requirements B.overreacting to different opinions
C.listening to what fellow doctors say D.making a mistake that may cost lives:
解析:根據(jù)文章最后三句話可知,“l(fā)anding gear up”借指所犯的可能會(huì)以生命為代價(jià)的錯(cuò)誤。答案D。
猜測(cè)并不是無(wú)邊際地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行自己的臆測(cè),而是要求學(xué)生能夠調(diào)動(dòng)自己的所學(xué)知識(shí),根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。解答這類題必須結(jié)合上下文提供的各種線索,找出句與句之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。
在閱讀過(guò)程中,教會(huì)學(xué)生積累正確有效的做題方法,是提高閱讀有效性的關(guān)鍵。首先對(duì)文章的體裁有個(gè)明確的了解,根據(jù)不同體裁的寫作規(guī)律,找到正確的閱讀方法。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確的猜詞方法,養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,對(duì)閱讀理解的提高會(huì)起到事半功倍的作用。