盧軍 萬(wàn)緒懷
445400 湖北省恩施州利川市和諧醫(yī)院(盧軍 萬(wàn)緒懷)
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影響急性腦梗死出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的危險(xiǎn)因素
盧軍萬(wàn)緒懷
445400湖北省恩施州利川市和諧醫(yī)院(盧軍萬(wàn)緒懷)
【摘要】目的探討急性腦梗死的出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的危險(xiǎn)因素。方法收集2012年1月~2015年1月在湖北省恩施州利川市人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院的急性腦梗死患者的臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查資料,并在入院后10 d內(nèi)行頭顱CT復(fù)查,采用多變量logistic回歸分析確定出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果共納入345例急性腦梗死患者,其中男205例,女140例,101例發(fā)生出血性轉(zhuǎn)化。出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組的年齡、腦梗死體積、腦卒中史或TIA史、高血壓病、糖尿病、抗凝藥和房顫的比例均顯著高于非出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組(P<0.05),而2組抗血小板聚集藥、他汀類、高脂血癥史、吸煙或飲酒史無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05)。多變量logistic回歸分析顯示年齡(OR=1.168,95%,CI=1.059~3.412;P=0.021)、梗死體積(OR=3.461,95%C1=1.317~6.270;P=0.044)和房顫(OR=1.284,95%C1= 1.117~2.903;P=0.015)為出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論急性腦梗死患者出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的發(fā)生率為29.3%,年齡、腦梗死體積和房顫為出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,絕大多數(shù)出血性轉(zhuǎn)化不會(huì)加重臨床癥狀,臨床癥狀加重的患者主要是腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫型。
【關(guān)鍵詞】腦梗死 腦出血危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)后
【DOI】10.3969/j.issn.1007-0478.2016.02.010
出血性轉(zhuǎn)化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)指急性腦缺血灶恢復(fù)灌流后發(fā)生的腦內(nèi)出血,是腦梗死的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥[1],病死率和致殘率較高。為了解影響急性腦梗死出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的危險(xiǎn)因素,本研究對(duì)2012年1月~2015年1月在我院住院診斷為急性腦梗死的患者進(jìn)行了回顧性分析,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
研究對(duì)象為2012年1月~2015年1月在湖北省恩施州利川市人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科就診的急性腦梗死患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合全國(guó)第四屆腦血管病學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議修訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(2)CT檢查排除了腦出血和蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;(3) 發(fā)病48h內(nèi);(4)發(fā)病后10d內(nèi)行CT復(fù)查。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)凝血功能和血小板計(jì)數(shù)異常;(2) 病情嚴(yán)重不能耐受檢查或者拒絕CT復(fù)查。
1.2觀察指標(biāo)
收集住院患者的臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查資料,包括年齡、性別、有無(wú)高血壓病、高脂血癥、糖尿病、房顫、缺血性腦卒中或TIA病史以及吸煙、飲酒史,入院前是否使用過(guò)抗血小板聚集、抗凝和降脂藥物,入院時(shí)的血壓、血糖、血脂、心電圖等檢查以及入院時(shí)頭顱CT及入院后10 d內(nèi)的頭顱CT復(fù)查。
指標(biāo)定義:高血壓病指患者收縮壓≥140 mmHg和(或)舒張壓>90 mmHg;糖尿病指曾明確診斷為糖尿病或空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或餐后2 h血糖≥11.2 mmol/L;高脂血癥指總膽固醇>6.2 mmol/L或低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)>3.37 mmol/L和/或甘油三脂(TG)>2.3 mmol/L;房顫指24 h心電圖監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫或有明確房顫病史者。
1.3腦梗死分型
根據(jù)TOAST標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分型[2],將腦梗死患者分為大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腦梗死、心源性腦栓塞、小動(dòng)脈閉塞性腦梗死、其他明確原因的腦梗死和不明原因性腦梗死。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2結(jié)果
356例患者符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中5例凝血功能異常,1例血小板計(jì)數(shù)異常,11例病情嚴(yán)重不能耐受檢查,3例拒絕CT復(fù)查。最終納入研究對(duì)象345例,其中男205例,女140例,年齡37~75歲,平均年齡(62.1±9.6)歲。其中大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腦梗死79例(22.9%),心源性腦栓塞43例(12.5%),小動(dòng)脈閉塞性腦梗死192例(55.7%),不明原因性腦梗死27例(7.8%),其他明確原因的腦梗死4例(0.12%)。101例CT復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)HT,發(fā)生率為29.3%。按歐洲急性腦梗死卒中協(xié)作研究Ⅱ的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),92例為出血性梗死(91%),其中76例梗死邊緣點(diǎn)狀出血(75.2%),16例為梗死區(qū)內(nèi)融合多個(gè)點(diǎn)狀出血(15.8%),9例(8.9%)是腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫,1例血腫>梗死灶面積30%(表1)。從腦梗死的危險(xiǎn)因素來(lái)看,出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組的年齡、腦梗死體積、腦卒中史或TIA史、高血壓病、糖尿病、抗凝藥和房顫的比例均顯著高于非出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組(P<0.05),而2組抗血小板聚集藥、他汀類、高脂血癥史、吸煙或飲酒史無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。從腦卒中的亞型來(lái)看,小動(dòng)脈閉塞性腦梗死的出血性轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率低于其他腦梗死亞型(P=0.032),心源性腦栓塞的出血性轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率高于其他卒中亞型(P=0.000)。以出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組為應(yīng)變量,以表1~4中P<0.05的變量為自變量進(jìn)行的多變量logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡(OR=1.168,95%CI=1.059~3.412;P=0.021)、腦梗死體積(OR=3.461,95%C1=1.317~6.270;P=0.044)和房顫(OR=1.284,95%C1=1.117~2.903;P=0.015)為出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表1~4)。
表1 出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組與非出血性轉(zhuǎn)化組的基線資料比較
表2 腦梗死分型(n,%)
表3 梗死灶部位(n,%)
注:HT為出血轉(zhuǎn)化;TIA為短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作;TC為總膽固醇;TG為甘油三脂;HDL-C為高密度脂蛋白膽固醇;LDL-C為低密度脂蛋白膽固醇;FPG為空腹血糖;NIHSS為美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表。
3討論
20世紀(jì)50年代Fisher和Adams提出了出血性轉(zhuǎn)化這個(gè)概念,但當(dāng)時(shí)臨床診斷困難,只能通過(guò)尸檢確診。隨著影像學(xué)的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)在臨床診斷已非常容易。歐洲急性腦卒中協(xié)作研究Ⅱ[3]根據(jù)CT上出血的表現(xiàn)將出血性轉(zhuǎn)化分為出血性梗死(hemorrhagic infarction)和腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫(parenchymal hemorrhage)兩種;根據(jù)CT上出血灶的部位出血性梗死可再分為梗死邊緣點(diǎn)狀出血和梗死區(qū)內(nèi)融合多個(gè)點(diǎn)狀出血兩種;根據(jù)CT上出血量的多少將腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫分為血腫面積<30%梗死灶面積并有輕微占位效應(yīng)的出血和血腫面積>30%梗死灶面積并具有明顯占位效應(yīng)或是遠(yuǎn)離梗死灶的出血。其發(fā)生率不清楚,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道為0.6% ~85%[4]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道年齡、高血壓病史、糖尿病史、房顫史、抗凝和抗血小板聚集藥物、腦梗死面積、血小板數(shù)量是急性腦梗死出血轉(zhuǎn)化的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[5-10]。本研究結(jié)果來(lái)看出血性轉(zhuǎn)化與患者年齡、腦梗死體積、腦卒中史或TIA史、抗凝藥、高血壓病史、糖尿病史和房顫史有關(guān),而與抗血小板聚集藥、他汀類、高血脂史、吸煙或飲酒史無(wú)關(guān),但多變量logistic歸分析表明出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素只有年齡、腦梗死體積和房顫。年齡越大、腦梗死體積越大,臨床上發(fā)生出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大,且房顫引起的腦栓塞比其他原因引起的腦梗死出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大。出血性轉(zhuǎn)化最大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是加重腦梗死的臨床癥狀,從本研究結(jié)果來(lái)看,按歐洲急性腦卒中協(xié)作研究Ⅱ的分型,絕大多數(shù)出血性梗死不會(huì)加重臨床癥狀,特別是梗死邊緣點(diǎn)狀出血,往往是在CT復(fù)查時(shí)才知道是出血性轉(zhuǎn)化,而腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫會(huì)加重臨床癥狀,特別是血腫面積>30%梗死灶面積時(shí)。本研究中出血性轉(zhuǎn)化發(fā)生率為29.3%(101/345),出血性轉(zhuǎn)化患者中91%(92/101)是出血性梗死,其中梗死邊緣點(diǎn)狀出血占75.2%(76/101),梗死區(qū)內(nèi)融合的多個(gè)點(diǎn)狀出血占15.8%(16/101),所有梗死邊緣點(diǎn)狀出血患者在CT發(fā)現(xiàn)出血性轉(zhuǎn)化前后NIHSS評(píng)分沒(méi)有改變,1例梗死區(qū)內(nèi)融合的多個(gè)點(diǎn)狀出血患者在CT發(fā)現(xiàn)出血性轉(zhuǎn)化前NIHSS評(píng)分增加了3分;腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫占8.9%(9/101),僅1例血腫面積>梗死灶面積30%,所有患者在CT發(fā)現(xiàn)出血性轉(zhuǎn)化前NIHSS評(píng)分都有增加,但只有血腫面積積>30%梗死灶面積的1例患者臨床癥狀明顯加重,CT可見(jiàn)明顯占位效應(yīng),且有中線結(jié)構(gòu)明顯移位,行血腫穿刺引流后仍沒(méi)能挽救患者生命。這表明出血性轉(zhuǎn)化并不兇險(xiǎn),90%的出血性轉(zhuǎn)化的臨床癥狀不會(huì)加重,只有臨床癥狀加重的患者才需要復(fù)查CT,只有CT發(fā)現(xiàn)血腫面積積>30%梗死灶面積的患者才需要特殊處理。
出血性轉(zhuǎn)化是急性腦梗死的一種常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,其獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素包括年齡、梗死體積和房顫。絕大多數(shù)出血轉(zhuǎn)化不會(huì)加重臨床癥狀,特別是梗死邊緣點(diǎn)狀出血患者,臨床癥狀加重的患者主要是腦實(shí)質(zhì)血腫型,但只要血腫體積不超過(guò)梗死灶面積的30%也不會(huì)危及患者生命。
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(2015-10-08收稿)
Risk factors influencing the hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke
LuJun,WangXuhuai.
DepartmentofNeurology,LichuanPeople'sHospital,Enshi445400
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the independent risk factors of hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke. MethodsThe clinical data of patients with acute ischemic stroke in Renmin hospital of Lichuan city in EnShi province were collected from January 2012 to January 2015, and cranium CT scan was rechecked during 10 days after the patient admission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation. ResultsA total of 345 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled and 101 of them had hemorrhagic transformation.The age was significantly older and infarct volume was markedly larger in hemorrhagic transformation group than those in the non- hemorrhagic transformation group (P<0.05). The proportions of history of stroke and TIA, hypertension, diabetes, anticoagulation drug and atrial fibrillation were significantly higher than those in the non- hemorrhagic transformation group (P<0.05). There were no significantly difference between two groups in antiplatelets drug, statins, history of hyperlipemia, drinking and smoking(P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR:1.168,95%CI:1.059~3.412;P=0.021), infarct volume(OR:3.461,95%C1:1.317~6.270;P=0.044) and atrial fibrillation(OR:1.284,95%C1: 1.117~2.903;P=0.015)were the independent risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation. ConclusionThe incidence of hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischemic stroke was 29.3%.Age, infarct volume and atrial fibrillation were the independent risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation. The clinical symptom of most of the patients with hemorrhagic transformation was not more serious, but the clinical symptom may be get worse in the type of parenchymal hemorrhage.
【Key words】StrokeCerebral ischemiaCerebral hemorrhageRisk factors Prognosis
【中圖分類號(hào)】R743
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】1007-0478(2016)02-0110-04