河南 馬國(guó)民

語法填空十大典型錯(cuò)誤剖析

河南 馬國(guó)民

作為全國(guó)卷的必考題型，語法填空的命題具有一定的規(guī)律性，答題具有一定的技巧性。如果考生在答題時(shí)對(duì)知識(shí)掌握不佳或判斷失誤，則非常容易誤填答案，從而導(dǎo)致失分。

一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)混用

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是中學(xué)英語重要的語法項(xiàng)目之一，也是高考語法填空試題的必考點(diǎn)之一。對(duì)于這方面的考查，空后給出了動(dòng)詞原形作為提示詞。如果對(duì)此掌握不佳或答題時(shí)沒有分析好題干語境，就容易對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)判斷失誤，從而誤填答案。答題時(shí)，需要結(jié)合各種時(shí)態(tài)的含義、短文的具體語境、題干中的標(biāo)志狀語等，仔細(xì)分析題干，這樣才能確定空格處應(yīng)使用的時(shí)態(tài)種類。

【考例1】（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）Yangshuo 67 （be）really beautiful. A study of travellers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】is。審題時(shí)粗心大意，受到“conducted”的影響，忽略了具體語境，容易誤填was。分析題干可知，空格處描述的是現(xiàn)在的一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，故應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

【考例2】（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）It was raining lightly when I 61 （arrive）in Yangshuo just before dawn.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】arrived。受到空后“before”的干擾，容易誤填過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。在題干中，空格處作為從句的謂語動(dòng)詞，是過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。

二、動(dòng)詞語態(tài)混用

動(dòng)詞語態(tài)也是語法填空試題的高頻考點(diǎn)之一，如果答題時(shí)忽略了主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，就會(huì)誤填答案。因此，在分析題干時(shí)，一方面要判斷好空格處應(yīng)用哪一種動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，另一方面還需要判斷主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者還是承受者。一旦確定主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，那么空格處就應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。

【考例1】（2015·廣東卷）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what 19 （leave）.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】was left。只注意了語境，忽略了主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，容易誤填left。what與空格之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，結(jié)合語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

【考例2】（甘肅省重點(diǎn)中學(xué)協(xié)作體2016屆高三聯(lián)考）Industry observers are predicting total sales of over 20 million vehicles this year；by comparison，a little more than 15 million vehicles 44 （expect）to be sold in the United States.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】are expected。忽略了主語和謂語之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，容易誤填expect。主語“a little more than 15 million vehicles”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

三、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與非謂語動(dòng)詞混用

當(dāng)空格后的提示詞是動(dòng)詞，且空格處在句中作謂語時(shí)，涉及的考點(diǎn)是動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，而空格處不在句中作謂語時(shí)，涉及的考點(diǎn)才可能是非謂語動(dòng)詞。如果沒有分析好空格處在句中的具體作用，那么就容易對(duì)考點(diǎn)判斷失誤，從而造成失分。因此在答題時(shí)需要擦亮眼睛，仔細(xì)推敲空格處在句中所作的成分，然后再結(jié)合動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)或非謂語動(dòng)詞方面的知識(shí)進(jìn)一步敲定答案。

【考例1】（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）The adobe dwellings（土坯房） 61 （build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】built。容易誤認(rèn)為空格處是謂語動(dòng)詞，從而按照動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)去分析答案，導(dǎo)致失分。分析題干可知，空格處作“The adobe dwellings”的后置定語，且表示被動(dòng)完成。故應(yīng)填過去分詞。

【考例2】（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）This cycle 68 （go）day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset（抵消）for the outside temperatures.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】goes。受到空格后內(nèi)容的影響，容易誤認(rèn)為空格處是非謂語動(dòng)詞，從而誤填答案。在題干中，空格處作謂語，由此結(jié)合空后的時(shí)態(tài)和語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

四、非謂語動(dòng)詞混用

作為語法填空題的必考點(diǎn)，非謂語動(dòng)詞方面的考查涉及動(dòng)名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞四個(gè)方面。如果對(duì)這方面的知識(shí)掌握比較薄弱，分析空格處的作用時(shí)就會(huì)模棱兩可，容易做出錯(cuò)誤的判斷。一方面要扎實(shí)掌握好非謂語動(dòng)詞的相關(guān)用法，例如動(dòng)名詞作主語、賓語、表語和定語，不定式作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和表語，另一方面還要把非謂語動(dòng)詞的知識(shí)與題干緊密結(jié)合起來。

【考例1】（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）A study of travellers 68 （conduct）by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】conducted。對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法掌握不佳，容易誤填答案?？崭裉幾鳌癆 study of travellers”的后置定語，且表示被動(dòng)，由此結(jié)合語境可知，空格處應(yīng)填過去分詞。

【考例2】（2014·上海卷）In 2010，it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed， 39 （urge）the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or setup new communities stores.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】urging。對(duì)空格處在句中的作用辨別不清，從而誤填答案。逗號(hào)后為非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作結(jié)果狀語，且表示正常的結(jié)果，空格處與其邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填urging。

五、三大從句混用

語法填空針對(duì)復(fù)合句的考查，屬于純空格題，涉及名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句三方面。名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句；定語從句包括限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句；狀語從句包括讓步狀語從句、時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、原因狀語從句等共九種。如果答題時(shí)沒有判斷好題干考查的是哪一種從句，那么就容易誤填從句的引導(dǎo)詞。在答題時(shí)，需要結(jié)合句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的知識(shí)，仔細(xì)推敲題干，先確定題干考查的是哪一種從句，然后再結(jié)合該從句的用法、空格處的作用和題干語境等來敲定引導(dǎo)詞的使用。

【考例1】（2015·湖南卷）Research has become both simpler and more complex. It’s simpler because， 48 you have a computer，you can find information you need by searching the Internet.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】if。考查狀語從句。容易誤認(rèn)為“ 48 you have a computer”是定語從句，從而誤填答案。分析題干可知，在because引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中含有一個(gè)條件狀語從句，再結(jié)合語境可知，if符合題意。

【考例2】（2015·上海卷）He’s so addicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea 34 there may be an important text.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】that。考查同位語從句。容易誤認(rèn)為“idea”后面是狀語從句，從而造成失分。idea之后為同位語從句，從句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故用that作為引導(dǎo)詞。

【考例3】（2014·廣東卷）The next day，my brother and I went to the beach 24 we watched some people play volleyball.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】where。考查定語從句。對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不當(dāng)，容易誤認(rèn)為考查的是狀語從句。在題干中，名詞“beach”為定語從句的先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞where。

六、從句與并列句混用

從句包括名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句，在句中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語和狀語，需要依附主句而存在，不可獨(dú)立使用，而并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成，并使用and，but，or等并列連詞來連接。從句涉及的是引導(dǎo)詞的考查，而并列句涉及的是并列連詞的考查。如果對(duì)于題干所在的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不當(dāng)，則容易把從句與并列句混為一談，從而誤填答案。答題時(shí)，需要依據(jù)從句和并列句的用法，并結(jié)合句子成分的相關(guān)知識(shí)，從整體上分析、推敲題干，判斷題干考查的是從句還是并列句，然后再對(duì)答案進(jìn)行分析。

【考例1】（云南省玉溪一中2015屆高三月考）But our government allows college graduates to borrow money from banks 66 maybe some can get money from their parents.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】and?？疾椴⒘羞B詞。容易誤認(rèn)為“banks”是先行詞，考查的是定語從句，以致誤填答案。在題干中，空格前后是兩個(gè)并列句，由此結(jié)合語境可知，并列連詞and符合題意。

【考例2】（2015·廣東卷）One day，the cow was eating grass 20 it began to rain heavily.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】when?？疾闋钫Z從句。對(duì)題干的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不到位，容易誤認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)并列句，從而誤填并列連詞。此處為狀語從句的常用句式“主語+ be doing sth. + when+其他”，意為“正在做某事，正在那時(shí)……”。

七、冠詞混用

涉及冠詞的考查屬于純空格題，考查內(nèi)容包括定冠詞的用法和不定冠詞的用法。對(duì)于兩種冠詞的用法掌握不佳或?qū)︻}干分析不當(dāng)均可導(dǎo)致誤填答案。對(duì)此，一方面，考生在備考時(shí)需要熟練掌握定冠詞和不定冠詞的用法，另一方面，答題時(shí)需要學(xué)以致用，結(jié)合兩種冠詞的用法對(duì)題干仔細(xì)分析，確定空格處在句中的具體作用，找準(zhǔn)答題的突破口，這樣才能提高答題的準(zhǔn)確率。

【考例1】（2015·廣東卷）Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned 16 farm，which looked almost abandoned.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】a。容易誤認(rèn)為空格處表示特指，從而誤填定冠詞。名詞“farm”在句中表示泛指，故填不定冠詞。

【考例2】（2014·廣東卷）She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23 top floor.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】the。容易誤認(rèn)為空格處在句中表示泛指，誤填不定冠詞。在題干中，介詞on之后特指的是頂層，故應(yīng)填定冠詞the。

八、介詞混用

對(duì)介詞的考查是純空格題常見的一種考查形式，包括at，for，on等某一介詞的具體用法及介詞在短語中的應(yīng)用。如果對(duì)介詞的用法及相關(guān)的常用短語掌握不佳或沒有分析好空格處在句中的作用，那么誤填答案在所難免。因此對(duì)于at，in，on，for，by，with等常用介詞的用法及有關(guān)介詞的常用短語，考生需要做到熟練掌握，靈活運(yùn)用。在分析題干時(shí)，需要確定空格處考查的是介詞的用法還是與介詞相關(guān)的短語，在此基礎(chǔ)上再對(duì)答案進(jìn)行推敲。

【考例1】（2015·廣東卷）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby 18 other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】for。沒有看出來空格處與空格前的動(dòng)詞“exchanged”構(gòu)成的是短語，從而誤填答案。此處為動(dòng)詞短語“exchange...for”，意為“把……換成，用……交換”，故填介詞for。

【考例2】（2014·上海卷）Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops，but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 40 these villages without a local shop.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】to。容易誤填介詞in或其他介詞，原因是沒有與空格前的動(dòng)詞聯(lián)系起來。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞短語“offer sth. to sb.”可知，空格處應(yīng)填介詞to。

九、代詞混用

針對(duì)代詞的考查，有的在空后給出了提示詞，而有的則屬于純空格題，考點(diǎn)主要包括人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞等。答題時(shí)，未確定空格處是否屬于替代作用、未判斷好空格處指代的是什么或疏于分析空格處所作的成分，都容易導(dǎo)致誤填答案。為了避免這方面的失誤，答題時(shí)需要判斷空格處是否屬于替代作用，分析空格處所作的句子成分，并結(jié)合代詞的具體用法填出正確的答案。

【考例1】（2014·廣東卷）Last year，my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said 16 was a wonderful holiday destination.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】it。對(duì)空格處的作用判斷不清，容易誤填that或其他代詞。分析題干可知，空格處作主語，用于指代名詞“Miami”，故應(yīng)填人稱代詞it。

【考例2】（2011·廣東卷）He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made a choice. It made 25 of us feel good.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】both。容易誤填all或其他代詞，原因是未確定空格處的作用。根據(jù)語境“這使我們兩個(gè)都感覺良好”可知，both與題意相符（both用于指代空前的兩個(gè)人）。

十、拼寫錯(cuò)誤

考生在答題時(shí)，雖然能準(zhǔn)確判斷空格處所考查的考點(diǎn)，也知道應(yīng)該填寫哪方面的單詞，但是對(duì)于單詞的拼寫如果難以寫出正確的形式，那么也會(huì)造成失分。備考時(shí)，在熟練掌握考綱單詞拼寫的基礎(chǔ)上，還需要掌握好構(gòu)詞法、過去式的構(gòu)成方式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的構(gòu)成方式、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成方式等，尤其是要重點(diǎn)掌握特殊單詞的過去式、過去分詞、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的正確拼寫形式。答題時(shí)，書寫的單詞要做到工整、清晰，避免書寫潦草、亂涂亂改，并且還要注意空格處如在句首時(shí)，單詞的首字母需要大寫。

【考例1】（2014·上海卷）The machine 34 （equip）with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a minishop with a brick front，a grey roof and a display window.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】is equipped。對(duì)于equip的過去分詞的拼寫形式掌握不佳，容易誤填is equiped。主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合空格后的語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故填is equipped。

【考例2】（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）As 69 （nature）architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】natural。對(duì)nature的形容詞拼寫形式掌握不佳，容易誤填答案。空格處在句中作定語，用于修飾名詞“architects”，由此結(jié)合語境可知，形容詞natural符合題意。

【考例3】（2014·廣東卷）When we were wondering what to do，the manager came out. She was 22 （surprise）helpful.

【易錯(cuò)剖析】surprisingly。對(duì)surprise的副詞形式掌握不佳，容易誤填答案?？崭裉幾鳡钫Z，用于修飾形容詞“helpful”，故應(yīng)填surprisingly。

【單句語法跟蹤訓(xùn)練】

1. By trying to “put on their shoes”，we try to imagine ourselves in______situation，by seeing things from their point of view，by thinking about how we would want to be treated if we were them.

2. One night，a group of herdsmen（牧民）were about to leave the campsite______there appeared a bunch of bright light.

3. But the dog，after sniffing around for a bit，_____（lie）down and began to complain about how difficult it was to find one bone in such a big field.

4. In the following years，there were fewer drop-outs and more college graduates in my village，_____I am proud of even today.

5. For example，if you take out your new______（fashion）mobile phone，your naughty friends may call you “tuhao”，laughing loudly and happily.

6. This summer，local food manufactures are playing the nostalgia（懷舊）card to attract urban consumers______ their 30s and 40s by branding products with sweet childhood memory.

7. Hopefully，I feel much fortunate to be able to use my life’s talent to teach children and have fun______（do）it every day.

8. We high school students do have some growing pains，but we can get rid of_____correctly and wisely.

9. They spend over 8 hours a day studying at school，some of_____even have to attend extra classes in their spare time.

10. You can imagine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes_____（fix）upon me.

11. Remember，next time your little hut is burning to the ground，it just may be______smoke signal from the grace of God.

12. Also，I come to realize that______I can rest well，I will be able to study effectively when I come back to school.

13. Finally，the result______（announce）；it was amazing that our class won the second place.

14. Exhausted，he eventually managed to build a little hut out of driftwood to protect him_____the bad weather，and to store his few possessions.

15. Sometimes parents think it right and natural that they determine_____their children do with their lives.

16. Next day，when he was about to drink wine，he also remembered what he promised to Allah，so he gave up______ idea of drinking wine.

17. When there was no place in the whole field left to dig，the rabbit dug a tunnel right to_____the dog had been lying all the time.

18. The campaign is popular throughout social media and _____（draw）a growing number of celebrities since several months ago，Bill Gates and Lady Gaga included.

19. APEC，______（establish）in 1989，is short for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

20. Tomorrow night，you will be very happy，______ you can also be regretful.

【參考答案】1. their 2. when 3. lay 4. which 5. fashionable 6. in 7. doing 8. them 9. whom 10. fixed 11. a 12. if 13. was announced 14. from或against 15. what 16. the 17. where 18. has drawn 19. established 20. but

（作者單位：河南省安陽市第六十二中學(xué)）