王曉偉,楊春霞,王啟航,王玉璽,李鵬兵
(1.甘肅省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,甘肅 蘭州 730000;2.甘肅省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查開發(fā)局,甘肅 蘭州 730000;3.甘肅省地礦局第三地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查院,甘肅 蘭州 730050)
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北山石板泉一帶石炭紀(jì)雙峰式火山巖地球化學(xué)特征及構(gòu)造意義
王曉偉1,2,楊春霞3,王啟航3,王玉璽1,李鵬兵3
(1.甘肅省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,甘肅 蘭州730000;2.甘肅省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查開發(fā)局,甘肅 蘭州730000;3.甘肅省地礦局第三地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查院,甘肅 蘭州730050)
摘要:北山造山帶南緣石板泉一帶的石炭紀(jì)火山巖(紅柳園組)在時空上構(gòu)成獨(dú)特的雙峰式火山巖組合,具有較短的Daly間斷及大量酸性火山巖夾少量中基性火山巖為主要特征,其中安山巖具有富鈉貧鉀、高Al低Mg的過鋁質(zhì)高鉀鈣堿性系列特征,并含有相當(dāng)數(shù)量虧損地幔物質(zhì),指示了安山巖源區(qū)可能源于虧損地幔,顯示板內(nèi)安山巖的特征;流紋巖屬于低Ti流紋巖類,指示巖石可能是基性巖漿底侵作用下地殼物質(zhì)發(fā)生部分熔融,源區(qū)存在有斜長石殘留,形成于大陸裂谷環(huán)境,其動力學(xué)體制可能與陸內(nèi)伸展拉張作用有關(guān),表明從晚古生代形成的裂谷在早石炭世晚期-晚早石炭世早期發(fā)展到鼎盛時期,晚石炭世由伸展拉張到逐步進(jìn)入碰撞擠壓這個地球動力學(xué)環(huán)境的重大轉(zhuǎn)折時期,二疊世末進(jìn)入碰撞造山演化階段。
關(guān)鍵詞:雙峰式火山巖;地球化學(xué);構(gòu)造環(huán)境;北山
雙峰式火山巖的成分間斷通常被稱為Daly間斷(DALY R A,1925),這種成分間斷實(shí)際上可以發(fā)生在任一段SiO2含量區(qū)間內(nèi),既可以是通常認(rèn)為的流紋巖-玄武巖組合,也可以是中性巖-玄武巖組合或流紋巖-中性巖組合(HILDRETH.W,1981;尹得功,2015;朱志新,2012)。故一組時空上緊密伴生的、SiO2含量集中分布在兩個區(qū)間并且存在一定成分間斷的火山巖系就構(gòu)成一套雙峰式火山巖組合,雙峰式火山巖可以產(chǎn)生在不同的構(gòu)造背景中,如洋島(GEIST. D,1995)、大陸拉張減薄環(huán)境(DUNCAN. A .R,1984; GARLAND. F,1995; PIN. C,1993)、洋內(nèi)島弧(B ROUXEL. M ,1987)、弧后盆地(HOCH STAEDTER. A. G,1990a,1990b)、成熟島弧(FREY. F. A ,1984; PIN. C,1997)以及造山后拉張環(huán)境(COULON. C,1986)等。探討雙峰式火山巖的形成機(jī)制和產(chǎn)出環(huán)境,不僅對恢復(fù)造山帶大地構(gòu)造格局有意義,而且對于探查與雙峰式火山巖有關(guān)的礦產(chǎn)資源也是有啟發(fā)的(王焰,2000;錢青,1999)。筆者擬對北山南帶石板泉一帶石炭紀(jì)紅柳園組雙峰式火山巖進(jìn)行巖石學(xué)和巖石地球化學(xué)的綜合研究,試圖完善其形成機(jī)制,探討產(chǎn)出環(huán)境及意義。
1地質(zhì)背景及巖石學(xué)特征
北山造山帶位于中亞造山帶的南緣,地處哈薩克斯坦、準(zhǔn)噶爾和塔里木板塊的交接部位,地質(zhì)構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,經(jīng)歷了多期次、多階段的板塊裂解—俯沖—碰撞—拼合的復(fù)雜地質(zhì)演化過程,具多旋回復(fù)合造山的特點(diǎn),體現(xiàn)在前造山階段的多島(塊)洋、俯沖造山階段的溝-弧-盆-裂谷體系及其軟碰撞,主造山期多旋回俯沖碰撞、斜向斂合和構(gòu)造遷移,以及造山后期造山帶側(cè)向擠出和構(gòu)造逃逸、伸展斷陷等復(fù)雜的構(gòu)造演化歷史(龔全勝,2002;張新虎,2005,2007,2008;楊合群,2006;王金榮,2001;聶鳳軍,2002;左國朝1990;RAPP. R.P,1997)。研究區(qū)位于北山造山帶南帶之南緣紅柳園-帳房山構(gòu)造巖漿巖帶中白山堂一帶(圖1),石炭紀(jì)紅柳園組可見安山巖與流紋巖、流紋質(zhì)凝灰?guī)r呈互層(局部可見玄武巖和流紋巖互層)產(chǎn)出,但整體上以爆發(fā)相(火山碎屑巖類)→溢流相(安山巖到流紋巖)→爆發(fā)-沉積相(凝灰?guī)r、凝灰質(zhì)砂巖夾生物碎屑灰?guī)r)韻律構(gòu)成一個大的晚古生代火山噴發(fā)旋回。安山巖主要具斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)、玻晶交織結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造。斑晶主要為斜長石、石英及暗色礦物;基質(zhì)占巖石的90%以上;流紋巖具斑狀結(jié)構(gòu),基質(zhì)具霏細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)、顯文象結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造。斑晶主要為更長石和石英,基質(zhì)主要為長英質(zhì)(70%~80%),部分流紋巖中可見斜長石晶屑及少量磷灰石、金屬礦物。
2樣品采集與測試
樣品采集于石板泉南側(cè)的安山巖和流紋巖。選擇新鮮無蝕變、隱晶質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)鏡下薄片鑒定和嚴(yán)格篩選的樣品進(jìn)行化學(xué)分析。樣品委托甘肅省中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室測定,主量元素除FeO和LOI采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濕化學(xué)分析外,其余的利用XRF分析,測試儀器為帕拉科生產(chǎn)的AXIOS型X-熒光光譜儀,精度一般優(yōu)于5%;稀土、微量元素采用美國ThermoFisher公司生產(chǎn)的XII Series型ICP-MS分析,數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量用國家一級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量監(jiān)控GB/T 14506-1993,分析結(jié)果采用DZ130-1991進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)檢查,測試精度介于5%~10%。
1.長城紀(jì)古硐井群;2.薊縣紀(jì)平頭山組;3.石炭紀(jì)紅柳園組安山巖;4. 石炭紀(jì)紅柳園組流紋巖;5. 石炭紀(jì)紅柳園組流紋斑巖;6.白堊紀(jì)新民堡群;7. 第三紀(jì)沖洪積層;8.花崗閃長巖;9.二長花崗巖;10.白山堂銅礦;11采樣位置;12研究區(qū)圖1 研究區(qū)區(qū)域地質(zhì)略圖Fig.1 Regional Geological Sketch of Study Area
3地球化學(xué)特征
3.1主元素地球化學(xué)特征
紅柳園組火山巖(表1)SiO2介于62.97%~64.79%和73.50%~76.07%,具較短的Daly成分間斷,在時空上可以構(gòu)成雙峰式火山巖組合。該Daly成分間斷和美國-加拿大的喀斯卡特Mazama、Medicine、墨西哥的Ceborco及日本Mashu等火山地區(qū)組成的雙峰式火山巖十分相似(王焰,2001)。在TAS圖解上樣品分別落入安山巖和流紋巖域內(nèi)(圖2),其中安山巖具富Na、貧K、高Al低Mg特征,Mg#(31~37)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于典型的MORB的Mg#值(60)(RAPP. R.P,1997),σ=1.86~2.88,TiO2>0.7%,暗示巖漿來源和上地幔有關(guān),K2O/TiO2=2.5~3.7,K2O/P2O5=7.3~12.8,比值較低且變化范圍較小反映了在巖漿演化過程中地殼混染不強(qiáng)烈(郭峰,2005)。流紋巖具高Si、富Na、貧K、低Al、Ca特征,σ=1.22~2.68,低Ti(TiO2<0.7%)和P,應(yīng)歸屬于低Ti流紋巖類(RILEY.T.R,2001)。 K2O/TiO2=7.7~29.9,K2O/P2O5=42.4~93.3,明顯高于與其伴生的安山巖, 暗示流紋巖可能是大陸地殼厚度較薄的下地殼中基性物質(zhì)部分熔融的產(chǎn)物(CONDIE. K.C,1986;郭鋒,2001)。在SiO2-K2O 圖解上流紋巖為鈣堿性-高鉀鈣堿性系列,而安山巖為高鉀鈣堿性系列(圖3),在火山巖的鋁飽和指數(shù)圖解中(圖4)安山巖為過鋁質(zhì),而流紋巖具有過鋁-偏鋁質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。
B.玄武巖(含CIPW霞石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物分子為堿性玄武巖);O1.玄武安山巖;O2.安山巖;O3.英安巖;R.流紋巖;S1.粗面玄武巖;S2.玄武粗安巖;S3.粗面安山巖;T.粗面巖和粗面英安巖;Pc.苦橄巖;U1.碧玄巖和堿玄巖;U2.響巖質(zhì)堿玄巖;U3.堿玄質(zhì)響巖;Ph.響巖;F.似長石巖圖2 火山巖TAS圖解(據(jù)M. J. LE BAS,等.1986)Fig.2 TAS diagrams(After M. J. LE BAS,et al.1986)
表1 常量元素(%)、微量元素(10-6)、稀土元素(10-6)表
注:測試單位:甘肅省中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
Ⅰ.拉斑系列;Ⅱ.鈣堿性系列;Ⅲ.高鉀鈣堿性系列;Ⅳ.橄欖玄粗巖系列圖3 火山巖SiO2-K2O圖解(據(jù)PECCERILLO et al.,1976)Fig.3 SiO2-K2O diagrams(After PECCERILLO et al.,1976)
3.2稀土元素和微量元素地球化學(xué)特征
石炭紀(jì)紅柳園組火山巖微量元素表明,安山巖中Ba、Ta含量較高且變化較小,Ni和Cr的含量較低且變化較大,指示原始巖漿發(fā)生過橄欖石的分離結(jié)晶明顯,Nb和Ti的含量明顯偏低,表明本區(qū)巖漿可能受到過陸殼物質(zhì)的較弱的混染,或者表明幔源巖漿在殼內(nèi)次生巖漿房中曾發(fā)生過輝石和鈦氧化物的分離結(jié)晶(邱家驤,1991;李昌年,1992)。Zr/Nb為26.5~42.7,Zr/Y為7.02~9.75,均大于4,顯示板內(nèi)安山巖的特征。流紋巖中RbN/YbN=4.42~14.98,屬于強(qiáng)不相容元素弱富集型。Ba、Zr較高,Sr、P、Ti、Cr、Ni含量較低。Zr含量多數(shù)介于125~450,Hf含量大于5,Yb含量為3~12,這些特征與裂谷特征相一致。在原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的蛛網(wǎng)圖(圖5)上,曲線呈輕微右斜的鋸齒狀,總體上表現(xiàn)為Rb、Ba、Th、K、La、Ce等不相容元素相對富集,高場強(qiáng)元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Sr等具有明顯的負(fù)異常。
稀土元素含量相差不大,稀土總量、輕稀土含量以及重稀土含量安山巖均明顯高于流紋巖,LREE/HREE為1.98~2.04,(La/Yb)N=4.63~4.86,表明輕重稀土分餾不明顯;流紋巖LREE/HREE為1.87~5.19,(La/Yb)N=4.13~17.48,表明輕重稀土具有一定程度的分餾。Sm/Nd為0.18~0.23,均小于0.33,表明該地區(qū)火山巖為輕稀土弱富集型,但流紋巖富集較安山巖更明顯。球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖(圖6)顯示,明顯富集LREE,虧損HREE,具弱Eu負(fù)異常(δEu=0.46~0.86,介于0.4~1),結(jié)合低Sr及高Yb和Y表明,在巖漿作用過程發(fā)生過斜長石和角閃石分結(jié)離晶作用或源巖在部分熔融工程中存在有斜長石的殘留(HUGH R.,2000)。
圖4 火山巖的鋁飽和指數(shù)圖解Fig.4 A/NK-A/CNK diagrams
圖5 原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值據(jù)SUN et al.,1989)Fig.5 Preliminary mantle-normalized trace element patterns (Normalizing values from SUN et al., 1989)
4討論
地質(zhì)證據(jù)表明,雙峰式火山巖可以出現(xiàn)在不同的構(gòu)造背景中, 故雙峰式火山巖并不只是大陸裂谷環(huán)境的產(chǎn)物,只要是巖漿作用的地質(zhì)條件許可均可出現(xiàn)在不同的構(gòu)造環(huán)境中(王焰,2000;錢青,1999)。形成于陸殼基底上的巖漿弧,其巖漿活動總是以安山巖類的大量出現(xiàn)為特征(郭鋒,2001;許紅英,2011)。研究區(qū)處于北山白山堂一帶,雙峰式火山巖以安山巖和流紋巖為主,但該區(qū)Daly成分間斷比較小,而且以大量流紋巖為主要特征。地球化學(xué)特征指示安山巖中含有相當(dāng)數(shù)量虧損地幔物質(zhì),指示了安山巖源區(qū)可能為虧損地幔(圖7),形成于板內(nèi)環(huán)境,巖漿早期明顯發(fā)生過橄欖石、輝石、斜長石的分離結(jié)晶作用,Th、Nb、Ta相對負(fù)異常及LREE和LILE適度富集可能是與地幔巖漿上侵引起下地殼物質(zhì)部分熔融有關(guān)。流紋巖中Nb和Ti的含量明顯偏低,表明本區(qū)巖漿可能受到過陸殼物質(zhì)的一定混染,或者表明幔源巖漿在殼內(nèi)次生巖漿房中曾發(fā)生過輝石和鈦氧化物的分離結(jié)晶。通過對巖石學(xué)、巖石地球化學(xué)特征研究表明,研究區(qū)可能是在裂谷發(fā)育初期,地殼拉薄引起軟流圈地幔上隆降壓形成玄武巖漿,在局部噴發(fā)地表形成玄武巖,但大部分在地表相對較厚的地殼內(nèi)聚集成一定規(guī)模的巖漿房,通過強(qiáng)烈的結(jié)晶分異作用和同化混染作用,演化成中性巖漿,隨著地殼進(jìn)一步拉伸減薄噴出地表,形成安山巖。隨后由于底侵作用的影響,還可能存在一定規(guī)模的熱的地幔底劈體進(jìn)入下地殼促使大規(guī)模的重熔作用,相應(yīng)形成了流紋巖,在局部形成了玄武巖-流紋巖和安山巖-流紋巖分布比例的雙峰式火山巖組合,其動力學(xué)體制可能與陸內(nèi)伸展拉張作用有關(guān)。
圖6 流紋巖稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖解(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)SUN et al.,1989)Fig.6 Plots of chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the rhyolite(Normalizing values from SUN et al., 1989)
區(qū)域巖石-構(gòu)造研究表明,紅柳園裂谷巖漿作用始于泥盆紀(jì),石炭紀(jì)進(jìn)入大規(guī)模裂谷發(fā)育期,局部形成典型的雙峰式火山巖建造。晚石炭世末—早二疊世,輝綠巖及大量中酸性侵入巖巖石學(xué),地球化學(xué)表明,中酸性侵入體定位是緊隨內(nèi)陸造山帶的碰撞,是代表動力學(xué)環(huán)境由拉張變?yōu)閿D壓的轉(zhuǎn)折區(qū)(趙瑋,2014;楊春霞,2015),二疊紀(jì)晚期紅柳園大陸裂谷閉合進(jìn)入碰撞造山演化階段(龔全勝,2002;張新虎,2007),三疊紀(jì)形成大型逆沖推覆,在區(qū)域上形成了一系列相互平行的北西向逆沖斷裂,之后石板泉一帶進(jìn)入后造山伸展環(huán)境(朱江,2015)。總體上,本區(qū)雙峰式火山巖表現(xiàn)出的共同特點(diǎn)是富堿、富鈉,Ti、P、Fe和Mg略偏低的特點(diǎn),和北山其他地區(qū)石炭紀(jì)火山巖形成的大陸裂谷基本一致(許紅英,2011;劉明強(qiáng),1999;楊合群,2006)。進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了北山南帶在石炭紀(jì)時期處于大陸裂谷演化過程的觀點(diǎn),和博格達(dá)造山帶內(nèi)石炭紀(jì)大陸裂谷雙峰式火山巖明顯不同(王金榮,2010)。其為深入理解北山南帶地區(qū)晚古生代構(gòu)造格局及板塊構(gòu)造體系提供了地質(zhì)依據(jù)。
圖7 火山巖δEu-Sr圖解Fig.7 δEu-Sr diagrams
5結(jié)論
(1)北山南帶紅柳園裂谷在石板泉一帶開始于晚泥盆世,閉合于二疊紀(jì)晚期,三疊紀(jì)末期石板泉一帶進(jìn)入后造山伸展垮塌演化階段。
(2)石板泉一帶石炭紀(jì)雙峰式火山巖形成于大陸裂谷環(huán)境,但和典型的雙峰式火山巖明顯不同,以安山巖和流紋巖為主,Daly成分間斷比較小,而且以含大量流紋巖為主要特征。安山巖源區(qū)可能為虧損地幔,是幔源玄武巖巖漿分異作用的產(chǎn)物,流紋巖可能是地幔底劈體進(jìn)入下地殼促使大規(guī)模的重熔,斜長石為源區(qū)主要的殘留相,揭示該區(qū)雙峰式火山巖可能為異源的。
(3)石板泉一帶在石炭紀(jì)處于紅柳園裂谷發(fā)展的鼎盛時期,其動力學(xué)體制可能與陸內(nèi)伸展拉張作用有關(guān),但雙峰式火山巖中的安山巖/流紋巖的相對比例約為1∶6,明顯不同于典型的異源雙峰式火山巖的分布規(guī)律,其可能與該區(qū)獨(dú)特的構(gòu)造巖漿作用有關(guān)。
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收稿日期:2015-06-29;修回日期: 2016-03-03
基金項(xiàng)目:甘肅國土資源廳“石板泉一帶1∶5萬礦產(chǎn)遠(yuǎn)景調(diào)查”(2010254)
作者簡介:王曉偉 (1976-),男,漢,甘肅省岷縣人,高級工程師,碩士研究生,構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)專業(yè),主要從事區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究。E-mail: wangxw07@lzu.edu.cn
中圖分類號:P534.45; P59
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1009-6248(2016)02-0025-09
Geochemical Characteristics of Carboniferous Bimodal Volcanic Rocks in Shibanquan, Beishan and Its Tectonic Significance
WANG Xiaowei1,2, YANG Chunxia3, WANG Qihang3,WANG Yuxi1,LI Pengbing3
(1.Geological Survey of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; 2.Gansu Provinvial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; 3.The 3th Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China)
Abstract:Located in the southern margin of Beishan orogenic belt, the carboniferous volcanic rocks(Hongliuyuan Group) have constituted a unique bimodal volcanic rock combination in time and space, which are mainly characterized byshorter Daly discontinuous and a large number of acidic volcanic rock, with a small amount of intermediate and basic volcanic rocks. In which, the andesites are rich in sodium and poor in potassium, with high Al values and low Mg contents, belonging to the peraluminous high potassium calc-alkaline series, containing substantial amount of depleted mantle materials, and indicating that these andesites may be derived from depleted mantle, with geochemical characteristics of intraplate andesite. The rhyolites belong to the low Ti type, indicating that they may be formed by partial melting of lower crust materials under theinfluence from the underplating of basic magma, with some plagioclaseresidued inmagmatic source.And, these rhyolites were formed in a continental rift environment, its dynamics system may be associated with intracontinental stretching tension effect, suggesting that the late Paleozoic rift were developed to the peak stage in the late period of Early Carboniferous and/or the early period of Late Carboniferous. Thus, the Late Carboniferous serves as the major turning point for the the geodynamic environment gradually changing from the extension and tension to the collision and compression, and this studying area was steped into the ollision orogenic evolution stage at the end of Permian.
Keywords:bimodal volcanic rocks; geochemistry; tectonic environment; Beishan