張順伍
一、方位介詞
1. among, between
一般來(lái)說(shuō),among用于三者或三者以上的“在……中間”;而between主要指兩者之間。among表示范圍時(shí),還可表示“在……之中”。
【考例1】 Their wings can bridge the gap _____ lines, resulting in electrocution(電死) if they touch two lines at once.(2016年北京卷)
解析:根據(jù)句中的bridge the gap,lines可判斷填between,表示線與線之間的距離。
【考例2】The citys psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are ______ the most popular places. (2015年全國(guó)I卷)
解析:the most popular places是解題的關(guān)鍵,說(shuō)明很多,所以用among。
2. in, on
二者均可表示“在……上”。on側(cè)重于表面接觸,而in側(cè)重于接觸的深度。英語(yǔ)中的某些習(xí)慣表達(dá)常用in或on。若打擊某人的臉、嘴、眼、胸、腹等部位,用in;若打擊的是頭、額、鼻、頸、肩、腿等部位,用on。
【考例1】Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them ______ the walls of the classroom. (2015年廣東卷)
解析:張貼到墻上應(yīng)用介詞on。
【考例2】 A train driver threw a piece of coal
at one of us, hitting him ______ the eye.
解析:打在眼睛上,用介詞in。
3. across, through
二者均可表示“穿過(guò)”。across表示從表面穿過(guò),through表示從空間的里面穿過(guò)。
【考例1】Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see ______ walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly. (2016年四川卷)
解析:根據(jù)句中的Dreaming與have superhuman strength可判斷出,本空應(yīng)用介詞through。
【考例2】 Once called the Garden of Amsterdam, it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk ______ the surrounding forests. (2015年湖北卷)
解析:根據(jù)“walk ______ the surrounding forests”的意思“漫步在周圍的森林”,可知應(yīng)用through。
4. in, on, to, off
四個(gè)詞都表示兩地之間的方位關(guān)系。in表示在某范圍之內(nèi);to表示在某范圍之外;on表示“毗鄰”“接壤”;off強(qiáng)調(diào)兩地隔著一段距離。
【考例1】Nicholas did the only thing he could — he huddled(蜷縮) ______ his cave and slept.(2015年北京卷)
解析:根據(jù)“蜷縮在洞中”可知填in。
【考例2】As we all know, Japan lies ______ the east of China.
解析:日本與中國(guó)不挨著,判斷用to。
二、時(shí)間介詞
1. at, in, on, at
at表示時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)、時(shí)刻等,如at 9:00, at noon;也可以表示短暫的一段時(shí)間,如at Christmas;in表示在某段較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)(如世紀(jì)、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和晚上);on表示具體的日子或一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間(如某日、某節(jié)日、星期幾),也可以表示特定的上午、下午和晚上。
【考例1】Taxis ______ a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.(2016年全國(guó)II卷)
解析:“在紐約一個(gè)下雨的夜晚”,為具體的時(shí)間,所以本空應(yīng)填on。
【考例2】 I have read half of the English novel, and Ill try to finish it ______ the weekend.(2016年北京卷)
解析:at the weekend “在周末”,故填at。
【考例3】My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, even though hes _______ his nineties. (2016年北京卷)
解析: in his nineties意為“在他九十多歲”,再根據(jù)句意可知填in。
2. in, after
in表示時(shí)間,意為“在……之內(nèi)”;如表示“在……之后”,所在句子用一般將來(lái)時(shí),同時(shí)后面必須是一段時(shí)間。after表示時(shí)間,意為“在……之后”。通?!癮fter+時(shí)間段”,與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用;“after+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”,與將來(lái)時(shí)連用。
【考例1】I told her she shouldnt swim ______ a whole nights coughing.(2016年天津卷)
解析:a whole nights coughing為時(shí)間段,同時(shí)根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)填after。
【考例2】I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend many more ______ the coming years.(2016年浙江卷)
解析:the coming years是將來(lái)的時(shí)間,同時(shí)根據(jù)后半部分句意可知應(yīng)填in。
3. for, from, since
for后面接時(shí)間段,表示行為或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久;from后接時(shí)間點(diǎn),表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點(diǎn);since后接時(shí)間點(diǎn),不僅表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點(diǎn),而且還強(qiáng)調(diào)該行為或動(dòng)作從起始點(diǎn)一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻,因而常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)連用。
【考例1】—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We have been waiting here more than two hours. (2016年北京卷)
解析:根據(jù)“We have been...more than two hours.”的意思,可知本空應(yīng)填for。
【考例2】I tried to hold off at first, I played it cool ______ a short while.(2016年浙江卷)
解析:根據(jù)后半部分的意思“我沉著冷靜了一會(huì)兒”可知,本空應(yīng)填for。
三、表示工具、手段、方式的介詞
1. by, in, on
三個(gè)詞都可以表示旅行的方式。
(1)不涉及交通工具的名詞時(shí),用by,名詞前沒有冠詞。如by sea, by water, by land, by air等。
(2)涉及交通工具的名詞時(shí)用by,但名詞需要用單數(shù),其前面不加冠詞和任何修飾語(yǔ)。如by bike, by car, by bus等。
(3)當(dāng)旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具時(shí),用on或in,名詞前用冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語(yǔ)。如on my bike, in a black car等。注意:步行、騎馬、騎駱駝等需要用on。如on foot, on horseback, on a camel等。
【考例】The towns harbor was already full of ice, so it couldnt come _______ ship.(2016年北京卷)
解析:by ship“乘輪船”,為固定短語(yǔ)。
2. with, in
with用于有形的工具或者身體某些器官之前,其后的名詞多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。如with our eyes, with a pick等。in后面接的詞表示原料、顏色、語(yǔ)言、鋼筆、鉛筆等。如in Chinese, in ink等。
【考例】Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ______ their hands.(2016年全國(guó)III卷)
解析:根據(jù)后面的their hands可知本空填with,意思是“用手”。
3. 注意以下固定短語(yǔ):on/over the telephone/radio 通過(guò)電話/廣播; in this/that way用這/那種方式; by this/that means用這/那種方式;with this/that method用這/那種方式。
【考例1】But now that information is being spread and monitored(監(jiān)控) _______ different ways.(2016年全國(guó)III卷)
解析:根據(jù)different ways可知,本空填in。
【考例2】Today,I heard another his song ______ the radio.
解析:表示“通過(guò)廣播”,通常用介詞on或over。
四、表示原因的介詞
1. for多與表示情感的抽象名詞以及reason, famous等詞連用。
2. of用于某些形容詞之后,后接與感情相關(guān)的人或事。
3. over常用于帶有感情色彩的動(dòng)詞,如cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等,講述所發(fā)生的事情的原因。
【考例1】In general, they can expect to live six or seven years more than men. One reason _____ this is biological. (2016年四川卷)
解析:reason通常與介詞for連用,故本空應(yīng)填for。
【考例2】And then,weeks later, I counted, re-counted and jumped _______ joy. (2016年浙江卷)
解析:根據(jù)“因?yàn)楦吲d跳了起來(lái)”,可知本空應(yīng)填for。
五、表示支持、反對(duì)的介詞
against意為“反對(duì)”,指在觀點(diǎn)、主張等方面與某人采取對(duì)立的態(tài)度。此外,against還有“逆著,依靠,在……襯托下,與……比賽”等意思。for意為“贊成,支持”,指在觀點(diǎn)、主張等方面與某人采取一致的態(tài)度。此外,還有“對(duì)于”的意思。
【考例1】A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice ______ those wanting a good nights sleep. (2016年四川卷)
解析:根據(jù)“對(duì)于那些希望睡一晚好覺的人來(lái)說(shuō)……”可知,本空應(yīng)填for。
【考例2】They help the body defend itself ______ some kinds of infections.(2016年四川卷)
解析:根據(jù)句意“它們有助于身體自我保護(hù),避免一些感染。”可知,應(yīng)填against。
六、其他??冀樵~
1. besides, except, but, except for
besides意為“除……之外(還有)”;except意為“除……之外(不再有)”,通??梢耘cbut互換,但如果后接副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、when從句時(shí),不能用but。except for意為“除了……”之意,它所敘述的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)部分用來(lái)修正句子的主要意思。如The composition is well written except for some spelling mistakes.
【考例】Honestly speaking, we have lots of other things in common _______ music.
解析:句子中的other很關(guān)鍵,故用besides。
2. with的用法
with用法繁多,成為高考熱點(diǎn)。其主要用法如下:
表示“和……在一起,和,跟”;表示“帶有”,表示伴隨的意思;指原因或理由;用在“with+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”這個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中。
【考例1】Suddenly, he saw a car ______ its bright lights on. (2016年全國(guó)I卷)
解析:此處為“with+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),所以本空填with。
【考例2】 The menu is Italian, ______ excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食). (2016年全國(guó)II卷)
解析:“with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食) ”是對(duì)菜單的解釋說(shuō)明,所以本空填with。
3. beyond的用法
表示“(時(shí)間)過(guò)了,比……晚,遲于”;也可以表示“(范圍)超過(guò),為……所不及”。
【考例1】_______ a certain point, though, further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown.(2016年上海卷)
解析:further stress很關(guān)鍵,根據(jù)句意可知本空應(yīng)填Beyond。
【考例2】The number of cities producing CO _______ the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9 .(2014年全國(guó)大綱卷)
解析:beyond the standard“超過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,為固定短語(yǔ)。
4. as與like
as意為“像”“如同”“當(dāng)作”,可以與the same,such,as連用;like意為“像”。
【考例1】 ...universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment ______ that of the home. (2016年北京卷)
解析:the same通常與介詞as連用,故本空應(yīng)填介詞as。
【考例2】We start with small talk, a polite conversation about something ______ traffic or weather.(2015年安徽卷)
解析:根據(jù)句意“我們從聊天、禮貌的交談開始,談?wù)撘恍┫窠煌ɑ蛱鞖膺@樣的事情?!笨芍?,本空應(yīng)填like。
5. 名詞與介詞的固定搭配
①后接介詞to的名詞:access, approach, attention, answer, apology, attitude, devotion, entrance, introduction, journey, key, visit。
②后接介詞in的名詞:expert, interest, pride, trouble, problem。
③后接介詞on的名詞:congratulations, effect, influence。
④to后接情感名詞,表示“某種行動(dòng)后產(chǎn)生的感覺”:to ones delight/horror/joy/surprise/amazement/sorrow/regret
【考例1】Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals ______ humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.(2016年全國(guó)I卷)
解析:句中effects與介詞on搭配使用,故本空應(yīng)填介詞on。
【考例2】It was really annoying; I couldnt get access ______ the data bank you had recommended. (2016年天津卷)
解析:get access to為固定短語(yǔ),意思是“接近,獲得,可以使用”,故本空應(yīng)填to。
【考例3】______ my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine.(2016年上海卷)
解析:to ones surprise意為“使某人驚訝的是”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填To。
6. ??冀樵~短語(yǔ)
①介詞與名詞的常用搭配
at a loss, at breakfast, at Christmas, on show, by accident, by nature, in anger, in comfort, in fear, in secret, in place, in advance, out of date, out of order, under discussion, with ease, with satisfaction等。
【考例1】The dictionary is ______ date: many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016年天津卷)
解析:根據(jù)“自從出版以來(lái),增添了很多詞匯。”可知,“這本字典過(guò)時(shí)了”。out of date意為“過(guò)時(shí)”,為固定短語(yǔ)。故本空應(yīng)填out of。
【考例2】We require the students full details at least 4 weeks ______ advance. (2016年天津卷)
解析:in advance意為“提前”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填in。
②形容詞與介詞的常用搭配
be anxious about, be curious about, be absorbed in, be dressed in, be rich in, be fit for, be thankful for, be absent from, be equal to, be devoted to, be contrary to, be similar to, be/get used to, be ashamed of, be proud of, be angry with, be concerned about, be patient with等。
【考例】 Are you interested ______
becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? (2016年全國(guó)II卷)
解析:be interested in意為“對(duì)……感興趣”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填in。
③動(dòng)詞+介詞
ask for, leave for, agree with, catch up with, get on/along with, make friends with, bring in, fall into, get rid of, look into, pick up, take on, focus on等。
【考例1】For years I dealt _____ my travel agent only by phone.(2016年全國(guó)II卷)
解析:deal with意為“應(yīng)付,對(duì)付”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填with。
【考例2】Most of us are more focused ______ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. (2016年全國(guó)II卷)
解析: focus on意為“專心于,專注于”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填on。
④其他常用短語(yǔ)
according to, along with, because of, due to, but for, for fear of, for lack of, for the purpose of等。
【考例1】According ______ a study by grandparents. com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson s decision will influence grandparents in the American family.(2016年全國(guó)I卷)
解析:according to意為“根據(jù),按照”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填to。
【考例2】It was a cold January in 1925 in Nome, Alaska. The town was cut off from the rest of the world due ______ heavy snow.(2016年北京卷)
解析:due to意為“因?yàn)?,由于”,為固定短語(yǔ),故本空應(yīng)填to。
七、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
(一)單句填空
1. Consistency is key ______ a good nights sleep, especially when it comes to waking up.
2. Armed with two over-packed suitcases, I arrived at the airport just ______ time for my flight.
3. The review explains that smell is unique in its effects ______ the brain.
4. ______ the other hand, negative thinking will only cause more depression in your life.
5. There is a famous quote that reads, “A healthy body leads ______ a healthy mind.”
6. If I have saved any children, it is because______him.
7. But in modern societies, the old can also learn ______ the young.
8. ______ time of anger, do yourself a favor by releasing(釋放) it in a quiet place.
9. ______ my amazement, I did find some interesting books.
10.The history of people planting and using bamboo can date ______ as far as 7000 years.
(二)語(yǔ)法填空
Tooth decay(蛀牙) is a major health problem for billions of people around the world. According to a recent study, a third of the worlds population, 1 (be) suffering from bad teeth. In addition, the milk teeth of about 600 million children are also affected.
Experts estimate that 200 million new 2
(case) come up every year. While most dental problems start during childhood, there are many adults 3 suffer from tooth decay. Researchers 4 (conduct) their studies between 1990 and 2010.
According to the study Latin America, Northern Africa and the Middle East are the most
5 (affect) regions. In the Baltic state almost 70% of the population have some form of tooth decay. The study suggests that once a child suffers from decaying teeth the problem will continue into adulthood. While most 6
(treat) concentrates on children adults are not given enough attention. Untreated teeth can lead to 7 number of diseases, including infections, ear and throat pain. Dentists state that peoples diets are the main cause 8 bad teeth. They recommend 9 (avoid) snacks and sugary soft drinks. Besides, they suggest visiting the dentist twice a year 10 brushing your teeth at least twice a day.