史曉南(河南化工職業(yè)學(xué)院,河南 鄭州 450042)
河南省專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)考試歷年試題失誤分析
史曉南
(河南化工職業(yè)學(xué)院,河南鄭州450042)
摘要:自河南省于2001年采取考試方式選拔優(yōu)秀專(zhuān)科畢業(yè)生到本科院校深造以來(lái),專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)考試已經(jīng)走過(guò)了14個(gè)年頭。其中語(yǔ)法單項(xiàng)選擇題所占分值比例一直很大。但由于其出題內(nèi)容仍然受上世紀(jì)八九十年代的規(guī)定主義語(yǔ)法的影響,該考試忽視了語(yǔ)法的規(guī)定性和用法的靈活性之間的辯證關(guān)系并沿襲了陳舊的中考、高考、英語(yǔ)四級(jí)和考研英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn),成為考題失誤出現(xiàn)最多的地方。本文嘗試分析這些失誤,并對(duì)專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)考試的改革提出建議。
關(guān)鍵詞:專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)試題;語(yǔ)法;用法
Abstract:It is fourteen years since Henan Province carried out TOP-UP English Test (the English test for asso-ciate bachelors to enter four-year system colleges and universities and to receive a bachelor's degree), in which sin-gle choice of grammatical points account for a large part in total marks. Influenced by prescriptive grammar in 1980s and 1990s, the test neglects the dialectical relation between grammatical prescriptiveness and flexibility of usages and follows grammatical points in old-fashioned, in which most errors are made. The article tries to analyze those errors in order to put forward suggestions for reform in TOP-UP English Test.
Keywords:TOP-UP English Test ; grammar; usages
專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)考試的試題失誤主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
(一)關(guān)于no use的用法
It's no use ______.(公共2001,18)
A. compainingB. complainC. to complain D. to be complained
It is no use ______ me not worry about his injury.(公共2008,17)
A. for you to tellB. your tellingC. you tellD. having told
It's no use ______ with him since he has made up his mind.(公共2010,31)
A. to argueB. arguingC. to be arguedD. argued
Michael Swan的《實(shí)用英語(yǔ)用法》以及我國(guó)的許多英語(yǔ)著作都將It's no use to do視為錯(cuò)誤用法,但是It's no use to do的用法也常見(jiàn)于著名作家的著作中,并得到許多語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的認(rèn)可。Erade認(rèn)為,兩種用法都是正確的;其細(xì)微的差別仍然可以用傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法中關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞和不定式的區(qū)別這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)來(lái)解釋?zhuān)簞?dòng)名詞表示經(jīng)常的狀況,不定式表示某一具體情況。
(二)關(guān)于all that和all which的用法
The final examination will cover all ______ taught this term.(公共2002,2)
A. what has beenB. that has beenC. that wasD. which has been
which用作all的關(guān)系代詞的用法很少見(jiàn),但也不能算錯(cuò)誤,章振邦的《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》和薄冰的《英語(yǔ)詞匯札記》等權(quán)威英語(yǔ)著作已將這種用法視為正確,例如:
This is all which Mr. Black could offer.
That is about all which is necessary to say about the movie.
(三)關(guān)于except和except for的用法
______ a young man, the office was empty.(公共2004,2)
A. But forB. Except forC. BesidesD. Ex-cept
His son is quite well now, ______ a slight fever.(公共2005,13)
A. exceptB. besidesC. in addition toD. except for
It was almost dark in the street ______ a few very pow-erful spotlights.(公共2008,18)
A. excludingB. except forC. exceptD. but for
The classroom is quite clean ______ some waste paper on the floor.(專(zhuān)業(yè)2005,19)
A. except forB. exceptC. besidesD. without
錢(qián)歌川先生在《英文疑難詳解》中詳細(xì)分析了except和except for用法上的區(qū)別;F. T. Wood對(duì)于二者也作過(guò)類(lèi)似的區(qū)分,其基本觀點(diǎn)為表示同一類(lèi)并列事物的時(shí)候用except;反之,不是表示同一類(lèi)事物之間用except for。這種觀點(diǎn)是符合傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法觀點(diǎn)的。但是目前人們?cè)谑褂枚邥r(shí)表現(xiàn)出了極大的靈活性。現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們也對(duì)這種靈活表現(xiàn)出了寬容的態(tài)度:R. A. Close和LDCE的編者們認(rèn)為except與except for在許多情況下已不存在上述區(qū)別。因此上述題目中均可選except選項(xiàng)。
(四)祈使句的反義疑問(wèn)句的用法
Go and get some water, ______?(公共2003,23)
A. don't youB. shall youC. can't youD. won't you
Don't forget to walk the dog while I am away, ______?(公共2007,15)
A. will youB. do youC. shall youD. can you
趙振才主編的《英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題解答大詞典》明確指出:肯定祈使句的反義疑問(wèn)句用will you, won't you, can you, can't you均可,而否定祈使句的反義疑問(wèn)句則使用can you或will you。因此上述試題均有多個(gè)正確答案。
(五)倒裝的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
Smart ______ he is, he can't find the answer to this question.(公共2004,4)
A. likeB. asC. thatD. how
倒裝的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句不僅可由as引導(dǎo),也可以由that來(lái)引導(dǎo),出題人估計(jì)沒(méi)有意識(shí)到that也是正確的用法。
(六)表語(yǔ)從句
The fact is ______ exists no life on the moon.(公共2004,10)
A. thatB. whereC. thereD. that there
出題人過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)了書(shū)面語(yǔ)的權(quán)威性,而引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that在口語(yǔ)中往往省略,因此C、D均為正確答案。
(七)confess的用法
Finally the accused confessed to ______ the girl.(公共2004,16)
A. killB. killingC. have killedD. having killed
張道真的《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典》中詳述了confess的用法:confess doing/having done, confess to doing/having done均為正確的用法。
(八)ING分詞和ED分詞的區(qū)別
______ out of the taxi, he was seized by the police.(公共2005,4)
A. To stepB. When steppedC. In his stepping D. On his stepping
該題參考答案為B。很明顯是錯(cuò)誤的。因?yàn)楫?dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,并且從句中有be動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以將從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞一起省略,B選項(xiàng)的完整形式為When he was stepped out of the taxi, he was seized by the police. 而step這個(gè)動(dòng)作和邏輯主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。正確答案應(yīng)為D。
(九)marry的用法
"Your daughter has two children, doesn't she?"(公共2005,19)
"Yes. She ______ in 1980."
A. marriedB. had marriedC. was married D. got married
該題參考答案為D。D選項(xiàng)之所以正確是因?yàn)間et+過(guò)去分詞或形容詞可以表示行為動(dòng)作;雖然人們更傾向于用get mar-ried來(lái)表示“結(jié)婚”這一行為,但A選項(xiàng)也是正確的,是因?yàn)閙arry是一個(gè)一次性動(dòng)詞,其過(guò)去式可以表示過(guò)去的行為。
(十)介詞but的用法
The departure time of the plane has been postponed, so we have nothing to do now but _____.
(公共2006,11;專(zhuān)業(yè)2011,22)
A. waitB. to be waitingC. to waitD. waiting
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法里有一條規(guī)則:表示例外的介詞(but, except等)可以與不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式連用,當(dāng)然也可以與帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式連用。至于在這種用法里but,except等究竟是介詞還是連詞,英美語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們至今也沒(méi)有一致的意見(jiàn)。一般的傾向是:在but和except之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí),其后的動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to可以省略。
(十一)時(shí)態(tài)的用法
I told you yesterday that city ____ larger than I thought it would be. Well, the business section is smaller than I thought it would be.(公共2007,73)
A. wasB. isC. has beenD. should be
該題參考答案為A。很顯然應(yīng)使用be動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)is表示客觀情況;而且與后句中的is形成照應(yīng)。
(十二)名詞普通格做定語(yǔ)
My daughter and I took a ______ tour around New York City.(公共2009,39)
A. two dayB. two day'sC. two-daysD. two-day
語(yǔ)言事實(shí)以及語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的論述(夸克等人的《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全》)明確告訴我們:撇號(hào)在與復(fù)數(shù)的時(shí)間名詞連用時(shí)可以省略的,例如:several weeks'/weeks vacation;a ten days'/days ab-scence。
根據(jù)以上失誤總結(jié),筆者提出如下合理化建議。
1.減少單選題所占分值。高考也在進(jìn)一步壓縮此種題型的分值;考研英語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試先后取消該題型,也從側(cè)面印證了這一建議的合理性。
2.語(yǔ)法知識(shí)應(yīng)放在語(yǔ)篇中進(jìn)行考查。受到語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)言學(xué)的影響,2003年之后進(jìn)行的考研英語(yǔ)中,所有的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)點(diǎn)均通過(guò)閱讀和寫(xiě)作兩種技能進(jìn)行考查。而教學(xué)和考試實(shí)踐證明,孤立的語(yǔ)法單選題對(duì)提高學(xué)生的閱讀寫(xiě)作能力收效甚微。
3.進(jìn)一步提高出題人水平,并在考試前對(duì)試題嚴(yán)格把關(guān)。2012年英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)試題無(wú)法全部獲取,原因就在于失誤較多被封存。該考試也屬于高考的組成部分,應(yīng)出題嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待。
不宜再把不符合傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法或者規(guī)定主義理念的用法判為典型錯(cuò)誤加以批判,而應(yīng)讓學(xué)生了解更多鮮活的語(yǔ)言材料。純語(yǔ)法的單選題已經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代外語(yǔ)教育發(fā)展的需要??上驳氖?,這幾年專(zhuān)升本考試也在進(jìn)行積極的改進(jìn):在單選題中側(cè)重考查詞匯和固定搭配,純語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的題由于上述缺陷,所占分值正在進(jìn)一步減少。希望專(zhuān)升本英語(yǔ)考試按照現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的理論和實(shí)踐的需要,并考慮高考、四六級(jí)和考研英語(yǔ)之間的銜接,進(jìn)行必要的改革。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]張瑞娟.2014年河南省中考英語(yǔ)試題分析[J].招生考試之友,2015.
[2]王立非,許德金,江進(jìn)林.全國(guó)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)考試的測(cè)試學(xué)分析[J].廣東外語(yǔ)外貿(mào)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2015,1:5-11.
[3]劉述春.2014年吉安市中考英語(yǔ)試卷主觀性試題分析及教學(xué)建議[J].英語(yǔ)教師,2015,1:99-102.
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G642
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):2096-000X(2016)03-0259-02
作者簡(jiǎn)介:史曉南(1982,2-),男,河南開(kāi)封人,文學(xué)學(xué)士,講師,研究方向:英語(yǔ)教育。