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基于船橋碰撞接觸時(shí)間的船撞力簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算方法

2016-07-28 15:03方海韓娟劉偉慶祝露莊勇

方海+韓娟+劉偉慶+祝露+莊勇

摘要:通過數(shù)值模擬初步分析了不同噸位船舶撞擊代表性橋梁工程的接觸時(shí)間,根據(jù)船橋碰撞動(dòng)力學(xué)模型得出了船撞力和接觸時(shí)間的理論解;分析了船舶質(zhì)量、初始撞擊速度、船艏剛度以及橋墩剛度等參數(shù)對(duì)碰撞接觸時(shí)間的影響,擬合出碰撞接觸時(shí)間的簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算公式,并通過實(shí)際船橋碰撞工程的數(shù)值模擬對(duì)簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算公式進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,從而修正了中國《公路橋涵設(shè)計(jì)通用規(guī)范》中關(guān)于漂浮物撞擊橋梁的碰撞接觸時(shí)間的定義;基于沖量定理分析了船橋碰撞接觸時(shí)間與峰值船撞力的關(guān)系,研究了船撞力時(shí)程曲線與正弦波和三角波的關(guān)系,并與數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析,建立了峰值船撞力簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算公式。結(jié)果表明:船橋碰撞接觸時(shí)間與船舶質(zhì)量和接觸剛度有關(guān);峰值撞擊力計(jì)算值與數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果吻合較好。

關(guān)鍵詞:船橋碰撞;接觸時(shí)間;船撞力;簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算方法

中圖分類號(hào):U661.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

Abstract: The contact time of representative bridges impacted by different tonnages vessel was analyzed preliminarily using numerical simulation. According to vesselbridge collision dynamics model, the theoretical solutions of impact force and contact time were obtained. The influences of parameters, such as mass of ship, initial impact velocity and stiffness of ship and pier, on contact time were analyzed. The simplified calculation formula of contact time was obtained by data fitting, and verified by numerical simulation through practical vesselbridge collision engineering. The definition of contact time of floating debrisbridge collision in General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts was amended. Based on impulse theorem, the relation between contact time of vesselbridge collision and peak impact force was analyzed. The relationships between time history curves of impact force and sine wave and triangular wave were studied, and compared with the numerical simulation results. The simplified calculation formula of peak impact force was established. The results show that contact time of vesselbridge collision is related to mass of ship and contact stiffness. The calculation values of peak impact force agree well with the numerical simulation results.

Key words: vesselbridge collision; contact time; impact force; simplified calculation method

0引言

在船橋碰撞過程中,最應(yīng)受關(guān)注的2個(gè)重要特征分別是峰值撞擊力和碰撞接觸時(shí)間,這兩者均與船舶噸位、速度以及橋墩結(jié)構(gòu)剛度、形狀等因素有關(guān)。然而現(xiàn)有的大多數(shù)規(guī)范均只給出了峰值撞擊力的估算公式,并未給出接觸時(shí)間的相關(guān)說明,現(xiàn)行相對(duì)權(quán)威的美國規(guī)范[1]亦是如此。從經(jīng)典碰撞力學(xué)處理方法的沖量定理可知,船撞力與碰撞接觸時(shí)間之間存在相互影響的關(guān)系。中國《公路橋涵設(shè)計(jì)通用規(guī)范》(JTJ D60—2004)[2]考慮了碰撞接觸時(shí)間這一影響因素,公式中的碰撞接觸時(shí)間是計(jì)算船橋碰撞力的重要參數(shù),它直接影響著船橋碰撞力的大小。碰撞接觸時(shí)間與船舶噸位、速度以及橋墩結(jié)構(gòu)剛度、形狀等因素密切相關(guān),改變這些因素之中的若干個(gè),會(huì)使得碰撞接觸時(shí)間在零點(diǎn)幾秒到幾秒之間變化?!豆窐蚝O(shè)計(jì)通用規(guī)范》提出在無實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)前提下建議碰撞接觸時(shí)間取1 s,這較為籠統(tǒng),本文認(rèn)為碰撞接觸時(shí)間1 s只能在一定范圍內(nèi)適用,碰撞接觸時(shí)間若選取不當(dāng),碰撞力計(jì)算結(jié)果將相差較大。

在船橋碰撞接觸時(shí)間研究方面,2002年歐洲規(guī)范提出了船撞力時(shí)間過程簡(jiǎn)化函數(shù)的表達(dá)方式[3],將其分為彈性碰撞和非彈性碰撞2類,并根據(jù)撞擊能量確定函數(shù)中的參數(shù)。歐洲規(guī)范關(guān)于船撞力時(shí)間過程的定義基本上是概念性的,缺少必要的數(shù)據(jù)支撐,其實(shí)用性欠缺。王自力等[45]通過數(shù)值模擬方法獲得了船撞力時(shí)間過程,王君杰等[6]通過數(shù)值模擬方法得出了船撞力時(shí)間過程的概率統(tǒng)計(jì)模型,并引用隨機(jī)數(shù)的生成技術(shù),給出了生成船撞力時(shí)間過程的人工方法,Cowan[78]從能量守恒及動(dòng)量定理分析了碰撞接觸時(shí)間。

本文擬通過船橋碰撞數(shù)值模擬和彈性力學(xué)理論模型相結(jié)合的方法,討論碰撞接觸時(shí)間與船舶質(zhì)量、初始撞擊速度、船艏剛度以及橋墩剛度等參數(shù)的關(guān)系,進(jìn)而建立碰撞接觸時(shí)間和峰值撞擊力的簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算公式。

1數(shù)值模擬分析

近年來,船橋碰撞有限元分析技術(shù)在重大橋梁工程船撞設(shè)計(jì)專題研究中得到了越來越多的應(yīng)用[9]。有限元軟件ANSYS/LSDYNA可以完整重現(xiàn)船舶與橋梁的碰撞全過程,整個(gè)碰撞過程中的各種力學(xué)現(xiàn)象可以被詳細(xì)地描述[10]。LSDYNA為世界著名的通用顯式動(dòng)力分析程序,能夠模擬真實(shí)世界的各種復(fù)雜問題,特別適合求解各種二維、三維非線性結(jié)構(gòu)的撞擊、爆炸和跌落等非線性沖擊問題。有限元法是現(xiàn)有計(jì)算船橋碰撞問題方法中比較接近真實(shí)碰撞情況的,各國許多學(xué)者都將有限元數(shù)值模擬方法應(yīng)用到船橋碰撞問題上。本文采用有限元法具體分析不同噸位船舶撞擊代表性橋梁工程的接觸時(shí)間和峰值撞擊力。建模時(shí)船舶與剛性橋墩碰撞采用自適應(yīng)接觸算法,在船舶和剛性橋墩的撞擊區(qū)之間定義主從接觸。橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)模型采用常規(guī)混凝土材料模型,模擬重點(diǎn)在于撞擊船舶模型,該模型由船艏和船身2個(gè)部分組成,船艏為主要碰撞部分,需建立較精細(xì)的模型,包括外板、各層甲板、橫向艙壁等主要構(gòu)件,由于船體中后部遠(yuǎn)離撞擊區(qū)域,實(shí)際不發(fā)生任何變形,僅提供剛度和質(zhì)量,因此采用剛性實(shí)體模擬。船艏鋼材考慮了材料應(yīng)變率的影響,采用Cowpersymonds本構(gòu)方程及相關(guān)參數(shù)[1112]。附連水質(zhì)量主要用以反映船體和流體之間的相互作用,有限元模型中取船舶質(zhì)量的4%作為附連水質(zhì)量[13]。船舶撞擊速度均取4.1 m·s-1(8節(jié)航速),船舶總排水量近似按船舶噸位的1.5倍取值;船舶碰撞方向均為橫橋向(X方向)正撞。

1.1新孟滆大橋

新孟滆大橋橋墩身為直徑1.2 m的圓形截面,承臺(tái)為直徑1.6 m的圓端形截面。代表船型為500 DWT級(jí)船舶;接觸時(shí)間為0.685 s,最大撞擊力為4.62 MN。圖1為新孟滆大橋船橋碰撞模擬與船撞力時(shí)程曲線。

2船橋碰撞沖擊動(dòng)力學(xué)模型

2.1動(dòng)力學(xué)模型

本文根據(jù)船橋碰撞動(dòng)力學(xué)模型得出船撞力和接觸時(shí)間的理論解,繼而分析各相關(guān)參數(shù)對(duì)碰撞接觸時(shí)間的影響規(guī)律,擬合碰撞接觸時(shí)間的簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算公式。船橋碰撞作用的時(shí)間相對(duì)較短,在整個(gè)碰撞過程中碰撞響應(yīng)難以完全有效地傳遞到整個(gè)橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)中,因此將船撞橋墩模型進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化處理[14]。船橋碰撞簡(jiǎn)化力學(xué)模型見圖7(圖7中,M為上部結(jié)構(gòu)等效集中質(zhì)量,h為撞擊位置處的高度,l為橋墩總高度,n為橋墩沿高度方向的分段數(shù),k1為水平向平動(dòng)彈簧的彈性約束剛度,k2為豎向平動(dòng)彈簧的彈性約束剛度,k3為抗轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)彈簧的彈性約束剛度,kB為船艏接觸剛度,mB為船舶等效質(zhì)量,vB0為船舶初始速度)。

5結(jié)語

(1)不同噸位船舶撞擊代表性橋梁工程數(shù)值模擬表明,1 000 DWT級(jí)船舶撞擊橋梁接觸時(shí)間約為1 s,其余噸位船舶撞擊橋梁接觸時(shí)間與船舶噸位、船橋接觸剛度等因素相關(guān)。

(2)船橋碰撞接觸時(shí)間與船舶質(zhì)量平方根和船橋接觸剛度的倒數(shù)平方根基本呈線性增長關(guān)系;彈性力學(xué)模型表明在船艏剛度為線彈性時(shí),其與船舶初始速度之間不存在相關(guān)關(guān)系。

(3)通過曲線擬合,建立了碰撞接觸時(shí)間的簡(jiǎn)化計(jì)算公式,與數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果吻合較好;同時(shí)基于中國現(xiàn)行《公路橋涵設(shè)計(jì)通用規(guī)范》,對(duì)其船橋接觸時(shí)間t進(jìn)行了定義,完善了撞擊力計(jì)算公式。

(4)基于沖量定理,分析了碰撞力時(shí)程曲線為正弦波和三角波時(shí)的峰值撞擊力與碰撞接觸時(shí)間的關(guān)系,兩者峰值撞擊力平均值與數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果吻合較好,給出了峰值撞擊力放大因子建議取值。

參考文獻(xiàn):

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