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溫度對馬尾松組培單芽不定根發(fā)生的影響

2016-12-22 09:47姚瑞玲
廣西植物 2016年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:不定根原基馬尾松

姚瑞玲, 王 胤

( 廣西優(yōu)良用材林資源培育重點實驗室, 廣西林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院, 南寧 530002 )

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溫度對馬尾松組培單芽不定根發(fā)生的影響

姚瑞玲, 王 胤*

( 廣西優(yōu)良用材林資源培育重點實驗室, 廣西林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院, 南寧 530002 )

馬尾松(Pinusmassoniana)組織培養(yǎng)生根困難,該研究在嚴(yán)格控制光溫條件的光照培養(yǎng)中,以馬尾松無性系組培繼代芽為材料,分析了在不同溫度處理下馬尾松組培單芽生根率、生根時間、根系條數(shù)和移栽成活率等生根能力指標(biāo)以及生根解剖構(gòu)造的變化。所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計分析軟件,進行單因素分析(ANOVA)的顯著性檢驗及最小顯著性差異法(LSD)的多重比較。結(jié)果表明:在25 ℃最適溫度培養(yǎng)下,馬尾松組培生根效果較佳,移栽成活率最高,可達98.1%。低溫處理下,生根時間顯著延長,根系條數(shù)減少,生根率偏低;高溫處理下,根莖愈傷組織明顯,移栽成活率顯著降低。從生根解剖構(gòu)造來看,馬尾松不定根主要由維管形成層細(xì)胞分化而成。與25 ℃適溫處理相比較,在20 ℃較低溫處理下,細(xì)胞分裂活動緩慢,不定根原始體誘發(fā)較少;而在30 ℃較高溫處理下,細(xì)胞活動旺盛,但髓射線與維管組織細(xì)胞染色顏色加深、排列緊密,將誘發(fā)的不定根原基細(xì)胞團區(qū)隔成帶狀或片狀。該研究結(jié)果探討了培養(yǎng)環(huán)境溫度對馬尾松組培單芽生根能力的影響,為馬尾松組培苗生產(chǎn)提供了參考。

組培快繁, 生根率, 生根解剖, 不定根誘導(dǎo)

馬尾松(Pinusmassoniana)屬我國南方主要的造林樹種,其綜合利用價值高,具有廣闊的推廣應(yīng)用前景。自“六五”國家科技攻關(guān)以來,我國在馬尾松良種選育和速生豐產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)等方面取得了較大突破。馬尾松適應(yīng)能力強,分布廣泛,由于氣候和地理環(huán)境的優(yōu)勢,馬尾松在廣西生長性狀表現(xiàn)較佳(丁貴杰等,2006)。廣西多年來一直從事馬尾松良種選育方面的工作,選育出大批優(yōu)良馬尾松種源、家系,在全國很多省(區(qū))均有引種栽培(楊章旗和劉達峰, 2011)。近年來,由于種子園母樹老化,育種周期長,馬尾松良種匱乏,嚴(yán)重制約了馬尾松產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展(楊模華等,2011)。通過組織培養(yǎng)方法快速繁殖林木優(yōu)良品系,是實現(xiàn)高效人工林定向培育的重要途徑,也是進行品種改良的捷徑(李校雨等,2009;伊?xí)恋龋?013)。

馬尾松組織培養(yǎng)困難,多年來眾多學(xué)者對馬尾松組織培養(yǎng)技術(shù)進行了大量研究(黃健秋和衛(wèi)志明,1994;李校雨等,2009;姚瑞玲和王胤,2015)。近年來,通過組培雖先后成功獲取了馬尾松離體植株,但整體上由于生根率不高,根系質(zhì)量不理想,效果不穩(wěn)定,未能實現(xiàn)馬尾松組培苗在生產(chǎn)上的應(yīng)用。有關(guān)馬尾松不定根發(fā)生機理尚不清楚,許多工作仍處于摸索階段(季孔庶,1996;姚瑞玲和王胤,2015)。近期,作者突破了馬尾松組培生根困難的難題,創(chuàng)建了一套高效的馬尾松組培育苗技術(shù)體系,形成了規(guī)?;嘤R尾松組培苗的中試平臺,并開展了馬尾松優(yōu)良群體無性化組培苗育林區(qū)域試驗(甘劍偉和龍娟,2014;姚瑞玲和王胤,2015)。在前期馬尾松組培苗繁育試驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),通過控制溫度能有效提高馬尾松組培單芽生根穩(wěn)定性,且苗木根莖基部愈傷組織少,根系質(zhì)量好,移栽成活率高,田間適應(yīng)能力強,生長效果佳(姚瑞玲等,2016)。馬尾松根系再生主要通過誘導(dǎo)不定根原基形成(李校雨等, 2009)。溫度的變化,可能會影響馬尾松組培單芽不定根原始體的分化,進而影響或抑制不定根的形成及根系質(zhì)量?;诖?,本研究通過探討在不同溫度生根誘導(dǎo)處理條件下,馬尾松組培單芽生根情況及不定根發(fā)生過程中解剖構(gòu)造的變化,從而揭示環(huán)境溫度對馬尾松根系再生能力的影響,以期為馬尾松組培育苗的產(chǎn)業(yè)化提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

從廣西林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院生物所培育的馬尾松優(yōu)良群體無性化組培繼代芽中,篩選繼代15~20次,繼代培養(yǎng)活力旺盛,芽苗健壯的無性系GLM-80為材料。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 試驗處理方法 以改良MS(在MS基礎(chǔ)上,將5 NH4NO3用量減為1/4,肌醇用量增至200 g·L-1,其余大量、微量、鐵鹽與維生素用量減為1/2)為基本培養(yǎng)基,培養(yǎng)基中添加生長素NAA 0.15 mg·L-1,在光照培養(yǎng)箱(SPX-250-GB)中設(shè)置不同溫度(15、20、25、30、35 ℃)處理下馬尾松組培單芽不定根誘導(dǎo),每處理5重復(fù),每重復(fù)200瓶(玻璃生根瓶規(guī)格:Ф=6 cm,高=9 cm),每瓶接繼代單芽3~6株。生根誘導(dǎo)處理期間光照強度1 500~2 000 lx,光照時間12 h·d-1。

1.2.2 生根指數(shù)觀測 當(dāng)生根苗根系長度達0.5 cm以上時,統(tǒng)計生根率、根系條數(shù)、生根時間及不定根誘導(dǎo)30 d時芽苗生長情況。

1.2.3 生根解剖構(gòu)造觀察 將不同溫度處理下組培單芽取出經(jīng)流水沖洗干凈后,切下5~8 mm長度大小的莖基部,轉(zhuǎn)入FAA 固定液進行,依次用30%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、100%酒精系列脫水,然后進行透蠟和包埋。最后用轉(zhuǎn)動切片機切片,進行番紅固綠對染后用阿拉伯中性樹膠封片,觀察并顯微拍照。

1.3 苗木移栽

在苗圃內(nèi)將已生根的組培苗移栽于泥炭土、蛭石和珍珠巖體積比為1∶1∶1的混合輕型基質(zhì)中,并按苗圃常規(guī)育苗方法進行水肥及病蟲害管理,移栽30 d后統(tǒng)計移栽成活率。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計分析軟件,進行單因素方差分析、差異性顯著檢驗及LSD多重比較。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 單芽生根及生長情況

方差分析結(jié)果表明,不同溫度處理下馬尾松組培單芽生根率、根系條數(shù)、生根時間及移栽成活率差異顯著(圖1)。溫度較低(15~20 ℃)時,芽苗生長明顯變慢,切口愈合速度慢;生根困難,生根率顯著降低,根系條數(shù)減少,生根時間延長;芽苗地上部分形態(tài)建成較差,移栽后恢復(fù)能力弱,環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力差,移栽成活率低。溫度較高(30~35 ℃)時,芽苗水漬玻璃化現(xiàn)象明顯加重,葉片卷曲,莖基部愈傷組織明顯,根系質(zhì)量差,移栽后易發(fā)生根腐而死亡,成活率顯著下降。而在適溫(25 ℃)處理下,芽苗根系質(zhì)量佳,根系發(fā)達(5~7條),生長健壯,移栽后成活率高(圖1,圖2)。

2.2 單芽生根解剖構(gòu)造變化

從馬尾松組培單芽不定根發(fā)生過程來看,不定根原基主要由維管形成層細(xì)胞分化而成,其染色呈藍(lán)色,而髓部、髓射線、木質(zhì)部、韌皮部細(xì)胞染色呈紅色(圖3:Ⅰ-Ⅳ)。生根誘導(dǎo)7 d,在原形成層與髓射線交接處的維管形成層細(xì)胞被誘導(dǎo)啟動開始旺盛活動,細(xì)胞發(fā)生變化,部分細(xì)胞的體積、細(xì)胞核及核仁進一步增大,形成染色比其它區(qū)域深的細(xì)胞團,即不定根原發(fā)端細(xì)胞(圖3:Ⅰ);14 d后,隨著形成層細(xì)胞分裂活動的加快,形成不定根原基(圖3:Ⅱ);21 d時隨著不定根原基不斷分裂,根原基逐漸開始組織分化,髓部及髓射線被擠壓變形,周圍細(xì)胞和維管束被分散,原有的細(xì)胞團向外繼續(xù)生長,在機械壓力的作用下, 不定根穿過皮層和表皮而長出莖外(圖3:Ⅲ);在30 d時,根原基前部細(xì)胞繼續(xù)分裂,后部細(xì)胞染色變淺,分生能力減弱,逐漸變成長形,前端出現(xiàn)分層,逐漸形成生長點和根冠(圖3:Ⅳ)。

不同溫度處理下馬尾松組培單芽生根解剖構(gòu)造變化明顯,與25 ℃處理相比,生根誘導(dǎo)30 d后,在20 ℃處理下不定根原基細(xì)胞分裂緩慢,髓部及髓射線細(xì)胞排列仍較整齊,不定根少有分化(圖3:Ⅴ);而在30 ℃處理下,不定根根原基細(xì)胞活動雖較旺盛,髓射線細(xì)胞被擠壓變形,但不定根原基周圍的髓射線及維管系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞排列緊密,不定根原基細(xì)胞團呈帶狀或局域性片狀分布(圖3:Ⅵ)。

3 討論

溫度是植物組織培養(yǎng)中的重要因素,因此在適宜的溫度培養(yǎng)下植物的生長分化表現(xiàn)最好(White, 1943)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溫度顯著影響了馬尾松組培單芽生根情況。低溫時芽苗生長弱,根莖基部愈傷組織少,根系不發(fā)達;高溫時芽苗玻璃化,莖基部愈傷組織明顯。這表明,低溫降低了馬尾松芽苗活性,導(dǎo)致生根能力減弱,而高溫加重了根系愈傷組織,質(zhì)量下降,移栽成活率低。這與Anderson et al(1992)有關(guān)芽苗及根系質(zhì)量對苗木生長影響的研究結(jié)果相類似。綜合生根率、根條數(shù)、生根時間、移栽成活率等生根指數(shù)觀察結(jié)果來看,溫度控制在25 ℃左右,能獲得較為理想、穩(wěn)定的馬尾松無性系GLM-80組培單芽生根效果。一般而言,大多數(shù)植物組織培養(yǎng)都在23~27 ℃之間,但不同植物其培養(yǎng)的最適溫也是不同的。如月季的最適溫度是26 ℃(莫磊興等,1998),番茄則是28 ℃(邱小芳等,2015;Bhatia et al, 2004)。對于不同基因型馬尾松,由于遺傳物質(zhì)差異,生根生理代謝能力可能會發(fā)生改變,其生根培養(yǎng)的最適溫度也可能不同,其有待進一步驗證。

圖 1 溫度對馬尾松組培芽生根及移栽成活率影響Fig. 1 Effects of temperature on rooting of tissue cultured shoots and survival rate after transplanting in Pinus massoniana

圖 2 不同溫度處理30 d后馬尾松組培單芽生根及生長情況Fig. 2 Rooting and growth of tissue cultured shoots in Pinus massoniana after 30 d of different temperature treatments

圖 3 馬尾松組培單芽不定根誘導(dǎo)分化與形成 藍(lán)色箭頭示髓射線,紅色箭頭示維管形成層細(xì)胞及其誘導(dǎo)分化的不定根原基;Ⅰ- Ⅳ. 25 ℃處理下馬尾松組培單芽不定根形成過程 (Ⅰ. 生根處理7 d維管形成層細(xì)胞分化成根原發(fā)端細(xì)胞, Ⅱ. 生根處理14 d誘導(dǎo)形成不定根原基, Ⅲ. 生根處理21 d不定根原基突出莖切口表皮, Ⅳ. 生根處理30 d具有根冠、分生區(qū)、伸長區(qū)不定根形成); Ⅴ. 20 ℃生根處理30 d馬尾松組培單芽不定根解剖構(gòu)造; Ⅵ. 30 ℃生根處理30 d馬尾松組培單芽不定根解剖構(gòu)造。Fig. 3 Differentiation and formation of adventitious root from tissue cultured shoots in Pinus massoniana Blue arrow given in figures showed pith ray, and red arrows showed adventitious root primordia induced and differentiated from vascular cambium cells; Ⅰ- Ⅳ. Process for adventious root formation of in vitro single buds in Pinus massoniana under the treatment of 25 ℃ (Ⅰ. Original primordium cells differentiated from vascular cambium cells after 7 d of rooting treatment, Ⅱ. Adventitious root primordia induced after 14 d of rooting treatment, Ⅲ. Adventitious root primordia extruded from epidermis of stem incision after 21 d of rooting treatment, Ⅳ. adventitious root with root cap, meristematic zone and elongation zone after 30 d of rooting treatment); Ⅴ. Anatomic structure of adventitious root from in vitro single buds in P. massoniana after 30 d of 20 ℃ treatment; Ⅵ. Anatomic structure of adventitious root from in vitro single buds in P. massoniana after 30 d of 30 ℃ treatment.

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Effects of temperature on adventitious root formation of tissue-cultured shoots inPinusmassoniana

YAO Rui-Ling, WANG Yin*

(GuangxiKeyLaboratoryofSuperiorTimberTreesResourceCultivation,GuangxiForestryResearchInstitute, Nanning 530002, China )

Pinusmassonianais one of the most important tree species for afforestation in South China, and it is of great economic value and ecological benefit.P.massonianais famous for the wide application of its timber and resin, being of very important high-value tree species. Breeding programs forP.massonianawere initiated in the 1980s in China. To capture the best genetic stock from the breeding program, an efficient system for rapid clonal propagation is of considerable value. Therefore, the application of biotechnology and especially tissue culture provides an important tool to propagate the selected genotypes. The regeneration of plants under aseptic and controlled environmental conditions is referred to as micropropagation because very small pieces of plant tissue or organs are used as starting vegetative tissue. Previous studies revealed thatP.massonianawas hard to root by tissue culture, and culture temperature was correlated to the stability ofinvitrorooting inP.massoniana. In the illumination incubator with strictly controlled conditions of light and temperature, variations of rooting ability index, including rooting percentage, rooting time, number of roots and transplantation survival percent, and rooting anatomic structure frominvitrosingle buds were investigated using subcultured shoots ofPinusmassonianaclone under rooting treatments of different temperatures. SPSS 19.0 statistic software was used to analyze those data.Invitrorooting performance was good and the highest transplantation survival percentage was 98.1% for shoots ofP.massonianacultured at 25 ℃. Rooting time was prolonged, number of roots was decreased and rooting percent was low under the lower temperature treatment, while rhizome callus was serious and transplantation survival percent remarkably was reduced under the higher temperature treatment. ForP.massoniana, vascular cambium cells were differentiated into adventitious root in terms of root anatomical structure. Compared with the normal temperature treatment at 25 ℃, cell division was passive, induced adventitious root primordial at 20 ℃ treatment, however, cells were active, the color of stained cells from pith ray and vascular tissue was deepened and those cells were arranged densely, resulting in induced adventitious root primordial was separated into being zonal or schistose at 30 ℃ treatment. This study revealed the effects of temperature oninvitrorooting ability, and provides the supports for the industrial production of tissue cultured plantlets inP.massoniana.

rapid propagation by tissue culture, rooting percentage, rooting anatomy, induction of adventitious root

10.11931/guihaia.gxzw201604020

2016-06-13

2016-08-02

廣西優(yōu)良用材林資源培育重點實驗室自主研究課題(13A-01-01); 廣西科學(xué)研究與技術(shù)開發(fā)計劃項目(桂科合14125008-2-17,桂科攻1598006-5-7); 廣西林業(yè)科技重點項目(桂林科研[2015]7號); 國家自然科學(xué)基金(31360178) [Supported by the Independent Program from the Key Laboratory of Gaungxi Fine Timber Forest Resources Cultivation (13A-01-01); the Program of Science Research and Technology Development from the Department of Science and Technology of Guangxi (14125008-2-17, 1598006-5-7); the Key Program of Guangxi Forestry Bureau ([2015]7); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360178)]。

姚瑞玲(1979-),女(侗族),貴州施秉縣人,博士,副研究員,主要從事林木活性成分代謝調(diào)控與松樹組培快繁研究,(E-mail)jullyudi@163.com。

*通訊作者: 王胤,碩士,高級工程師,主要從事松樹良種繁育與栽培理論與技術(shù)研究,(E-mail)yinvvang@163.com。

Q943.1, S722.8

A

1000-3142(2016)11-1282-06

姚瑞玲, 王胤. 溫度對馬尾松組培單芽不定根發(fā)生的影響 [J]. 廣西植物, 2016, 36(11):1282-1287YAO RL, WANG Y. Effects of temperature on adventitious root formation of tissue-cultured shoots inPinusmassoniana[J]. Guihaia, 2016, 36(11):1282-1287

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