劉玉
先請看一道完形填空真題:
例1 (2015新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷) ... My 10-year-old noticed him and made a 43 on how bad it must be to have to stand 44(outside) in the cold wind. ... Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 , it also gave my kids the 60(sweet) taste of helping others ...
43. A. suggestion B. comment
C. decision D. call
59. A. need B. love
C. fear D. memory
解析 43. B??疾榈氖莿釉~make的固定搭配(make+名詞)。make a suggestion意為“提出建議”, make a comment意為“作出評論”,make a decision意為“作決定”,make a call意為“打電話”。根據(jù)上下文語境,此處應(yīng)選答案B。
59. A??疾榈氖墙樵~in的固定搭配(in+名詞)。in need意為“在貧困中,在危難中”,in love意為“相愛”,in fear意為“恐懼地”,in memory“在記憶中”。根據(jù)上下文語境,此處應(yīng)選答案A。
這兩道題考查的都是詞組的固定搭配,請再看以下真題:
例2 (2014新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷) ... For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 43 with their new toys ... Before people retire, they usually 55 to do a lot of 56(great) things, which they never had 57(time) to do while working ...
43. A. working B. living
C. playing D. going
55. A. need B. learn
C. plan D. start
解析 這兩道題答案均為C,考查的是動詞詞組辨析。第43題考查的是“動詞+介詞with”的搭配;第55題考查的是“動詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例3 (2013新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷) I went to a group activity, “Sensitivity Sunday”, which was to make us more 36 the problems faced by disabled people. We were asked to “ 37(adopt) a disability” for several hours one Sunday. Some members, 38(like me) , chose to use wheelchairs. Others wore sound-blocking earplugs(耳塞) or blindfolds(眼罩).
36. A. curious about B. interested in
C. aware of D. careful with
解析 36. C。考查的是形容詞詞組辨析。curious about“對……感到好奇”;interested in“對……感興趣”;aware of“意識到,明白”;careful with“認真,細心”。根據(jù)上下文語境可知,該小組活動的目的是讓“我們”更加了解殘疾人面對的問題。所以選C。
從近三年的高考題可看出,隨著高考英語命題更貼近生活與實際應(yīng)用,對詞的固定搭配的考查越來越頻繁,考查對象主要是動詞、形容詞、介詞等的固定搭配。
那么如何對詞的固定搭配進行有效的復(fù)習(xí)呢?
歸類法
英語中的固定搭配極為豐富,把它們分門別類地進行復(fù)習(xí)是大有好處的。歸類,是指把具有相同用法的詞歸納在一起理解,以便于記憶。首先可以根據(jù)詞性將固定搭配分為名詞、動詞、形容詞、介詞的固定搭配等,然后根據(jù)各類詞的不同特點進行細分。
1. 名詞的固定搭配
(1)介詞+名詞。如:
on show/display/sale/strike/duty/trial 在……中
of value/significance/use/color/age/size/height/weight/importance 具有……
to ones joy/surprise/pleasure/astonishment/sorrow/delight 令某人……的是
in surprise/wonder/alarm/terror/horror/delight ……地
by air/bicycle/boat/bus/car// plane/train 坐……
(2)名詞+介詞。如:
要求接介詞to的名詞:key,answer,visit,apology
要求接介詞in的名詞: interest,satisfaction,faith
要求接介詞on的名詞: mercy,effect, congratulation
(3)動詞+名詞。如:
take advantage of 利用
do/try ones best 盡力,努力
make use of 利用
attach importance to 重視
2. 動詞的固定搭配
(1)動詞+名詞
(2)動詞+介詞/副詞
同一動詞跟不同介詞/副詞構(gòu)成不同意義的短語動詞,以“bring +介詞/副詞”為例:
bring about 導(dǎo)致,引起
bring down 使落下,打倒;降低,減少
bring forth 產(chǎn)生,提出
bring forward 提出,提議;提前
bring up 教養(yǎng),養(yǎng)育;提出
同一介詞/副詞跟不同動詞構(gòu)成不同意義的短語動詞,以“動詞+down”為例:
burn down 燒毀
break down 壞了,垮了,分解
put down 記下,寫下,鎮(zhèn)壓
calm down 平靜下來
bring down 使……降低,使倒下
(3)動詞+動名詞
admit doing sth. 承認做某事
appreciate doing sth. 感激做某事
avoid doing sth. 避免做某事
consider doing sth. 考慮做某事
risk doing sth. 冒險做某事
enjoy doing sth. 喜愛做某事
3. 形容詞的固定搭配(be+形容詞+介詞)
接at的形容詞:angry,good,bad,surprised,excited,frightened,disappointed。
接of的形容詞:afraid,sure,certain,full,fond,proud,capable,worthy。
接with的形容詞:angry,strict,careful,busy,popular,content,satisfied。
接in的形容詞:weak,rich,interested,successful。
接to的形容詞:next,polite,kind,cruel,rude,close,similar,harmful。
接for的形容詞:sorry,famous,fit,eager,anxious。
接from的形容詞:far,different,free,safe,absent。
接about的形容詞:worried,anxious,careful,sure,certain,serious。
對比法
通過對相似的固定搭配進行對比,我們可以看出其不同之處,就能清楚地理解并記憶了。例如:
1. used to do(過去常常做某事)/be used to doing(習(xí)慣于做某事)/be used to do sth(被用來做某事)
He used to smoke,didn't he?
他過去常常抽煙,是嗎?
They are used to living in the countryside.
他們習(xí)慣于住在農(nóng)村。
Computers are used to do many things for people now.
現(xiàn)在計算機被用來做許多事情。
2. in charge of(負責(zé))/in the charge of(由……負責(zé))
He is in charge of the company.
他掌管這個公司。
The company is in the charge of him.
這家公司由他掌管。
結(jié)合語境復(fù)習(xí)
很多英語詞匯有多個意義,只有在語境中才能分得清。詞匯學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)注意詞不離句、句不離章。這樣不僅有利于記憶詞匯,還有利于活用詞匯及句型。例如, 在復(fù)習(xí)動詞+介詞/ 副詞這一搭配時,結(jié)合語境復(fù)習(xí),我們可以很好地理解并記憶。舉個例子來說,break down這個詞組有很多意思,只有在不同的語境中,我們才能深刻記憶它的含義。
1. If a machine or a vehicle breaks down, it stops working. (機器或車輛)出故障;壞掉
2. Talks with business leaders broke down last night. (討論、關(guān)系)失敗,破裂
3. He broke down and wept when he heard the news. 感情失控(痛哭起來)
4. Her health broke down under the pressure of work. (身體,健康)被搞垮;垮掉
5. These rules tell us how a sentence is broken down into phrases. (分解;將……分成若干部分)
當(dāng)然,這三種方法并不是孤立的,把這三種方法結(jié)合起來復(fù)習(xí)詞的固定搭配,將會取得事半功倍的效果。