●王福田

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放簰會(huì)：重現(xiàn)56年前的風(fēng)景

●王福田

“咚咚咚！咚咚咚！”、“嚓嚓嚓！嚓嚓嚓！”、“砰啪！嘭啪！”……

2015年12月25日上午9時(shí)，一向平靜安詳?shù)恼憬虑蹇h筏頭鄉(xiāng)東沈村鑼鼓喧天、鞭炮齊鳴，貫穿村莊的盤(pán)溪兩岸人聲鼎沸，武俠小說(shuō)中的“水上漂”神功在這里驚現(xiàn)，溪流中間飄蕩著長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的如游龍般的竹排。來(lái)自四面八方的人們，沿著岸邊奔跑著、呼喊著、擁擠著，爭(zhēng)相用手機(jī)拍照，更有大批專(zhuān)業(yè)攝影師托著長(zhǎng)短鏡頭、支起三腳架，記錄著熱烈而驚人的場(chǎng)景。盛行千百年而于1959年中斷的筏頭鄉(xiāng)“放簰會(huì)”在這里重新上演。

溪流中的竹排擊浪奮進(jìn)。Bamboo rafts ride down on the river.

激流中的竹排和岸上的人Spectators watch the rafting for the first time in their lifetime in excitement.

恢復(fù)傳統(tǒng)技藝：鄉(xiāng)賢資助、山民踴躍

據(jù)清道光《武康縣志》記載，自唐宋時(shí)期，德清西部山區(qū)南、北、中三路的竹木做成排，隨水放運(yùn)到秋月潭匯聚。各竹木戶(hù)主找到買(mǎi)主出賣(mài)后，買(mǎi)主把竹排隨水放至武康，再與各地買(mǎi)主成交轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。聚排于此，放排于此，故稱(chēng)“排頭”。放排者聚會(huì)的團(tuán)體簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“放排會(huì)”。

據(jù)秋氏祠堂家譜記載：明清時(shí)期，竹木山貨盛行，在排頭掛牌做生意的竹木山貨店多達(dá)七十余家，顯示出放排業(yè)的興旺發(fā)達(dá)。這時(shí)，章家秀才章百萬(wàn)適時(shí)提出改排頭為牌頭的主意，很快得到了行家、店主和百姓的贊同，排頭地名被商業(yè)名稱(chēng)替代，牌頭叫響了。元泰定年間，為突出竹鄉(xiāng)特色，“牌”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤昂挕?。清道光《武康縣志》記載：竹木出山，簰行必始于此，故號(hào)簰頭。早年的“放排會(huì)”也逐漸成了“放簰會(huì)”。

東沈村是德清西部山區(qū)毛竹主要產(chǎn)區(qū)，千百年來(lái)，山民砍竹、拖竹、放排，形成了獨(dú)特的生產(chǎn)、生活方式。竹排是西部山區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的水上運(yùn)輸毛竹的工具，在沒(méi)有公路的年代，山里的毛竹全部是通過(guò)竹排運(yùn)輸?shù)?。直?959年，對(duì)河口水庫(kù)建成以及公路建設(shè)的發(fā)展，汽車(chē)運(yùn)輸代替了水上放排，竹排漸漸淡出了人們的視線，扎竹排這項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)技藝也就慢慢消失了。

2015年8月，東沈村在建造農(nóng)村文化禮堂、挖掘山村民俗文化時(shí)，通過(guò)資料查證，特別是與大批鄉(xiāng)賢交流中，大家一致覺(jué)得應(yīng)該恢復(fù)水上竹排運(yùn)毛竹的傳統(tǒng)技藝，郎妙金當(dāng)場(chǎng)表示出資贊助這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。隨之，74歲的郎慶林、70歲的單利榮主動(dòng)擔(dān)當(dāng)召集人，聘請(qǐng)80歲的宣阿道進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)指導(dǎo)，村民積極貢獻(xiàn)毛竹、報(bào)名撐排、疏浚河道、圍堰蓄水等，經(jīng)過(guò)4個(gè)多月的謀劃、準(zhǔn)備，選定12月25日“開(kāi)水放排”。

三位放排手順利抵達(dá)目的地。Three rafters pose proudly for a photo after their successful trip down the river.

老少攜手：272根毛竹順?biāo)鞯诌_(dá)目的地

“放竹排”是一項(xiàng)動(dòng)人心魄的民俗文化活動(dòng)。

“現(xiàn)在50多歲的人基本上都沒(méi)有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀看過(guò)放竹排。我從1956年、自己20歲開(kāi)始學(xué)撐排，也只干了四年多，就沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)再干了。”宣阿道說(shuō)，放排是既艱苦又充滿(mǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的活，搶排、撞排、扭排、堆排的兇險(xiǎn)事，隨時(shí)可能發(fā)生。放排工在放排時(shí)遭傷殘的更是屢見(jiàn)不鮮，喪命的算來(lái)也不少。因?yàn)榉排胚^(guò)程驚險(xiǎn)，所以身手敏捷、頭腦靈活的青壯年才能參與、擔(dān)當(dāng)。

今年5 6歲的孫財(cái)福是這次“放簰會(huì)”上頭排工，他曾經(jīng)是30多年的拖拉機(jī)手。雖然自己沒(méi)有干過(guò)放竹排活計(jì)，甚至沒(méi)有在電影電視上見(jiàn)過(guò)，但是他聰明好學(xué)、水上功夫較好，特別是有股闖勁。被大家選中后，自己又提議61歲的宣根火作排尾。接著，70歲的單利榮主動(dòng)在中間配合。

在長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的彎彎曲曲的盤(pán)溪上，272根毛竹以帖相聚，帖帖相連。三名撐排工頭戴斗笠、肩披蓑衣、腳蹬山襪、手持長(zhǎng)篙，威風(fēng)凜凜站在水中央，時(shí)而點(diǎn)篙索篙，時(shí)而勒篙牽篙，綿延80多米長(zhǎng)的竹排順溪漂流，急速直下，時(shí)而如長(zhǎng)蛇游動(dòng)，時(shí)而似蛟龍翻騰。經(jīng)過(guò)兩個(gè)多小時(shí)的奮力拼搏，竹排終于抵達(dá)終點(diǎn)。

上圖 “放竹簰”水上活動(dòng)吸引四方人群。下圖 竹排破浪穿越激流。Bamboo rafting on the river attracts a lot of spectators.

記得鄉(xiāng)愁：綠水青山就是金山銀山

記得鄉(xiāng)愁村史，傳承傳統(tǒng)文化，體驗(yàn)戶(hù)外樂(lè)趣，“放簰會(huì)”為文化旅游撐起了好平臺(tái)。

今年30歲的施晨霞是東沈人，現(xiàn)在杭州蕭山工作。這次恰巧碰到“放簰會(huì)”。他在微信朋友圈里這樣寫(xiě)道：“這是傳承老一輩的技藝，我們年輕一代都沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)。想當(dāng)年，老一輩就是用這樣的交通工具運(yùn)輸毛竹。今日看到感觸特深，感嘆老一輩人的智慧與辛苦。今天，我那2013年出生的小寶寶也看到了這一幕，雖然他還不懂，但如果這樣一直傳承下去，孩子長(zhǎng)大了也會(huì)懂得的！”微信發(fā)出不到30分鐘，點(diǎn)贊的就達(dá)80多人，許多朋友不停地問(wèn)放簰會(huì)在哪里舉行？是干什么的？明天來(lái)能看上嗎？

來(lái)自上海的陳蘭已經(jīng)在東沈投資開(kāi)辦“富源山居”民宿。她說(shuō)：東沈村森林覆蓋廣闊，轄區(qū)過(guò)境雨量充沛，河道寬闊，碧波蕩漾，兩岸青山秀美猶如“畫(huà)廊”，很適合發(fā)展休閑旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)。正在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察德清山岙的一家戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)公司負(fù)責(zé)人黃希睿接著說(shuō)：“我們打算跟東沈合作，將放排作為今后的一個(gè)戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目推出去，打造東沈特色旅游產(chǎn)品?！?/p>

望得見(jiàn)山、看得見(jiàn)水、記得住鄉(xiāng)愁，東沈“放簰會(huì)”也引起了筏頭鄉(xiāng)82歲的民俗研究者王鳳鳴的贊嘆：1949年前，筏頭有南路、中路、北路共三路放竹班。各路竹排匯聚到秋月潭進(jìn)行交易，然后由合記放竹班運(yùn)輸?shù)轿淇怠．?dāng)年，這些活動(dòng)非常熱鬧，如今，東沈率先恢復(fù)這項(xiàng)古老的活動(dòng)，既為傳承非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)撐起了一個(gè)好平臺(tái)，還可以成為攝影、觀光、休閑等戶(hù)外體驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目，為各種旅游文化活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展打造一個(gè)好品牌。

Bamboo Rafts League Resumed in Deqing

By Wang Futian

青青竹排溪中游Bamboo rafts are a thing to watch against a picturesque background.

Nine o’clock on the morning of December 25, 2015 was a big moment for local people at Dongshen Village, Deqing County in northern Zhejiang. Firecrackers were set off among the loud rhythmic performance of percussion music along the Panxi River. The spectators crowded on the river banks cheering loudly while a long procession of bamboo rafts traveled down from mountains.

It was the big comeback of bamboo rafting on the river, which had not been seen since 1959 when a reservoir and a network of country highways ended the tradition of more than 1,000 years.

The transportation method in the region goes back to the Tang (618-907). According to the local annals compiled in the mid 19th century, bamboos and timbers harvested in the mountainous region of the county were first made into rafts for the purpose of transporting. The rafts came from mountains and got on a long drive to Autumn Moon Pond where owners met buyers and made deals. After the money and the ownership changed hands, the rafts went on another long drive to Wukang, the seat of the county, where sellers and buyers from outside the county made deals.

Back then, Dongshen Village was called Paitou, referring to the bamboo trade and rafts. In the Ming and the Qing, Paitou had more than 70 businesses engaged in transactions of bamboo, wood timber and mountain produces. The village is a major producer of bamboo in the western Deqing. For more than 1,000 years, bamboo has been a major pillar of the local economy. Before the era of highways, all the bamboos were rafted down streams and rivers.

It was not until August 2015 when villagers were exploring local history and culture that bamboo rafts were mentioned again. The elders of the village were excited by a proposal that it was high time to bring the tradition back as a cultural project. They got themselves organized and preparations started. Funds were raised, bamboos were donated, volunteers were picked, advisors and organizers were elected, the river was dredged, and a dam was built to raise the water level.

Xuan Adao, now 80, started his rafting job in 1956. He rode rafts down the river for only four years. He said the villagers now in their 50s had no memory of seeing rafts come down the river. Raft drives were dangerous. Rafts could get entangled in many ways and rafting people got hurt easily. Some were disabled by injuries and some got killed. Only the young people were allowed to ride rafts.

But this time, three relatively old people were chosen to drive the rafts. The 80-meter-long fleet of the rafts was made of 272 bamboo poles. The 56-year-old Sun Caifu steered the rafts in the front. The 61-year-old Xuan Genhuo brought up the rear whereas the 70-year-old Shan Lirong coordinated in the middle. They rode the rafts, maneuvering them with long poles in their hands. It took them more than two hours to travel down the river and reach the destination.

Wang Fengming, an 82-year-old local folklore researcher, recalls how the rafts operated before 1949. Back then, rafts came out of mountains following three routes. All the rafts came to Autumn Moon Pond for deals. Then a new team took the rafting over and drove the rafts down to Wukang. Wang has endorsed the comeback activity at Dongshen Village, saying that the comeback is more than about intangible cultural heritage. It can also be a platform for rural tourism to attract photographers and tourists.

Apparently the rafting has attracted the attention of investors. Chen Lan, a Shanghai investor, has set up a hotel at Dongshen. She believes the village is an ideal tourist destination thanks to its dense forest coverage, ample rainfall and crystal-clear rivers. A local outdoor sporting company is also considering the possibilities of working with Dongshen Village and including rafting as an attraction.