齊永波
完形填空題難度相對較高,分值比重較大,所以做好完形填空題對考生非常重要。為此,筆者結(jié)合近幾年高考英語全國新課標(biāo)卷真題,對完形填空的解題技巧進(jìn)行了總結(jié),在這里與大家一起分享。
一、利用首句信息,了解體裁和主題
完形填空的首句往往不設(shè)空,是一個(gè)完整的句子。通過細(xì)讀首句可以判斷文章體裁,預(yù)測文章大意和主旨,對解題非常關(guān)鍵。
一般來說,記敘文類的文章首句會(huì)交代時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物和事件,說明文類的文章首句會(huì)解釋要說明的對象,議論文類的文章首句會(huì)提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。由此,同學(xué)們可以在仔細(xì)閱讀了首句后,快速略讀全文,確定文章的體裁、主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way, we spotted a man holding a piece of paper ...
通過閱讀首句,我們可以了解到Who (my kids and I), What (were heading into the supermarket), Where (the supermarket), When (over the weekend), 這些是記敘文的基本要素,由此判斷該文為記敘文,并可預(yù)測本文是作者和她的孩子們?nèi)コ兴?jīng)歷的某件事情。
二、運(yùn)用詞匯手段,快速找出答案
1. 詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)
詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)指的是某一詞以原詞或同根詞、同/近義詞、上/下義詞、概括詞或其他形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇中,使意義相互銜接。完形填空所選的文章都是具有邏輯關(guān)系、意義相連的語篇。因此,在行文中不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)和相互照應(yīng)等現(xiàn)象。
(1)原詞或同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
原詞或同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指相同的單詞或同根詞在原文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn),達(dá)到銜接文章的目的。如:
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a 47 .
... When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for whatever his family might need, he burst into tears.
47. A. dollar B. job C. hot meal D. gift card
解析:孩子建議給他什么東西呢?繼續(xù)閱讀下文,當(dāng)讀到When I handed him the gift card時(shí),可知選D。gift card就是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
(2)同義詞或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)
同義詞或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指意義相同或相近的單詞在原文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn),以達(dá)到銜接文章的目的。
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷II) As a parent, I hated seeing my daughter playing her best, but still defeated. It seemed that something clicked with the 51 between Saturday and Sunday.
51. A. girls B. parents C. coaches D. viewers
解析:父親觀看的是daughter的比賽,這里應(yīng)是指“這些女孩子(the girls)”突然明白了什么事,sth. click with sb.意為“某人突然明白了某事”。daughter與girls是近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn),故選A。
(3)上下義復(fù)現(xiàn)
詞語的上下義關(guān)系就是詞語之間在語義上是包含與被包含的關(guān)系,或整體與部分的關(guān)系,或概括與具體的關(guān)系。如flower 和rose 之間,animal與dog之間,就是上下義關(guān)系。語篇中常會(huì)以上義詞與下義詞的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn),以使上下文銜接。如:
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice ... When we handed him the bag of 52 he lit up and thanked us with watery eyes.
52. A . toys B. medicine C. food D. clothes
解析:上文中提到作者的小孩購買了蘋果、三明治和果汁,由此結(jié)合空格處前后的內(nèi)容可知,他們遞給那位男子的是一大包食品(food),故選C。apples, sandwich, juice是food的下義詞,food是apples, sandwich, juice的上義詞,這是上下義復(fù)現(xiàn)。
2. 詞匯同現(xiàn)
意義上相關(guān)的詞匯出現(xiàn)在同一語篇中,構(gòu)成以某一話題為中心的詞匯鏈,因其共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性,叫詞匯同現(xiàn),也有人稱之為“詞場”。同現(xiàn)詞之間有反義或相對關(guān)系,或者同類互補(bǔ)關(guān)系等,如different 與same;cruel與 friendly; ill, pale, patient, nurse, doctor和 operation等。了解這種現(xiàn)象對解完形填空題非常有用。
(1)語義場同現(xiàn)
(2013新課標(biāo)全國卷I) Just sitting in the wheelchair ... Then I wondered where to put my 60 . It took me quite a while to get the metal footrest(腳蹬) into place.
60. A. hands B. feet C. keys D. handles
解析:本題圍繞“坐輪椅(wheelchair)”這個(gè)話題展開,坐輪椅應(yīng)是“腳”不方便,又由后句“我費(fèi)了好長時(shí)間才讓金屬腳蹬(footrest)歸位”,由此推斷,作者應(yīng)該是不知道把自己的腳(feet)放在那里。與wheelchair, footrest 同現(xiàn)的應(yīng)是feet,故選B。
(2)反義同現(xiàn)
(2014新課標(biāo)全國卷II) He thought that Joe must be 38 ... He couldnt believe it. Joe was there, a few meters from their tent, still alive.
38. A. dead B. hurt C. weak D. late
解析:在離帳篷幾米遠(yuǎn)的地方,Simon發(fā)現(xiàn)Joe還活著(alive),這讓他不敢相信,原以為Joe死了(dead)。alive與dead是反義同現(xiàn),故選A。
三、借助邏輯關(guān)系,理清句子脈絡(luò)
完形填空的文章是具有完整內(nèi)容且按照一定思路發(fā)展的文章,各段及各句之間都有邏輯上的必然聯(lián)系,因此要注意把握文章發(fā)展的基本線索,搞清段與段、句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。常見??嫉倪壿嬯P(guān)系主要有:
1. 并列關(guān)系
表示并列關(guān)系的連接詞有and , while等
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷II)They played aggressively and 56 scored a goal.
56. A. even B. still C. seldom D. again
解析:句中and表示并列。孩子們這場球賽踢得很有進(jìn)攻性,“甚至”還進(jìn)了一個(gè)球;even表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,意為“甚至”,符合語意。故選A。
2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞有but,however,nevertheless等。
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) We were 48 on cash ourselves, but ... well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!
48. A. easy B. low C. sof D. loose
解析:but后的內(nèi)容意為“但是,有時(shí)候,我們將自己所需要的而不是我們富余的東西給予別人,正是我們需要去做的”,其前面內(nèi)容應(yīng)是“雖然我們自己的現(xiàn)金很少(low)”,故選B。
3. 因果關(guān)系
表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞有so,therefore,thus,because, for,since,as等。
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷II) My daughter plays on a recreational(娛樂的)soccer team. They did well this season and so 45 a tournament(錦標(biāo)賽), which normally was only for more skilled club teams.
45. A. won B. entered C. organized D. watched
解析:因?yàn)椤癟hey did well this season”,所以有資格參加(enter)錦標(biāo)賽。此外,比賽還沒有進(jìn)行,所以不可能“勝利”,應(yīng)排除選項(xiàng)A,正確答案為B。
4. 讓步關(guān)系
表示讓步關(guān)系的連接詞或短語有though,although, even though, despite, in spite of等。
(2015廣東卷) Even though we cant live forever, we are living a 5 life than ever before.
5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier
解析:根據(jù)句意可以推斷出,盡管我們不能永久地活著,但我們的壽命比以前是更長(longer)了。故選B。
5. 條件關(guān)系
表示條件關(guān)系的連接詞或短語有if,unless, once,provided that,in case of等。
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I)Things would have played out so 57 if I had simply said, “No, we really dont have money to give more.”
57. A. suddenly B. vividly C. differently D. perfectly
解析:如果我當(dāng)時(shí)告訴孩子們我們沒有錢給別人,那么事情的發(fā)展(play out =develop)就會(huì)不一樣了(differently)。故選C。
6. 順序關(guān)系
表示順序的連接詞有before,after,and,first,second,then,next, finally等。
(2014新課標(biāo)全國卷II) It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up. Joes weight was pulling Simon slowly towards the precipice (斷崖). 31 ,after more than an hour in the dark and the icy cold, Simon had to make a decision.
31. A. Finally B. Patiently C. Surely D. Quickly
解析:Joe爬回來或者Simon將他拉上來是不可能的,且Joe的重力將Simon慢慢拉到斷崖,面對如此現(xiàn)實(shí),Simon在一個(gè)小時(shí)之后“最后”不得不作出選擇。故選A。
7. 列舉關(guān)系
表示舉例或列舉的連接詞有for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, such as等。
(2014 廣東卷) However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but later clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens behaviour. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience...
7. A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful
解析:根據(jù)后面的舉例可知,父母采取不同的方法對待年青人的邋遢和懶散,就會(huì)收到不同的效果,有的父母所用的方法比另一些父母的處理方法更有效,做得更成功,故選D。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思是:comples復(fù)雜的;popular 受歡迎的;scientific 科學(xué)的;successful成功的。
四、通過搭配關(guān)系,仔細(xì)甄別選項(xiàng)
做題時(shí),要充分考慮動(dòng)介、動(dòng)賓等搭配關(guān)系,有助于我們做出正確選擇。
1. 動(dòng)介搭配
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) My 10-year-old noticed him and make a 42 on how bad it must be to have to stand outside in the cold wind.
43. A. suggestion B. comment C. decision D. call
解析:雖然四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可與前面的make和后面的on搭配,但意義與用法不同:make a suggestion on就……提出建議,make a comment on就……發(fā)表評論,make a decision on就……作出決定,make a call on sb.拜訪某人。根據(jù)語境,后面不是接人,排除選項(xiàng)D;就其后的內(nèi)容來說,“這么寒冷的天氣站在外面,是多么糟糕?。 睉?yīng)當(dāng)是評論,故選B。
(2015 福建卷) Several years ago I 37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder(世界級的找錯(cuò)者), almost always bothered by things.
A. received B. answered C. expected D. rejected
解析:能與介詞短語from sb.搭配的,只有選項(xiàng)A,receive a letter from sb.“收到某人的來信”。與句意“幾年以前,我收到一個(gè)來自17歲女孩kerry的信”相符合,故選A。
2. 動(dòng)賓搭配
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for 54 his family might need, he burst into tears.
54. A. whoever B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
解析:由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,for之后跟的應(yīng)是賓語從句,需填的詞在賓語從句中作動(dòng)詞need的賓語,首先可排除D項(xiàng),他的家庭或家人可能需要什么?需要“人”或需要“哪一個(gè)”,顯然不適合,應(yīng)當(dāng)是需要“東西”,故排除選項(xiàng)A和C,選B。
3. 介賓搭配
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 ,it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others.
59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory
解析:四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與in搭配的意義:in fear恐懼中,in love戀愛中,in need在困難中,in memory在內(nèi)存/記憶中。根據(jù)語境,他們幫助的應(yīng)是“處于困境中的人”,故選C。
4. 句型搭配
(2014 天津卷) It was then __________ I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on balancing family and work..
A. when B. where C. which D. that
解析:本題考查的是“It is ... that”強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,故選D。句意為:到那時(shí)我才開始感激媽媽在權(quán)衡家庭和工作時(shí)所面臨的艱難的抉擇。
五、根據(jù)生活常識,輕松選定答案
做完形填空題時(shí),有時(shí)運(yùn)用自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識,再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分,可以很快選出正確答案。
(2015新課標(biāo)全國卷I) On the way, we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said, “ 41 my job. Family to Feed.”
41. A. Lost B. Changed C. Quit D. Finished
解析:根據(jù)生活常識,舉個(gè)牌子,寫著“有一家人要養(yǎng)”,說明“失去了工作”,故選A。其余選項(xiàng)changed(改變), quit(放棄), finished(完成)與語意不符。
活學(xué)活用
1.(2014新課標(biāo)全國卷I) As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this...
本文的體裁是__________。
2. (2012新課標(biāo)全國卷) Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks__________than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more than we realize...
本文的體裁是_______________。
3. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷I) For ex ample, on Christmas morning, children are excited about playing with their new toys ... And, like the child in January, they go searching for new __________.
A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues
4. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷I) The world is full of__________ stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones passing interest.
A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed
C. newly-collected D. half-filled
5. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷I) As a matter of fact, we can see this principle at work in people of all __________. For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about ...; When parents bring home a pet, their child... ; Adolescent enter high school ...
A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages
6. (2013新課標(biāo)全國卷II) He stops when he sees someone with no gloves. He gives them a pair and then he moves on, looking for more people with cold __________.
A. hands B. ears C. faces D. eyes
7. (2013新課標(biāo)全國卷II) He gives them a pair and then he moves on ... On winter days, Mr Greenberg gives away gloves. During the rest of the year, he __________ gloves.
A. borrows B. sells C. returns D. buys
8. (2013新課標(biāo)全國卷I) I tried to find a__________position and thought it might be restful(平靜的,悠閑的)...
A. flexible B. safe C. starting D. comfortable
9. (2013新課標(biāo)全國卷II) A pair of gloves may be a __________thing, but it can make a big difference in winter.
A. small B. useful C. delightful D. comforting
10. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷II) Joe fell and broke his leg. They both knew that if Simon__________alone, he would probably get back safely.
A. climbed B. worked C. rested D. continued
11. (2014 重慶卷) Although I would sure carry the pain of __________with me along, Ahmed reminded me of the abundant kindness in the world.
A. loss B. failure C. fear D. regret
12. (2015新課標(biāo)全國卷II) This led to some __________ experiences on Saturday as they played against teams better trained. Through the first two games, her team did not get one serious shot on goal.
A. painful B. strange C. common D. practical
13. (2014新課標(biāo)全國卷I) And then, how many adults, who complain about the long drives to work, eagerly drove for hours at a time when they first __________their drivers licenses?
A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered
14. (2015 四川卷) The squirrels had no __________ coming up right to me for them.
A. business B. fun C. problem D. privilege
15. (2014 江蘇卷) During this period Dale was slowly developing an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could __________ him from achieving his real potential.
A. prevent B. protect C. save D. Free
16. (2003新課標(biāo)全國卷I) Just sitting in the wheelchair...I took my first uneasy look at what was to be my only means of __________for several hours.
A. operation B. communication
C. transportation D. production
答案與解析
1. 議論文。首句提出觀點(diǎn),后面拿小孩子、青少年、成年人、再到老人來證明這一觀點(diǎn),符合議論文的特點(diǎn)。
2. 說明文。首句主體對象是body language,后面釋義說明body language這個(gè)名詞,符合說明文的特點(diǎn)。
3. B 空格處與前文playing with their new toys中的toys屬于原詞復(fù)現(xiàn),故選B。
4. D 因and 表并列,連接兩個(gè)語意一致的詞。選項(xiàng)中half-filled與 unfinished意思相近。根據(jù)同/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)原則,故選D。
5. D 因children“孩子”,parents“父母”,adolescent “青少年”代表的是不同年齡(ages)的人群,ages是前三項(xiàng)的概括語,也叫上義詞。根據(jù)上/下義復(fù)現(xiàn)原則,故選D。
6. A 因gloves與hands屬于同一話題,語義場一致,根據(jù)語義場同現(xiàn)原則,故選A。
7. D 因Mr Greenberg冬日里發(fā)放手套,那么過了冬天就該買手套,以備下次發(fā)放。根據(jù)反義同現(xiàn)原則,故選D。
8. D 因and表并列,從后面的be restful可知,作者要想寧靜舒身,就得努力找一個(gè)舒服的姿勢。故選D。
9. A 本題的關(guān)鍵詞是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的but,選項(xiàng)中small與空格后的big意思相反,符合語意,故選A。
10. D 因If表示讓步關(guān)系,Joe跌倒,弄傷了腳,所以Simon要想安全地返回營地,只能是自己繼續(xù)獨(dú)行,故選D。
11. A 選項(xiàng)A中的loss與文中kindness存在相對關(guān)系。故選A。
12. A 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系推斷:她的球隊(duì)在跟比她們優(yōu)秀的球隊(duì)比賽時(shí)連一次像樣的射球都沒有,所以推斷出星期六的比賽對她說來說應(yīng)該是一次痛苦的經(jīng)歷。故選A。
13. B 很多的成年人都在報(bào)怨開很長時(shí)間的車去工作,殊不知他們一開始拿到駕駛證時(shí)多么渴望一次能開上幾小時(shí)。根據(jù)事情發(fā)展的邏輯順序,故選B。
14. C 因have no problem (in) doing sth.是固定句式,表示“做某事沒問題”。松鼠沒什么問題,它們直接就過來吃。故選C。
15. A 根據(jù)文中意思,他的母親知道自卑感能夠阻止他獲得真正的潛能。短語prevent sb. from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”,符合語意,故選A。
16. C 生活中,輪椅正是殘疾人的交通工具。故選C。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青