?

虛擬現(xiàn)實

·編者按·

虛擬現(xiàn)實（Virtual Reality，VR），從最基本的字面意思來解釋就是“虛幻的真實”，可以定義為“采用以計算機技術(shù)為核心的現(xiàn)代高技術(shù)生成逼真的視、聽、觸覺一體化的一定范圍的虛擬環(huán)境，用戶可以借助專門裝備以自然的方式與虛擬環(huán)境中的物體進行交互作用、相互影響，從而獲得親臨對應真實環(huán)境的感受和體驗”。虛擬現(xiàn)實具有沉浸感、交互性、構(gòu)想性三個特性，即（Imagination、Interaction、Immersion，3I）。虛擬現(xiàn)實的主要研究問題包括四類：分別是：（1）真實環(huán)境感知和理解；（2）虛擬場景建模和繪制；（3）逼真呈現(xiàn)和自然交互；（4）應用系統(tǒng)開發(fā)和集成。虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)在20世紀60—70年代興起，90年代開始形成和發(fā)展，其在仿真訓練、工業(yè)設(shè)計、交互體驗等多個應用領(lǐng)域解決了一些重大或普遍性需求，目前在理論技術(shù)與應用開展等方面都取得了很大進展。在VR技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上，又出現(xiàn)了增強現(xiàn)實（Augmented Reality，AR）技術(shù)。將虛擬環(huán)境與現(xiàn)實環(huán)境進行匹配合成以實現(xiàn)增強，其中將三維虛擬對象疊加到真實世界顯示的技術(shù)稱為增強現(xiàn)實，將真實對象的信息疊加到虛擬環(huán)境繪制的技術(shù)稱為增強虛擬環(huán)境。

VR/AR技術(shù)可以應用到軍事、航天、文化、娛樂、安全、工程、商業(yè)、教育醫(yī)療以及藝術(shù)等多個領(lǐng)域。高盛分析報告預計，到2025年，市場規(guī)模將達到800億美元。目前，微軟、谷歌、索尼、惠普、高通等著名科技公司都涉足于這一技術(shù)的研發(fā)。

本專題得到陳定方教授（武漢理工大學）、劉越教授（北京理工大學）的大力支持。

·熱點數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2016年3月21日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示，以“虛擬現(xiàn)實”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為4028條與2303條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報告，以“虛擬現(xiàn)實”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，以“虛擬現(xiàn)實”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻作為節(jié)點進行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻如下。

本領(lǐng)域經(jīng)典文獻

Wilson, MS; Middlebrook, A; Sutton, C; et al.

來源出版物: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1997, 79(6): 403-404

Learning rate for laparoscopic surgical skills on MIST VR, a virtual reality simulator: Quality of human-computer interface

Chaudhry, A; Sutton, C; Wood, J; et al.

來源出版物: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of

England, 1999, 81(4): 281-286

Virtual reality computer simulation - An objective method for the evaluation of laparoscopic surgical skills

Grantcharov, TP; Rosenberg, J; Pahle, EE; et al.

來源出版物: Surgical Endoscopy-Ultrasound and Interventional Techniques, 2001, 15 (3): 242-244

Virtual reality as a metric for the assessment of laparoscopic psychomotor skills - Learning curves and reliability measures

Gallagher, AG; Satava, RM

來源出版物: Surgical Endoscopy and other Interventional Techniques, 2002, 16(12): 1746-1752

·推薦綜述·

來源出版物: Surgical Endoscopy, 1993, 7(3): 203-205

MIST VR: A virtual reality trainer for laparoscopic surgery assesses performance

Virtual reality surgical simulator：The first steps

Satava, RM

Abstract:The virtual-reality surgical simulator signals the beginning of an era of computer simulation for surgery. The surgical resident of the future will learn new perspectives on surgical anatomy and repeatedly practice surgical procedures until they are perfect before performing surgery on patients. Primitive though these initial steps are, they represent the foundation for an educational base that will be as important to surgery as the flight simulator is to aviation. It is anticipated that the full development of the surgical simulator will take less than the 40 years which was required for flight simulators to become an indispensable ingredient of pilot training. As the system evolves, many new and yet-to-be-imagined applications will arise, but we must have understanding and patience as we wait for computer power to improve to a point where VR surgical simulation can emerge from its PacMan era. omitted. Acquiring laparoscopic surgical skills involves initial learning of cognitive and motor skills followed by refinement of those skills. The successful use of a virtual reality simulator depends on the quality of the interface for the human-computer interaction and this can be determined by the initial learning rate. MIST VR, a part-task virtual reality laparoscopic simulator, provides objective assessment of psychomotor skills and can generate an overall score for performance, based upon errors made and time taken for six different tasks. This study analysed the rate of early task/instrument/computer familiarisation on consecutive scores achieved by surgically experienced and naive individuals. Eleven surgeons, 18 medical students and seven non-medical personnel were tested on the simulator up to ten consecutive times, within a 2-week period. Performance data from every task and repetition were analysed to obtain individual scores of task performance. The calculation of overall score penalised errors far morebook=11,ebook=15heavily than total time taken, with high scores indicating poor performance. The surgeon-computer interface generated a rapid and significant early familiarisation curve up to the third session on the simulator, with significant reductions in both time taken and total contact errors made. These results suggest that MIST VR represents a high quality interface. Surgeons scored consistently and significantly better than other subjects on all tasks. For surgically naive individuals, it was possible to predict the level of laparoscopic skills performance that would be attained after overcoming initial simulator learning curve, by studying their initial score. Overall scores reflected surgical experience and suggest that the simulator is measuring surgically relevant parameters. MIST VR provides a validated and much needed method for objective assessment of laparoscopic skills, for a variety of surgical disciplines. Background: Objective assessment of psychomotor skills should be an essential component of a modern surgical training program. There are computer systems that can be used for this purpose, but their wide application is not yet generally accepted. The aim of this study was to validate the role of virtual reality computer simulation as a method for evaluating: surgical laparoscopic skills. Methods: The study included 14 surgical residents. On day 1, they performed two runs of all six tasks on the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer, Virtual Reality (MIST-VR), On day 2, they performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on living pigs; afterward, they were tested again on the MIST-VR. A group of experienced surgeons evaluated the trainees’ performance on the animal operation, giving scores for total performance error and economy of motion. During the tasks on the MIST-VR, errors and noneconomy of movements for the left and right hand were also recorded. Results: There were significant correlations between error scores in vivo and three of the six in vitro tasks (P<0.05). In vivo economy scores correlated significantly with noneconomy right-hand scores for five of the six tasks and with non-economy left-hand scores for one of the six tasks (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, laparoscopic performance in the animal model correlated significantly with performance on the computer simulator. Thus, the computer model seems to be a promising objective method for the assessment of laparoscopic psychomotor skills. Background: The objective assessment of the psychomotor skills of surgeons is now a priority; however, this is a difficult task because of measurement difficulties associated with the assessment of surgery in vivo. In this study, virtual reality (VR) was used to overcome these problems. Methods: Twelve experienced (>50 minimalaccess procedures), 12 inexperienced laparoscopic surgeons (<10 minimal-access procedures), and 12 laparoscopic novices participated in the study. Each subject completed 10 trials on the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer; Virtual Reality (MIST VR). Results: Experienced laparoscopic surgeons performed the tasks significantly (P<0.01) faster, with less error, more economy in the movement of instruments and the use of diathermy, and with greater consistency in performance. The standardized coefficient alpha for performance measures ranged from alpha=0.89 to 0.98, showing high internal measurement consistency. Test-retest reliability ranged from r=0.96 to r=0.5. Conclusion: VR is a useful tool for evaluating the psychomotor skills needed to perform laparoscopic surgery.