0.05);"/>
陳閏香 陳小燕 丁王輝 蔣娟雯
[摘要] 目的 通過(guò)錐體束CT(CBCT)測(cè)量恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度,為口腔臨床進(jìn)行鄰面去釉提供參考。方法 從臨床拍攝的CBCT影像資料中篩選出55例30歲以下患者的144顆牙齒,運(yùn)用三維測(cè)量軟件InVivo Dental分別測(cè)量恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)的牙釉質(zhì)厚度,進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。 結(jié)果 恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);上(下)頜側(cè)切牙與中切牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),上(下)頜尖牙、前磨牙及第一磨牙牙釉質(zhì)厚度均大于中切牙牙釉質(zhì)厚度(P<0.05);上頜切牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度大于下頜切牙(P<0.05),其余牙位恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度在上、下頜同名牙之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 不同恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度并非均勻一致,切牙區(qū)最小,每鄰接區(qū)兩牙鄰面去釉量最多0.5 mm的指導(dǎo)原則更適用于切牙區(qū),后牙區(qū)或可適當(dāng)增大。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 恒牙;牙釉質(zhì);牙列擁擠;鄰面去釉;錐體束CT
[中圖分類號(hào)] R783.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2016)25-0067-03
CBCT study of enamel thickness of the permanent tooth with interproximal enamel reduction
CHEN Runxiang1 CHEN Xiaoyan2 DING Wanghui2 JIANG Juanwen1
1.Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China; 2.Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
[Abstract] Objective To measure the enamel thickness between the proximal, distal and medium adjacent area of the permanent tooth by the cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) and provide evidence for the interproximal enamel reduction. Methods 144 teeth were screened out from 55 patients under 30 years old by the clinical imaged CBCT materials and 3D measurement software InVivo Dental was applied to respectively measure the thickness of the enamel in the proximal, distal and medium adjacent area of the permanent teeth and statistical analysis was performed. Results The enamel thickness of the proximal, distal and medium adjacent area of the permanent teeth was no significantly different (P>0.05); the enamel thickness of adjacent area of maxillary (mandible) the lateral incisor and central incisor was no significantly different (P>0.05); the enamel thickness of maxillary (mandible) canine tooth, premolar tooth and first molar were all thicker than the thickness of the central incisor (P<0.05); the enamel thickness of the proximal, distal and medium adjacent area of the maxillary incisor was thicker than that of the mandible incisor (P<0.05); and no statistical significance was found in the difference of the enamel thickness of the same tooth in the proximal, distal and medium adjacent area of the rest permanent tooth (P>0.05). Conclusion The enamel thickness of proximal, distal and medium adjacent area of different permanent tooth is not homogeneous and the incisor area is the least. The guide principle of enamel reduction of 0.5 mm at most of the adjacent tooth surface is applicable to the incisor area and molar area can be accordingly enlarged.
[Key words] Permanent tooth; Enamel; Crowded dentition; Interproximal enamel reduction; CBCT
牙列擁擠是錯(cuò)頜畸形的重要特征,定義為牙量與骨量不調(diào)。牙列擁擠可表現(xiàn)在前牙區(qū)或后牙區(qū)。由于整齊的牙列不但美觀而且更有利于口腔衛(wèi)生的維持,解決牙列擁擠、排齊牙列成為患者的主要訴求。正畸治療的患者總想通過(guò)非拔牙矯治、最小的調(diào)整,最快的完成矯正。1944年Ballard基于牙齒鄰接區(qū)的生理性磨耗理論提出了鄰面去釉技術(shù)。正畸醫(yī)生對(duì)重度擁擠病例不得不采用拔牙矯正,對(duì)于輕度甚至中度擁擠病例,正畸醫(yī)生則可選擇鄰面去釉獲得一定量間隙[1,2]。而B(niǎo)olton不調(diào)的患者,通過(guò)鄰面去釉協(xié)調(diào)上下頜牙量是非常必要的[3]。目前隱形矯正技術(shù)正受到越來(lái)越多患者和正畸醫(yī)生的青睞[4,5],鄰面去釉是隱形矯正中常用的技術(shù)[6]。目前未有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道國(guó)人恒牙近遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度的詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù),本研究旨在闡明國(guó)人恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度及不同牙位牙釉質(zhì)厚度的差異,為臨床鄰面去釉提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
從杭州市中醫(yī)院2013年5月~2016年5月拍攝的CBCT影像資料中按以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡13~30周歲;②上下牙列掃描完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①圖像存晃動(dòng)模糊;②存明顯顱頜面畸形;③進(jìn)行過(guò)正畸治療。共獲得55例影像資料。其中男32例,女23例。從每例影像資料中按以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選牙齒。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):鄰牙及本身排列整齊。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①埋伏牙、阻生牙;②過(guò)小牙、融合牙、牙釉質(zhì)發(fā)育不全等牙體發(fā)育異常;③重度磨耗;④進(jìn)行過(guò)牙齒鄰面充填治療或外形修整治療。
1.2 研究方法
將每例影像資料以DICOM格式導(dǎo)入三維軟件(InVivo Dental,Anatomage,San Jose,Calif)。打開(kāi)三維截面界面,通過(guò)三維旋轉(zhuǎn)及截面調(diào)整功能,找到牙齒近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接點(diǎn)。方法如下:于牙齒的矢狀截面找到牙冠長(zhǎng)軸;于牙齒的軸截面和冠狀截面同時(shí)找到牙齒的近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接點(diǎn),于牙齒冠狀截面中測(cè)量近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度。測(cè)量截圖見(jiàn)封三圖7。測(cè)量工作由一位正畸醫(yī)生在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)連續(xù)單獨(dú)完成。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所有測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)均為計(jì)量資料,采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示。所有數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量完成后間隔1周,隨機(jī)抽取20顆牙齒重復(fù)測(cè)量,應(yīng)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)分析2次測(cè)量結(jié)果的一致性、測(cè)量的可重復(fù)性;應(yīng)用Kolmogrov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)確認(rèn)每項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)的正態(tài)性;應(yīng)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)分析近中鄰面與遠(yuǎn)中鄰面牙釉質(zhì)厚度的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;應(yīng)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)分別分析側(cè)切牙、尖牙、前磨牙、第一磨牙與中切牙牙釉質(zhì)厚度的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;應(yīng)用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)分析下頜恒牙與上頜同名牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
兩次測(cè)量結(jié)果無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),測(cè)量可重復(fù)性好;Kolmogrov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn)確認(rèn)每項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)的服從正態(tài)分布(P>0.05)。
2.1 上、下頜恒牙牙釉質(zhì)厚度圖譜
上下頜切牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度均小于1 mm;上下頜尖牙近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度均接近1 mm;上下頜前磨牙和磨牙牙釉質(zhì)厚度均大于1 mm,第一磨牙區(qū)最大,可達(dá)(1.30±0.22)mm。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度與近中鄰接區(qū)比較(牙內(nèi)差異)
結(jié)果顯示各牙位遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度與近中鄰接區(qū)對(duì)比均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),近、遠(yuǎn)中鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度數(shù)據(jù)合并進(jìn)行下一步統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2.3 側(cè)切牙、尖牙、前磨牙、第一磨牙與中切牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度比較(頜內(nèi)差異)
上(下)頜側(cè)切牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度與中切牙對(duì)比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05);尖牙、前磨牙和第一磨牙與中切牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度對(duì)比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),前者大于后者。見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 下頜牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度與上頜同名牙比較(頜間差異)
下頜切牙(中切牙及側(cè)切牙)與上頜切牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05),下頜切牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度小于上頜切牙。下頜尖牙、前磨牙、第一磨牙與上頜同名牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
測(cè)量牙釉質(zhì)厚度最佳方法是通過(guò)牙齒標(biāo)本,但鄰接完好的全部牙位的牙齒標(biāo)本非常難獲得[7]。Stroud等[8]通過(guò)根尖片測(cè)量分析后牙區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度,根尖片為二維圖像,存在重疊、放大縮小等固有缺陷。CBCT具有無(wú)放大縮小、可三維重建等優(yōu)勢(shì),廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床檢查及研究[9,10]。相鄰牙齒之間存在生理性磨耗,且磨耗隨著年齡增大而增多,本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取13~30歲的患者作為研究對(duì)象,牙釉質(zhì)的生理性磨耗相對(duì)較小[11-13]。
相對(duì)于拔牙矯正常預(yù)備出多于擁擠量的間隙,鄰面去釉的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)是僅預(yù)備出等于擁擠量的間隙。對(duì)于鄰面去釉,運(yùn)用時(shí)有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題:第一,不同牙位各有多少厚度的牙釉質(zhì);第二,為保護(hù)剩余牙體組織至少剩余多少厚度的牙釉質(zhì)。對(duì)于前者,本研究結(jié)果與Sarig等[7]、Stroud等[8]的研究結(jié)果較為接近,可能尚存在種族差異,于臨床可提供參考。對(duì)于后者,尚無(wú)確切循證學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。Yao等[14]認(rèn)為牙擁擠量大于5 mm時(shí)應(yīng)用鄰面去釉可導(dǎo)致患齲率和牙齒敏感增加,而Zachrisson等[15]的研究結(jié)果表明按照規(guī)范的方法進(jìn)行鄰面去釉,后牙去釉后患齲率和牙齒敏感不會(huì)增加,下前牙去釉后10余年患齲率和牙齒敏感較對(duì)照組沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[16,17]。關(guān)于牙齒敏感癥狀與剩余牙釉質(zhì)厚度的關(guān)系,以下臨床現(xiàn)象或許可說(shuō)明一些問(wèn)題:正常牙冠近釉牙本質(zhì)界處牙釉質(zhì)非常薄,如上前牙唇側(cè)僅13 μm[18],牙齒并不會(huì)因此表現(xiàn)出牙齒敏感;牙齒磨耗患者剩余菲薄牙釉質(zhì)時(shí)通常不會(huì)發(fā)生牙齒敏感。Paganelli C等[19]體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明鄰面去釉30 d后牙齒表明形態(tài)及成分沒(méi)有發(fā)生顯著性變化。對(duì)于鄰面去釉不同醫(yī)生持有的態(tài)度略有不同,Barcoma等[20]的調(diào)查表明雖然口腔醫(yī)生都可能會(huì)運(yùn)用鄰面去釉方法,但是口腔全科醫(yī)生會(huì)更加謹(jǐn)慎,正畸醫(yī)生則相對(duì)開(kāi)放。
臨床鄰面去釉通常按照單個(gè)鄰面去除0.25 mm,每鄰接區(qū)兩鄰面去除0.5 mm釉質(zhì)的原則進(jìn)行[2,7]。本研究結(jié)果顯示不同牙位牙釉質(zhì)厚度存在差異,上下切牙及下頜尖牙鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度小于1 mm,而上頜尖牙及上下頜前磨牙及第一磨牙牙釉質(zhì)厚度均大于1 mm,是否提示這些牙齒鄰面去釉量可以適當(dāng)增加?有學(xué)者認(rèn)為可按照50%去釉量進(jìn)行[7,8],Sarig等[7]、Stroud等[8]通過(guò)前磨牙和磨牙鄰面去釉解決了下牙列8 mm的擁擠間隙。根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果推算,去除單側(cè)上(下)頜50%的釉質(zhì)厚度所獲得的間隙已接近拔除一顆前磨牙所獲的間隙。本研究認(rèn)為廣泛的、大量的鄰面去釉的臨床運(yùn)用可能存在局限性,但局部鄰面去釉量或可大于0.25 mm。
綜上所述,不同恒牙近、遠(yuǎn)中面鄰接區(qū)牙釉質(zhì)厚度并非均勻一致,每鄰接區(qū)兩顆牙鄰面去釉量最多0.5 mm的指導(dǎo)原則更適用于切牙區(qū),后牙區(qū)或可適當(dāng)增大[21,22]。
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(收稿日期:2016-06-25)