王偉濱
今年好萊塢超級(jí)英雄片扎堆來襲,且英雄對(duì)惡棍的單打獨(dú)斗戲不再流行,取而代之的是代表不同理念的各派高手之間的群體大戰(zhàn)。不用說DC、Marvel等知名漫畫公司的死忠,即便如我一般的普通觀影者,也被一次次席卷進(jìn)電影院,去經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)場(chǎng)排山倒海的大戰(zhàn)。
在眾多英雄互斗中,3月上映的《蝙蝠俠大戰(zhàn)超人:正義黎明》(Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice)顯得最為乏味,不僅交戰(zhàn)雙方陣營單薄,且故事乏善可陳,還在上演著反派角色(villain)四處生事的老橋段,而且Lex Luthor這個(gè)反派,明顯沒有當(dāng)年風(fēng)頭壓倒蝙蝠俠的小丑那股“哲學(xué)家”的派頭。
與之相比,5月的《美國隊(duì)長3:內(nèi)戰(zhàn)》(Captain America: Civil War)水平不知高出幾個(gè)檔次。不說華麗的陣容,單就故事內(nèi)容而言,也頗有深度。美國人對(duì)于“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)”(當(dāng)然,對(duì)美國人來說特指“南北戰(zhàn)爭”)這個(gè)話題,本就極感興趣,不僅每年都有紀(jì)念活動(dòng),相關(guān)書籍與影視作品也層出不窮,而且,“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)”的由頭,也遠(yuǎn)不像我們的歷史課本中描寫的那樣單純——那是一場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、生活方式以及思維模式的大對(duì)撞。
而美隊(duì)(Captain America)與鋼鐵俠(Ironman)兩大陣營的分裂與對(duì)峙,則源于對(duì)“權(quán)力”與“行動(dòng)”的不同理解。當(dāng)然,這也并不是什么新鮮話題,早在漫畫《守望者》(Watchmen)中,私自執(zhí)法的各種“俠”們的行事標(biāo)準(zhǔn)便受到質(zhì)疑,政府對(duì)他們發(fā)出命令——或者退休,或者被國家的正統(tǒng)部隊(duì)收編。在《內(nèi)戰(zhàn)》中,超能者們動(dòng)不動(dòng)摧毀大廈、掀翻橋梁、傷及無辜,于是官方要求他們簽署協(xié)定,以后不得私自行動(dòng)。不過,與《守望者》中消沉、失望、糾結(jié)的眾“俠”不同,美隊(duì)卻給出了一個(gè)十分“美國”的答案:“Ive been on my own since I was 18. I never really fit in anywhere in any army. My faiths in people, I guess, individuals, and Im happy to say, for the most part,they havent let me down. This is why I cant let them down either.”對(duì)于美隊(duì)來說,政治正確與否并不重要,重要的是“個(gè)人”的自由不能被任何“組織”或“權(quán)威”束縛。
5月的《內(nèi)戰(zhàn)》已經(jīng)頗有思辨味道,而6月的《X戰(zhàn)警:天啟》(X-Men: Apocalypse)則把思辨推進(jìn)到新的高度?!癮pocalypse”的本意是“disclosure, revelation”。在《新約·啟示錄》中寫道,塵世苦難將盡,基督將駕祥云重臨,對(duì)善、惡做出審判,繼而此世終結(jié),天國降臨。于是,“apocalypse”也有了“末世”(the end of the world)的意思。所謂“天啟”是充滿了“譴責(zé)”的“警告”,這部電影顯然也有此意味。
嚴(yán)格說來,影片同名大反派天啟(Apocalypse)與X教授的爭斗,不同于前面兩部中的英雄之爭,因?yàn)樗麄兯坪跣罢置?,而非屬同一陣營。不過,對(duì)《圣經(jīng)》傳統(tǒng)稍有了解的觀眾會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),他們又很像同一上帝在《舊約》與《新約》中的兩幅面孔。《舊約》中的上帝多以威力統(tǒng)治世界,人類要做的便是絕對(duì)的順從。例如,希伯來人自主選出的首位王Saul,奉上帝之命前往亞瑪力人(Amalek)的居住地,摧毀那里的一切,包括城池、人民和牲畜。但Saul卻沒有徹底執(zhí)行命令,不但未殺那里的王,還將牲畜等物資都保留下來,理由是這些物資可供人民使用,更可獻(xiàn)祭上帝。此舉惹得上帝震怒,派先知Samuel前來譴責(zé)Saul說:“Hath the Lord as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices(祭品), as in obeying the voice of the Lord? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken(聽命)than the fat of rams(公羊).”(1 Samuel 15: 22)(耶和華喜悅燔祭和平安祭,豈如喜悅?cè)寺爮乃脑捘??聽命勝于獻(xiàn)祭;順從勝于公羊的脂油。)
就算有像約伯這樣敢于與上帝辨理的人存在,最終也只能被上帝以威力壓制。在對(duì)約伯的訓(xùn)斥中,上帝并沒有炫耀自己的神力有多大,單就提出自己創(chuàng)造的一種名為Leviathan的巨獸,便足以將約伯威嚇得立即屈服。“He maketh the deep to boil like a pot: he maketh the sea like a pot of ointment(油膏). He maketh a path to shine after him; one would think the deep to be hoary(頭發(fā)灰白的). Upon earth there is not his like, who is made without fear. He beholdeth all high things: he is a king over all the children of pride.” (Job 41: 31—34)
也許,天啟的確并非他自稱的“神”,但即使他是如Leviathan這樣的神獸,也足以震懾世人了。他說道:“Elohim1. Shen. Ra2. Ive been called many names. Over many lifetimes. I am born of death. I am there to spark and fend the flame of mans awakening. To spin(使旋轉(zhuǎn))the wheel of civilization. And when the forest would grow rank3 and needed clearing for new growth, I was there, to set it ablaze(著火的).”
如他所說,他來自一個(gè)有秩序的時(shí)代,“a time before man lost his way”,在看到一個(gè)文明走入歧途時(shí),他要來進(jìn)行一番清理工作:“Always the same, and now, all this.(意思是,人類一直為私欲而斗,從未止息)No more stones. No more spears(矛,槍). No more slings(投石器). No more swords. No more weapons. No more systems. No more. No more superpowers. So much faith, in their tool, and in their machines. You can fire your arrows from the tower of Babel(巴別塔). But you can never strike God.”
自詡為神的天啟的確也在做《啟示錄》中神(以其行事標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看,《啟示錄》之神更像《舊約》之神)所做的事。首先,他發(fā)掘出萬磁王(Magneto)內(nèi)心對(duì)于人類所有愚蠢行徑的仇恨,因而促使他去毀掉所有含有金屬的建造物,為迎接一個(gè)“新世界”鋪平道路:“Reach down. Feel the metal in the ground. Reach, as deep as you can. Youll find you have the power to move the very earth itself. Everything they built will fall. And through the ashes of their world, well build a better one.”繼而,他把人類所有的核武器都發(fā)射到外太空去,超越了人類所有關(guān)于“削減武器”的鉤心斗角,瞬間實(shí)現(xiàn)“無核化”。這顯然與以往惡棍動(dòng)輒以核武器要挾人類,超級(jí)英雄拯救地球于將毀這樣的路數(shù)全然不同。天啟所做的,與《舊約》中記載的上帝為懲罰人類之惡而降下的大洪水、天火或其他天災(zāi)相比,真算得仁慈了。
X教授以及許多正派人物稱天啟是“False God”;在 《蝙蝠俠大戰(zhàn)超人》中,也有人在超人的塑像上噴上“False God”字樣。其實(shí),即便《圣經(jīng)》中記載的上帝究竟是不是“False God”,歷來也頗有爭議,更何況漫畫英雄們呢?不過,X教授的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)倒很簡單:真神是保護(hù)者,假神是統(tǒng)治者。故事開篇,X教授說:“Mutants(突變體), born with extraordinary abilities, and yet still they are children, stumbling(蹣跚)in the dark, searching for guidance. A gift can often be a curse. Give someone wings, and they may fly too close to the sun. Give them the power of prophecy(預(yù)言), and they may live in fear of the future. Give them the greatest gift of all. Powers beyond imagination, and they may think, they are meant to rule the world.”簡言之,“力量”不等于“權(quán)力”。
顯然,X教授如同《新約》中的上帝,張開雙臂庇護(hù)弱者,犧牲自身替人受難。當(dāng)X教授被天啟綁架,后者借助前者向世界發(fā)聲:“You have lost your way. But I have returned. The day of reckoning(審判)is here. All your buildings will fall. And the dawn of a new age will rise. For there is nothing that you can do. This message is for one purpose alone. To tell the strongest among you. Those with the greatest power, this earth will be yours.”這最后的一句,教授卻說的是:“Those with the greatest power, protect those without.”(擁有最強(qiáng)力量者,去保護(hù)弱者們。)
自然,至少在漫畫世界里,善惡有報(bào)。保護(hù)者最終將統(tǒng)治者消滅。然而,人類世界恢復(fù)的是什么呢?影片結(jié)尾,恢復(fù)“理性”的萬磁王與X教授的對(duì)話很有意思。
X教授:The world has already begun rebuilding its arsenals(軍火庫).
Magneto:Its human nature, Charles.
X教授:I still have hope. I was right about Raven. I was even right about you.
Magneto:What about the rest of the world?
...
與X教授相比,美隊(duì)要灑脫得多,和則共同殺敵,分則各奔東西,并不需要什么“協(xié)定”之類的金箍套到頭上;其實(shí),正如那些譴責(zé)他的人所說的,他甚至不為“拯救世人”而戰(zhàn),他只為自己而戰(zhàn)。而X教授則顯然把自己置于“真神”的位置,他看到的不是“individuals”而是“humanity”,他甚至可以在萬磁王這樣殺人如麻的“大惡人”身上看到“人性”、“理性”和“善良”;雖然,似乎他的觀點(diǎn)并沒有多少說服力,至少他并沒有說服萬磁王。
教授的“hope”,在一個(gè)并不那么“hopeful”的世界上顯得有些輕飄飄的。也許,我們的確需要個(gè)Leviathan那樣的超能巨獸的震懾,才能避免自相殘殺的命運(yùn)。英國哲學(xué)家霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes)在《利維坦》(Leviathan)一書中寫到,人的天性便是保全自己、控制他人,當(dāng)人類沒有一個(gè)具有強(qiáng)權(quán)的中央權(quán)威(central authority)時(shí),便只能處于終日混戰(zhàn)之中,“In a state of nature, before there is any government, every man desires to preserve his own liberty, but to acquire dominion(統(tǒng)治權(quán))over others; both these desires are dictated(命令)by the impulse to self-preservation. From their conflict arises a war of all against all, which makes life ‘nasty(令人不快的), brutish(野蠻的), and short. In a state of nature, there is no property, no justice or injustice; there is only war, and ‘force and fraud(欺詐)are, in war, the two cardinal(主要的)virtues.”4 為了避免這種局面,人們就要屈服于一個(gè)“權(quán)威”,即“Leviathan”,“a mortal God”。當(dāng)然,今天的世界存在著大大小小各種政府,少見“a state of nature”,但是政府之間卻沒有足夠的理性約束,就像影片中描繪的,許多時(shí)候許多地方劍拔弩張,“軍備競(jìng)賽”幾乎成了常態(tài)。怪不得天啟開口第一句話便是“Who rules this world?”,因?yàn)樗吹降倪@個(gè)世界實(shí)在亂得不像樣。
自由還是秩序,這是個(gè)問題。
英國哲學(xué)家羅素(Bertrand Russell)創(chuàng)作《西方哲學(xué)史》時(shí)正值二戰(zhàn)期間,對(duì)于“war”、“despotism”(專制)、“anarchy”(無政府主義)等詞感受頗深,在有關(guān)霍布斯的章節(jié)末尾,他寫道:“Every community is faced with two dangers, anarchy and despotism. The Puritans(清教徒), especially the Independents, were most impressed by the danger of despotism. Hobbes, on the contrary, was obsessed by the fear of anarchy... On the whole, therefore, as regards the powers of the State(這個(gè)詞首字母大寫,指所謂的“中央權(quán)威”), the world has gone as Hobbes wished, after a long liberal period during which, at least apparently, it was moving in the opposite direction. Whatever may be the outcome of the present war(指二戰(zhàn)), it seems evident that the functions of the State must continue to increase, and that resistance to it must grow more and more difficult.”5
天啟在滅亡之前說“All is revealed”。的確,啟示已經(jīng)道出,后面的,就要看我們自己了。
1. 希伯來《圣經(jīng)》中的神。
2. 古埃及太陽神。
3. rank: (of plant) too thick and widespread,這里意為“森林無秩序地瘋長”。
4. Bertand Russell. The History of Western Philosophy. A Touchstone Book. p. 550.
5. 同上,p.556.