羅和生 任海霞張法燦 梁列新 張 國(guó)
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科1(430060) 廣西壯族自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科2
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腸易激綜合征臨床診斷的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物
羅和生1任海霞1張法燦2*梁列新2張 國(guó)2
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科1(430060) 廣西壯族自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科2
腸易激綜合征(IBS)是一種以腹痛或腹部不適,伴排便習(xí)慣或糞便性狀改變?yōu)橹饕R床特征的功能性腸病。IBS 的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,使診斷存在一定困難。目前IBS的診斷主要是基于臨床癥狀,易漏診、誤診。隨著基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究的深入,一些潛在的IBS相關(guān)生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物受到廣泛關(guān)注。本文就IBS臨床診斷的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物作一綜述。
腸易激綜合征; 診斷, 鑒別; 生物學(xué)標(biāo)記; 內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)是一種以腹痛或腹部不適,伴排便習(xí)慣或糞便性狀改變?yōu)橹饕R床特征的功能性腸病。由于IBS的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,且臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,使診斷存在一定困難。目前IBS的診斷主要是基于臨床癥狀,因此診斷存在主觀性,易漏診、誤診。隨著基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究的深入,一些潛在的IBS相關(guān)生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物受到廣泛關(guān)注,以期尋找客觀指標(biāo)輔助IBS診斷。盡管腸動(dòng)力學(xué)、糞便性狀、自主神經(jīng)反應(yīng)性、糞便胰蛋白酶水平等曾被作為IBS的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)記,但此類指標(biāo)診斷IBS的價(jià)值有限。近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)了諸多與IBS發(fā)病機(jī)制密切相關(guān)的分子,其中一部分可能具有潛在診斷價(jià)值,本文就IBS臨床診斷的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物作一綜述。
腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(ENS)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能相對(duì)獨(dú)立,對(duì)胃腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)、分泌等功能具有調(diào)控作用,對(duì)胃腸道正常生理功能的維持具有重要意義??笻u抗體亦稱為Ⅰ型神經(jīng)元抗核抗體,其抗原蛋白在ENS神經(jīng)元的胞質(zhì)和胞核中均有分布。研究顯示,IBS患者血清抗Hu抗體陽(yáng)性率高達(dá)79%,顯著高于健康人群,且抗Hu抗體陽(yáng)性患者多存在胃腸動(dòng)力異常[1-2]。de Giorgio等[3-4]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抗Hu抗體可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元自噬、凋亡,進(jìn)而引起肌間神經(jīng)元損傷。推測(cè)抗Hu抗體可能通過(guò)損傷ENS參與IBS發(fā)病。目前關(guān)于抗Hu抗體的研究樣本量相對(duì)較小,其診斷IBS的有效性有待證實(shí)。
目前IBS的診斷尚缺乏單一的血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物。Lembo等[5]從140項(xiàng)血清生化指標(biāo)中篩選出10項(xiàng)可用于鑒別IBS與非IBS人群的血清學(xué)標(biāo)記物,其中包括白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β、生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)致癌基因(GRO)-α、腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)、抗釀酒酵母菌抗體、抗鞭毛蛋白抗體、抗組織谷氨酰胺轉(zhuǎn)移酶抗體等,該組指標(biāo)鑒別IBS與健康人群的特異性高達(dá)88%,總體準(zhǔn)確性約為70%。Jones等[6]在此基礎(chǔ)上新增了24項(xiàng)指標(biāo),包括前列腺素E2(PGE2)、類胰蛋白酶、5-羥色胺、P物質(zhì)、IL-12、IL-10、IL-6、IL-8等,此外該研究還考慮了心理因素,如情緒、壓力、胃腸道外軀體化癥狀等對(duì)疾病的影響,這項(xiàng)聯(lián)合34項(xiàng)生物學(xué)指標(biāo)以及心理因素的診斷方案使鑒別IBS與非IBS的敏感性和特異性均顯著提高,總體準(zhǔn)確性大于85%,且可用于鑒別IBS的不同亞型。然而,該診斷方案存在不足之處,其未能證實(shí)心理因素與IBS的直接聯(lián)系以及其在鑒別IBS不同亞型中的作用。此外,如何組合標(biāo)記物使診斷達(dá)到最大效應(yīng)仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
胃腸道內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞在IBS的內(nèi)臟高敏感、胃腸道動(dòng)力異常以及內(nèi)分泌異常的病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。研究[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),IBS患者腸黏膜中的內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞種類和數(shù)量均明顯減少,可能與干細(xì)胞分化異常有關(guān)。
1. 生長(zhǎng)激素釋放肽分泌細(xì)胞:IBS患者胃腸道內(nèi)存在多種內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞異常,其中生長(zhǎng)激素釋放肽分泌細(xì)胞頗受關(guān)注。生長(zhǎng)激素釋放肽是胃黏膜產(chǎn)酸細(xì)胞分泌的一種多肽類激素,可加速胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)。研究[8]顯示,便秘型IBS(IBS-C)患者胃竇黏膜分泌生長(zhǎng)激素釋放肽的細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,而腹瀉型IBS(IBS-D)患者胃黏膜中該細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增多,推測(cè)生長(zhǎng)激素釋放肽分泌細(xì)胞有助于IBS亞型的鑒別診斷。
2. 酪酪肽(PYY)、生長(zhǎng)抑素分泌細(xì)胞:PYY、生長(zhǎng)抑素分泌細(xì)胞廣泛分布于胃腸道黏膜組織。El-Salhy等[9-10]的研究顯示,IBS患者直腸PYY分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少,而生長(zhǎng)抑素分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增多。臨床上,IBS常需與炎癥性腸病(IBD)、乳糜瀉、結(jié)直腸癌等鑒別。研究[11-14]顯示,潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、結(jié)直腸癌、淋巴細(xì)胞性結(jié)腸炎患者的PYY分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量無(wú)明顯改變,而IBS患者的PYY分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著減少,提示PYY分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量可能有助于IBS的鑒別診斷。與健康志愿者相比,淋巴細(xì)胞性結(jié)腸炎、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者腸黏膜生長(zhǎng)抑素分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量無(wú)明顯變化,而IBS患者該細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多。然而,IBS患者的血清PYY、生長(zhǎng)抑素水平與正常對(duì)照者相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[15],提示血清PYY和生長(zhǎng)抑素水平不能作為診斷IBS的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,但腸黏膜PYY和生長(zhǎng)抑素分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量可用于鑒別IBS與其他胃腸道疾病。
3. 嗜鉻粒蛋白A(CgA)分泌細(xì)胞:El-Salhy等[16]對(duì)203例IBS患者和86名健康志愿者的十二指腸黏膜組織行免疫組化檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示IBS組CgA分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯低于正常對(duì)照組,ROC分析顯示CgA分泌細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)診斷IBS的總體敏感性和特異性分別為89%和88%,鑒別診斷IBS各亞型的敏感性和特異性分別為:IBS-D 84%和88%,混合型IBS (IBS-M)77%和88%,IBS-C 92%和88%。盡管Sidhu等[17]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS患者血清CgA水平高于正常人,但El-Salhy等[18]認(rèn)為IBS患者血清CgA水平對(duì)診斷IBS并無(wú)實(shí)際意義。綜上所述,十二指腸黏膜組織中的CgA分泌細(xì)胞數(shù)量可作為診斷IBS的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,而血清CgA水平對(duì)診斷IBS的意義有限。
近年研究表明,低度炎癥在IBS特別是感染后IBS(PI-IBS)的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用。持續(xù)低度炎癥可破壞腸黏膜上皮屏障,增加其通透性,并引起抗原過(guò)度暴露、腸黏膜刷狀緣缺失,從而激活腸道免疫系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致炎癥細(xì)胞趨化以及免疫細(xì)胞激活、增殖和功能異常,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生一系列胃腸道癥狀[19]。上述過(guò)程中,中性粒細(xì)胞發(fā)揮重要作用,因此部分中性粒細(xì)胞相關(guān)炎性因子有望成為診斷IBS的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。
1. 糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白:鈣衛(wèi)蛋白是S100蛋白家族中的一種鈣、鋅結(jié)合蛋白,主要來(lái)源于中性粒細(xì)胞,當(dāng)腸道發(fā)生炎癥時(shí)釋放入腸腔,可反映腸道內(nèi)中性粒細(xì)胞的遷移,是一種非侵入性炎性標(biāo)記物。IBS患者糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白含量明顯低于IBD患者,伴有IBS樣癥狀的緩解期IBD患者糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白含量亦高于單純IBS,其鑒別IBS與IBD的敏感性為86%,特異性為96%[20-21]。Tibble等[22]的研究顯示,糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白診斷腸道器質(zhì)性疾病的敏感性為89%,特異性為79%;羅馬Ⅲ功能性胃腸病調(diào)查問(wèn)卷診斷IBS的敏感性和特異性分別為85%和71%,兩者結(jié)合可使診斷IBS的準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)到100%。因此,糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白有望作為IBS與IBD鑒別診斷的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,但尚需大規(guī)模臨床研究加以驗(yàn)證。
2. 糞乳鐵蛋白:乳鐵蛋白是一種多功能鐵結(jié)合蛋白,腸道發(fā)生炎癥時(shí)分泌增多,可作為中性粒細(xì)胞脫顆粒的反應(yīng)的標(biāo)記物。Sugi等[23]的研究顯示,與中性粒細(xì)胞脫顆粒的其他蛋白分子相比,糞乳鐵蛋白對(duì)鑒別IBS與IBD最有意義。糞乳鐵蛋白可反映不足以引起CRP、ESR升高的腸黏膜炎癥,避免將早期表現(xiàn)為IBS樣癥狀的IBD診斷為IBS,從而降低誤診率[24-25]。有研究[26]表明非活動(dòng)期IBD患者的糞乳鐵蛋白水平較IBS患者升高。一項(xiàng)meta分析顯示,糞乳鐵蛋白鑒別IBS與IBD的平均敏感性為78%,特異性為94%[27]。然而,乳鐵蛋白不具有器官特異性,黏膜上皮細(xì)胞亦可產(chǎn)生非炎癥來(lái)源的乳鐵蛋白,從而導(dǎo)致診斷效率降低。
3. 糞中性粒細(xì)胞彈性蛋白酶(NE):NE由活化的中性粒細(xì)胞釋放,是一個(gè)反映炎癥的指標(biāo)。Silberer等[28]的研究表明,IBS患者的NE水平在正常范圍內(nèi),單一檢測(cè)NE水平不能作為診斷IBS的有效指標(biāo),但NE與鈣衛(wèi)蛋白、乳鐵蛋白聯(lián)合檢測(cè)可鑒別IBS與IBD,具有較高的敏感性和特異性。研究[29-30]顯示乳鐵蛋白、鈣衛(wèi)蛋白、NE單獨(dú)檢測(cè)鑒別IBD與IBS的準(zhǔn)確性分別為83.3%、87.0%和81.5%,三者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)并結(jié)合CRP可使診斷準(zhǔn)確性提高至95.3%。此外,三者聯(lián)合檢測(cè)亦可鑒別慢性IBD與IBS以及活動(dòng)性IBS與非活動(dòng)性IBS。然而,上述研究的樣本量較小,其結(jié)論需大樣本研究加以驗(yàn)證。
4. 糞丙酮酸激酶-M2(M2-PK):M2-PK是一種多功能蛋白,可通過(guò)多種非糖酵解途徑影響細(xì)胞生理功能,其表達(dá)水平與糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白顯著相關(guān),可作為鑒別IBS與IBD的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,鑒別診斷的臨界值為3.7 U/mL[31-32]。Jeffery等[33]的研究指出,M2-PK鑒別器質(zhì)性腸病與功能性腸病的敏感性和特異性分別為67%和88%,與糞乳鐵蛋白、糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白相比,M2-PK具有更好的結(jié)構(gòu)效度和預(yù)測(cè)效度,但其敏感性和特異性較差。
5. 糞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9):MMP是一類鈣離子和鋅離子依賴的內(nèi)肽酶,具有介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)降解、組織重塑、促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、調(diào)節(jié)宿主防御反應(yīng)等功能。MMP-9主要由中性粒細(xì)胞分泌,其水平與糞鈣衛(wèi)蛋白呈正相關(guān)[34]。Annaházi等[35]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與IBD患者相比,IBS患者和正常人糞便中MMP-9含量明顯降低。MMP-9鑒別IBS與IBD的臨界值為0.245 ng/mL,敏感性和特異性分別為85%和100%。目前相關(guān)研究的樣本量均較小,其應(yīng)用價(jià)值有待后期行大樣本研究加以明確。
6. 糞人β-防御素-2(HBD-2):HBD-2是人體中第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的可誘導(dǎo)性表達(dá)的防御素,主要來(lái)源于皮膚角質(zhì)細(xì)胞、黏膜上皮細(xì)胞,在皮膚、黏膜的固有免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。HBD-2在腸道組織中的產(chǎn)生依賴于腸道微生物活動(dòng),且不表達(dá)于正常結(jié)腸組織中[36]。盡管IBS患者腸道組織在內(nèi)鏡下無(wú)炎癥表現(xiàn),但糞便中HBD-2含量顯著高于健康志愿者,提示IBS患者腸黏膜組織存在炎癥反應(yīng)[37]。然而,HBD-2是否可作為診斷IBS的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
由于IBS的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,確診需行排除性檢查,增加了患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)以及軀體痛苦,因此亟待尋找有效的特異性生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物用于診斷。除上文所述指標(biāo)外,血清炎性因子如IL-9、神經(jīng)激肽受體1(NK-1R)、血清皮質(zhì)醇等亦受到廣泛關(guān)注[38],此外有學(xué)者提出蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)分析對(duì)尋找診斷IBS的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物具有重要價(jià)值[39],但該項(xiàng)技術(shù)目前仍在研究中。未來(lái)隨著診斷技術(shù)的發(fā)展,將會(huì)有特異而有效的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物應(yīng)用于IBS的臨床診斷。
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(2015-12-27收稿;2016-01-07修回)
Potential Biomarkers for Clinical Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
LUOHesheng1,RENHaixia1,ZHANGFacan2,LIANGLiexin2,ZHANGGuo2.
1DepartmentofGastroenterology,RenminHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan(430060);2DepartmentofGastroenterology,thePeople’sHospitalofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,Nanning
ZHANG Facan, Email: zhangfacan@126.com
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional intestinal disease with the main clinical manifestations of abdominal pain/discomfort and changes of bowel habit and fecal character. The etiology and pathogenic mechanism of IBS are not fully clarified, which makes difficulties in the diagnosis. Currently, the diagnosis of IBS is mainly based on clinical symptoms, and missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis can occur easily. With the advances in basic and clinical research, various potential biomarkers of IBS have attracted more and more attention. This article reviewed the potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of IBS.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Diagnosis, Differential; Biological Markers; Endocrine Cells
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.09.013
*本文通信作者,Email: zhangfacan@126.com