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膨脹性流體超壓預(yù)測方法及其應(yīng)用

2016-04-15 06:59景琛劉華景曉馮月琳趙萌
新疆石油地質(zhì) 2016年2期

景琛,劉華,景曉,馮月琳,趙萌

(1.中國石油大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東青島266580;2.中國石油華北油田分公司第一采油廠,河北任丘062552)

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膨脹性流體超壓預(yù)測方法及其應(yīng)用

景琛1,劉華1,景曉2,馮月琳1,趙萌1

(1.中國石油大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東青島266580;2.中國石油華北油田分公司第一采油廠,河北任丘062552)

摘要:在分析不同成因增壓機(jī)理對(duì)巖石物理特征影響的基礎(chǔ)上,探討了膨脹性流體超壓的預(yù)測方法。研究結(jié)果指出,Eaton法適用于流體膨脹成因超壓的預(yù)測,并以濟(jì)陽坳陷沾化凹陷渤南洼陷為例,采用Eaton法對(duì)其多成因超壓的地層壓力進(jìn)行了預(yù)測。初步確定伊頓指數(shù)為1~4,然后引入預(yù)測壓力相對(duì)誤差平方和參數(shù),利用迭代法,通過對(duì)比不同伊頓指數(shù)所對(duì)應(yīng)的相對(duì)誤差平方和來擬合伊頓指數(shù)。當(dāng)伊頓指數(shù)取2.6時(shí),渤南洼陷預(yù)測壓力的相對(duì)誤差平方和最小,預(yù)測效果最好。

關(guān)鍵詞:濟(jì)陽坳陷;渤南洼陷;超壓機(jī)理;流體膨脹作用;壓力預(yù)測;Eaton法

孔隙壓力的準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測是安全鉆井、井身結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ),也是油藏開發(fā)、儲(chǔ)量計(jì)算的重要依據(jù)[1-2]。根據(jù)巖石物理響應(yīng)特征的變化,可以定量分析孔隙壓力的變化情況,預(yù)測壓力分布[3-4],然而,巖石物理響應(yīng)特征與超壓的成因密切相關(guān)[5-6],要準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測孔隙流體壓力,需要了解超壓的形成機(jī)理及其對(duì)沉積物物理性質(zhì)的影響[1,3,7-9]。超壓形成的機(jī)理主要包括欠壓實(shí)、流體膨脹、超壓傳遞等作用,其中,欠壓實(shí)作用和流體膨脹作用是沉積盆地內(nèi)可以獨(dú)立形成大規(guī)模超壓的2種主要機(jī)理[10-12]。由欠壓實(shí)作用形成的高壓常與異常高孔隙、低密度相伴生,同時(shí),也會(huì)使地震波傳播速度明顯減小[10-11];而流體膨脹作用則不會(huì)導(dǎo)致地層孔隙度的明顯增大。目前,基于地震資料的層速度法、測井資料的等效深度法等超壓預(yù)測方法,都側(cè)重于欠壓實(shí)作用引起的地層壓力預(yù)測[2,6],并沒有考慮不同超壓形成機(jī)理對(duì)巖石物理響應(yīng)特征的影響[13]。這種基于欠壓實(shí)作用的壓力預(yù)測方法,不能較好地預(yù)測由流體膨脹作用而形成的超壓[5,13],這在一定程度上制約了含油氣盆地中壓力的有效預(yù)測及分布規(guī)律分析。本文在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)超壓形成的各種機(jī)理,探討流體膨脹超壓的巖石物理響應(yīng)特征及預(yù)測方法,并以濟(jì)陽坳陷沾化凹陷渤南洼陷為例,進(jìn)行了地層壓力的預(yù)測。

1 超壓形成機(jī)理

沉積盆地超壓的形成機(jī)理主要包括3類:欠壓實(shí)作用、流體膨脹作用和超壓傳遞作用[10-11,14]。不同機(jī)理形成的超壓具有不同的巖石物理響應(yīng)特征,可作為流體超壓預(yù)測的重要依據(jù)。

1.1欠壓實(shí)作用

欠壓實(shí)作用是增加的壓應(yīng)力與地層排水能力之間不平衡的一種現(xiàn)象,由于孔隙流體排出的速率小于上覆載荷增加的速率,孔隙流體會(huì)額外承受部分上覆沉積物的重量,形成超壓[10-11,15]。而構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的封閉系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部沉積物載荷增大[10-11],可視為側(cè)向的壓實(shí)作用[16]。欠壓實(shí)作用可以形成盆地規(guī)模的超壓,是超壓形成的重要機(jī)理之一,尤其是在快速沉降、以細(xì)粒沉積物為主的新生代盆地中[10,17]。欠壓實(shí)作用產(chǎn)生的超壓帶通常具有較高的孔隙度和較低的密度,地震波傳播速度會(huì)明顯減小[10-11]。

1.2流體膨脹作用

流體膨脹超壓機(jī)理涉及到巖石格架內(nèi)部孔隙流體體積的增大。由于壓實(shí)作用引起的孔隙度減小是不可逆的,膨脹性流體的形成僅使地層孔隙發(fā)生輕微的彈性形變[18],孔隙體積不會(huì)顯著增大,增大的流體體積會(huì)導(dǎo)致孔隙流體壓力增大,形成超壓。因此,流體膨脹作用發(fā)育的地層不具有異常高孔隙度,檢測和預(yù)測難度較大[19-20]。含油氣盆地常見的流體膨脹作用主要包括生烴作用、載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用、黏土礦物脫水作用、水熱增壓作用等[10-11,15,21]。

生烴作用是沉積盆地重要的超壓形成機(jī)理[22-26]。文獻(xiàn)[23]的研究表明,固體干酪根轉(zhuǎn)換為液態(tài)油、氣體、殘?jiān)约捌渌a(chǎn)物的過程中會(huì)使其體積增大25%.文獻(xiàn)[24]對(duì)法國巴黎盆地下侏羅統(tǒng)托爾階黑色頁巖的生烴過程研究發(fā)現(xiàn),生烴作用使干酪根體積增大近50%.文獻(xiàn)[25]的研究表明,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫壓條件下1單位體積的原油裂解會(huì)生成534.3單位體積的天然氣;理論上,即使封閉巖石體系內(nèi)只有1%的原油發(fā)生裂解,也會(huì)形成超壓。這種超壓機(jī)理的主要證據(jù)來自烴源巖的初次運(yùn)移,僅靠浮力不能使烴類通過裂縫或微裂縫排出,因此烴源巖內(nèi)部一定存在異常高孔隙流體壓力[26-27]。美國Piceance盆地的最大孔隙流體壓力與生烴高峰、裂縫發(fā)育階段相匹配[28],紐約西部的盆地、北海中部和北部的盆地、落基山脈的部分盆地、渤海灣盆地等,超壓開始發(fā)育層段與烴源巖系相匹配,超壓平面分布也與優(yōu)質(zhì)烴源巖分布吻合[26-33]。

黏土礦物也可以通過載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用形成超壓[21,34]。載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用是指黏土礦物成巖和埋藏壓實(shí)作用過程中,承受載荷的顆粒發(fā)生溶解,束縛水轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭蓜?dòng)水,早期形成的顆粒重新定向排列導(dǎo)致沉積載荷轉(zhuǎn)移至孔隙流體之中[21]。載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用會(huì)使沉積物中形成有效的封閉條件,同時(shí)使上覆載荷壓力從基質(zhì)中轉(zhuǎn)移到孔隙流體中,形成超壓,此過程也是通過欠壓實(shí)作用形成超壓。但是由黏土礦物成巖作用引發(fā)的,同時(shí)有載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用和流體膨脹作用導(dǎo)致的沉積物的物理性質(zhì)發(fā)生相似的變化,則很難區(qū)分,因此,將載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用也歸結(jié)為流體膨脹作用。文獻(xiàn)[21]對(duì)墨西哥灣盆地進(jìn)行研究,認(rèn)為其超壓主要由載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用所形成,最大壓力可達(dá)13.8 MPa.

黏土礦物脫水作用、水熱增壓作用也可以產(chǎn)生膨脹性流體而形成超壓,但模擬結(jié)果表明,如蒙脫石完全轉(zhuǎn)化為伊利石,即使在理想條件下,形成的超壓規(guī)模、幅度也是有限的[11-12]。因此,認(rèn)為所有的流體膨脹機(jī)理中,只有生烴作用、載荷轉(zhuǎn)移作用才可以產(chǎn)生大規(guī)模異常高孔隙流體壓力[35],其他的流體膨脹機(jī)理都是次要的,只能引起局部地區(qū)的超壓發(fā)育[36]。

1.3超壓傳遞作用

超壓傳遞作用也是沉積盆地超壓形成的一種重要機(jī)理,是由超壓系統(tǒng)釋放或泄漏的超壓流體的幕式流動(dòng),導(dǎo)致其流動(dòng)方向上的孔隙流體壓力增加[37],包括沿砂體的側(cè)向傳遞和沿?cái)嗔训拇瓜騻鬟f。具有異常高流體壓力的傾斜、孤立的儲(chǔ)集層內(nèi)部超壓形成后,可能會(huì)通過砂體側(cè)向傳遞至構(gòu)造高部位[6,38]。斷層的幕式活動(dòng)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致深部超壓垂向傳遞至另一個(gè)壓力較低的封閉空間[35,39]。文獻(xiàn)[5]研究表明,文萊Baram地區(qū)內(nèi)陸棚三角洲序列中的超壓為超壓傳遞作用所形成,此外,鶯歌海、塔里木、柴達(dá)木等盆地中超壓傳遞作用對(duì)超壓的形成也起著重要作用[40-42]。但由此機(jī)理單獨(dú)產(chǎn)生的超壓地層一般不會(huì)具有異常高孔隙度。

2 流體膨脹成因超壓的預(yù)測方法

目前,超壓預(yù)測主要有3種方法:①以地震資料為主的層速度法,此方法建立在壓實(shí)理論的基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為超壓地層表現(xiàn)為高孔隙度、低密度的特征,其地震波傳播速度通常比正常壓實(shí)地層??;②以測井資料為主的等效深度法、Eaton法等,主要基于壓實(shí)理論、有效應(yīng)力理論和均衡理論建立正常壓實(shí)曲線,計(jì)算泥巖地層在實(shí)際測井資料中偏離正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線時(shí)的地層壓力;③以實(shí)測壓力為主的經(jīng)驗(yàn)關(guān)系法和數(shù)值模擬法,主要利用重復(fù)測試壓力或隨鉆測試壓力等資料來預(yù)測地層壓力特征[43]。

流體膨脹成因的超壓不具有異常高孔隙,地震波傳播速度不會(huì)發(fā)生明顯異常,且具有多解性,因此,利用地震資料很難準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測地層壓力;而實(shí)測壓力需要大量的實(shí)測壓力數(shù)據(jù),主要用于勘探成熟區(qū)的壓力預(yù)測;測井資料具有準(zhǔn)確性高、連續(xù)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),應(yīng)用較廣。等效深度法和Eaton法是利用測井資料預(yù)測地層壓力的2種主要方法,其中,等效深度法是基于孔隙度的壓力預(yù)測方法,只適用于欠壓實(shí)作用成因超壓,而Eaton法引入了伊頓指數(shù),可以通過改變伊頓指數(shù)校正不同超壓機(jī)理的影響[35]。文獻(xiàn)[44]研究馬來西亞盆地干酪根生氣成因的超壓特征時(shí),利用Eaton法對(duì)地層壓力進(jìn)行了預(yù)測;文獻(xiàn)[9]和文獻(xiàn)[45]也采用Ea?ton法,對(duì)流體膨脹成因的超壓進(jìn)行了預(yù)測,并取得了較好的效果。綜合分析前人研究成果,認(rèn)為Eaton法可以有效地預(yù)測流體膨脹成因的超壓。

Eaton法根據(jù)同一深度點(diǎn)正常壓實(shí)泥巖聲波時(shí)差與實(shí)測聲波時(shí)差的比值,預(yù)測地層壓力[46],地層孔隙壓力(pp)計(jì)算公式如下:

式中σv——上覆巖層壓力,MPa;

ph——靜水壓力,MPa;

Δt——實(shí)測聲波時(shí)差,μs/m;

Δtnorm——同一深度正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線上的聲波時(shí)差,μs/m;

c——伊頓指數(shù);

Δto——地表泥巖聲波時(shí)差,μs/m;

D——壓實(shí)系數(shù);

H——埋深,m.

3 渤南洼陷壓力預(yù)測

渤南洼陷是濟(jì)陽坳陷沾化凹陷中部的一個(gè)三級(jí)負(fù)向構(gòu)造單元,是重要的油氣產(chǎn)區(qū)。地層以砂泥巖序列為主,始新統(tǒng)沙河街組沙三段下—中亞段及沙四段上亞段為研究區(qū)2套主要的烴源巖系,也是超壓廣泛發(fā)育的層系,超壓對(duì)研究區(qū)的油氣生成、運(yùn)聚和分布具有重要的影響。渤南洼陷生烴作用普遍存在,且與超壓層系相吻合,表明生烴對(duì)超壓的產(chǎn)生具有重要的作用[47],同時(shí)研究區(qū)欠壓實(shí)作用也較顯著,因此認(rèn)為欠壓實(shí)作用和生烴作用是研究區(qū)主要的增壓機(jī)理[47-49]。對(duì)于多種機(jī)理形成的超壓,等效深度法不適用,筆者采用Eaton法進(jìn)行壓力預(yù)測。

3.1正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線的建立

選擇34口井的測井、錄井、實(shí)測壓力數(shù)據(jù),擬合渤南洼陷正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線。測井資料表明,渤南洼陷聲波時(shí)差、密度異常段的埋深都大于2 500 m,與研究區(qū)超壓段相對(duì)應(yīng)。因此,選擇埋深小于2 500 m的正常壓實(shí)段進(jìn)行擬合,根據(jù)自然伽馬、自然電位、井徑、聲波時(shí)差等曲線,選擇厚層(>2 m)、井徑規(guī)則(擴(kuò)徑率<15%)的泥巖段,用其平均聲波時(shí)差擬合正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線。擬合結(jié)果如圖1a所示。相應(yīng)的正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線方程為:lnΔt=6.956-0.000 47H.

3.2 Eaton公式的擬合

Eaton公式所計(jì)算的為上覆巖層壓力,計(jì)算時(shí)需要先擬合地層密度與深度的關(guān)系曲線(圖1b),由此可得出密度與深度的關(guān)系式:ρ=0.001 8H+1.915.在此基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)(3)式計(jì)算上覆巖層壓力梯度,進(jìn)而求出上覆巖層壓力。通過地層水資料分析,可知研究區(qū)地層水平均密度為1 g/cm3,據(jù)此可計(jì)算靜水壓力(ph)。

圖1 渤南洼陷正常壓實(shí)泥巖段聲波時(shí)差(a)和地層密度(b)與深度關(guān)系

式中Goi——一定深度上覆巖層壓力梯度,g/cm3;

hw——海水水深,m;

ρw——海水密度,g/cm3;

ho——上部無密度測井地層段平均厚度,m;ρo——上部無密度測井地層段平均密度,g/cm3;Δh——深度間隔,m;

ρbi——一定深度密度,g/cm3.

伊頓指數(shù)的確定是計(jì)算壓力的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)于欠壓實(shí)成因的超壓,伊頓指數(shù)取3時(shí),預(yù)測效果較好[10]。但流體膨脹成因的超壓不會(huì)引起孔隙度增大,從而導(dǎo)致實(shí)測聲波時(shí)差相對(duì)減小,因此,需要采用更大的伊頓指數(shù)來校正這種影響。文獻(xiàn)[44]研究文萊Baram地區(qū)超壓特征時(shí),采用不同的伊頓指數(shù)研究不同成因的超壓,對(duì)于前三角洲欠壓實(shí)成因的超壓,所用的伊頓指數(shù)為3,而對(duì)于三角洲前緣流體膨脹成因的超壓,所用的伊頓指數(shù)為6.5.但不能表明伊頓指數(shù)的下限即為3,因?yàn)橐令D指數(shù)也受盆地地質(zhì)特征、巖性等的影響。文獻(xiàn)[50]利用Eaton法對(duì)伊朗南部盆地欠壓實(shí)機(jī)理為主形成的超壓分布特征進(jìn)行了預(yù)測,確定伊頓指數(shù)取0.5時(shí),預(yù)測效果最好。綜合分析前人研究結(jié)果,認(rèn)為伊頓指數(shù)為-5~50都可能,主要集中于0~12.6[44]。本文引入了預(yù)測壓力相對(duì)誤差平方和,采用迭代法確定合適的伊頓指數(shù)。

計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,研究區(qū)伊頓指數(shù)為1~4,設(shè)定伊頓指數(shù)的初始值為1,用迭代的方法,取c=c0+k*0.2(k= 1,2,…,n),選擇12口具有實(shí)測壓力的井,求出不同伊頓指數(shù)所對(duì)應(yīng)實(shí)測壓力深度處的壓力,并計(jì)算實(shí)測壓力與預(yù)測壓力的相對(duì)誤差,考慮到相對(duì)誤差有正有負(fù),選擇相對(duì)誤差平方和最小的伊頓指數(shù)作為最終結(jié)果。根據(jù)渤南洼陷不同伊頓指數(shù)和預(yù)測壓力相對(duì)誤差平方和關(guān)系(圖2),可以確定伊頓指數(shù)取2.6時(shí),預(yù)測效果最好。

圖2 渤南洼陷伊頓指數(shù)與預(yù)測壓力相對(duì)誤差平方和關(guān)系

3.3地層壓力預(yù)測

根據(jù)所建立的正常壓實(shí)趨勢(shì)線和密度隨深度變化曲線,伊頓指數(shù)取2.6,利用(1)式、(3)式對(duì)渤南洼陷12口井的地層壓力進(jìn)行了預(yù)測。結(jié)果表明,預(yù)測壓力與實(shí)測壓力的相對(duì)誤差主要集中在-6%~10%,平均相對(duì)誤差為3.04%(表1),能夠滿足工程要求,該模型可用以預(yù)測渤南洼陷的地層壓力。

表1 渤南洼陷預(yù)測壓力數(shù)據(jù)

4 結(jié)論

(1)不同成因的超壓會(huì)有不同的巖石物理響應(yīng)特征,流體膨脹成因的超壓不會(huì)形成異常高孔隙度,因此,基于孔隙度的流體壓力預(yù)測方法不能準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測其分布特征。Eaton法引入了伊頓指數(shù),可以通過改變伊頓指數(shù)大小來校正不同超壓機(jī)理的影響,適用于流體膨脹成因的超壓預(yù)測。

(2)利用Eaton法對(duì)濟(jì)陽坳陷沾化凹陷渤南洼陷多成因超壓的地層壓力進(jìn)行了預(yù)測,明確了伊頓指數(shù)的獲取思路。初步計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,研究區(qū)沙三段下—中亞段和沙四段上亞段的伊頓指數(shù)為1~4,引入預(yù)測壓力相對(duì)誤差平方和來擬合伊頓指數(shù),通過迭代法確定伊頓指數(shù)取2.6時(shí),所預(yù)測的壓力相對(duì)誤差平方和最小,此時(shí)預(yù)測的平均相對(duì)誤差為3.04%,可用此模型預(yù)測研究區(qū)地層壓力。

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(編輯顧新元)

Prediction of Overpressures Generated by Fluid Expansion:Methods and Application

JING Chen1,LIU Hua1,JING Xiao2,FENG Yuelin1,ZHAO Meng1
(1.School of Geoscience,ChinaUniversity of Petroleum,Qingdao,Shandong 266580,China; 2.The First Oil Production Plant,Huabei Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Renqiu,Hebei 062552,China)

Abstract:Accurate pore?pressure prediction in overpressured regions is essential to ensure safe drilling operations,also provides essential data for reservoir planning and reserves estimation.Based on the differences of petrophysical signatures between different overpressure mechanisms,the prediction method for overpressure generated by fluid expansion mechanisms was syudied.The results showed that the Ea?ton method is suitable for estimating overpressure generated by different mechanisms.Taking Bonan sag of Zhanhua depression in the Ji?yang subbasin as an example,the procedure of determining the exponent c and predicting fluid pressure by Eaton method were explained. At first,it is initially identified that the exponent c was between 1 to 4.Then,introducing a parameter the sum of the squares of relative er?ror and using the iterative method,the exponent c could be determined by comparing the different sum of the squares of relative error.The results showed that the sum of the squares of relative error was the smallest when the Eaton exponent is 2.6,and the prediction was most ac?curate.

Keywords:Jiyangdepression;Bonan sub?sag;overpressure mechanisms;fluid expansion;pressure prediction;Eaton method

作者簡介:景?。?992-),男,山西運(yùn)城人,碩士研究生,油氣勘探,(Tel)15588665332(E-mail)932998313@qq.com

基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(41502129);國家油氣重大專項(xiàng)(2011ZX05006-003);中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)(14CX05015A)

收稿日期:2015-08-13

修訂日期:2015-12-14

文章編號(hào):1001-3873(2016)02-0240-06

DOI:10.7657/XJPG20160222

中圖分類號(hào):TE112.23

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A