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農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬含量超標風險協(xié)同管控研究

2016-12-28 10:11郭書海吳波李鳳梅遲光宇李玉浸
關(guān)鍵詞:農(nóng)作物重金屬水稻

郭書海,吳波,李鳳梅,遲光宇,李玉浸

(1.中國科學(xué)院沈陽應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所,沈陽 110016;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部環(huán)境保護科研監(jiān)測所,天津 300191)

農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬含量超標風險協(xié)同管控研究

郭書海1,吳波1,李鳳梅1,遲光宇1,李玉浸2

(1.中國科學(xué)院沈陽應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所,沈陽 110016;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部環(huán)境保護科研監(jiān)測所,天津 300191)

我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全問題日益嚴峻,特別是重金屬超標風險尤為突出。綜合考慮土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量與農(nóng)作物環(huán)境響應(yīng)特性對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標的雙重影響,基于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品種對重金屬吸收/積累特性的差異性分析,闡明了農(nóng)作物品種優(yōu)選對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全保障作用,提出了在農(nóng)作物品種審定中增加對重金屬的吸收/積累系數(shù)指標,建立國家層面的農(nóng)作物吸收/積累重金屬數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng),探索農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標風險的協(xié)同管控途徑。

風險管控;品種審定;重金屬;農(nóng)產(chǎn)品;土壤;吸收;積累

目前,我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全問題日益嚴峻,特別是重金屬超標風險尤為突出。2002年農(nóng)業(yè)部對全國市場稻米的安全性抽檢結(jié)果顯示,稻米重金屬超標率超過10%。2008年甄燕紅等[1]研究結(jié)果表明,我國部分市售大米鎘超標率達10%。2006年國家正式頒布《中華人民共和國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全法》,將農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量管理納入法制化軌道,但截至2013年,全國每年重金屬超標糧食依舊遠超1000萬t,直接影響到人類健康與社會穩(wěn)定。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標主要有兩方面原因,一是種植農(nóng)作物的土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量差,二是部分農(nóng)作物或品種對重金屬的吸收/積累多。2014年,環(huán)保部和國土資源部聯(lián)合發(fā)布的《全國土壤污染調(diào)查公報》顯示,我國耕地土壤污染物超標點位為19.4%[2],以重金屬污染為主,并且集中在中南、西南等高背景值地區(qū)和有色金屬礦區(qū)[2-3],與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品超標頻發(fā)區(qū)高度吻合。因此,土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品超標的重要外因。但大量農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量跟蹤調(diào)查結(jié)果也表明,不同種類和品種的農(nóng)作物對重金屬的吸收/積累存在較大差異[4-5],即農(nóng)作物環(huán)境響應(yīng)特性是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品超標的重要內(nèi)因。

由此可見,防治農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標,不僅要監(jiān)管土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量,還需重視農(nóng)作物環(huán)境響應(yīng)特性。本文通過農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品種對重金屬吸收/積累特性的差異性分析,闡明了農(nóng)作物品種優(yōu)選對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全保障作用,提出了在農(nóng)作物品種審定中增加對重金屬的吸收/積累系數(shù)指標,在國家層面建立農(nóng)作物吸收/積累重金屬數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng),開展土壤和農(nóng)作物雙因素統(tǒng)籌管理等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標風險協(xié)同管控途徑。

1 農(nóng)作物品種間重金屬吸收/積累特性的差別

1.1 不同種類農(nóng)作物對重金屬吸收/積累的差異顯著

不同種類農(nóng)作物對重金屬吸收/積累的生理機制不盡相同,導(dǎo)致吸收/積累量差異較大,表現(xiàn)為低、中、高三種程度[6]。以農(nóng)作物對鎘的吸收/積累量來區(qū)分,整體而言:豆科(大豆、菜豆、豌豆)表現(xiàn)為低吸收/積累,禾本科(水稻、大麥、小麥、玉米、高粱等)表現(xiàn)為中吸收/積累,十字花科(油菜、白菜、蘿卜、蕪箐等)、茄科(番茄、馬鈴薯、茄子)、菊科(萵苣)等表現(xiàn)為高吸收/積累。這是由于十字花科和茄科的農(nóng)作物可食部分為根莖,研究表明一般農(nóng)作物的根莖對鎘的吸收/積累量均顯著高于其籽實部分[7-8]。

根據(jù)文獻及報道,對比分析了大宗農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中水稻、小麥、大豆、玉米、油菜、茄子等可食部分對土壤中鎘的積累系數(shù)[9-19],詳見表1。雖然文獻資料中研究的地域分散,但結(jié)果所反應(yīng)的趨勢相似,即積累系數(shù)大小依次為油菜>水稻>大豆>小麥>玉米,與以往相關(guān)研究的結(jié)論基本一致。由此可見,農(nóng)作物種類對土壤中的重金屬吸收/積累影響顯著。

1.2 同類農(nóng)作物中不同品種對重金屬的吸收/積累有所不同

相同種類、不同品種的農(nóng)作物對重金屬的吸收/積累特征大多相近,但一些品種間存在較大差異。以目前社會關(guān)注的稻米鎘超標現(xiàn)象為例,研究表明[17],我國14個水稻主要產(chǎn)地,19種當?shù)刂饕酒贩N對土壤中鎘吸收/積累能力存在顯著差異,籽粒中鎘的積累系數(shù)相差1倍以上。

根據(jù)文獻及報道,相同地區(qū)的早稻與晚稻、雜交稻與常規(guī)稻、高產(chǎn)稻與低產(chǎn)稻等不同品種對土壤環(huán)境的響應(yīng)存在顯著差異[16,20-24],詳見表2。不同品種水稻籽實鎘吸收/積累能力大小分別為:早稻>晚稻;雜交稻>常規(guī)稻;高產(chǎn)稻>低產(chǎn)稻。

表2 不同水稻品種稻米對土壤中Cd的積累差異Table 2 Difference of Cd concentrations in grains of rice cultivars accumulating Cd from soils

1.3 低吸收/積累品種篩選工作成效日趨顯現(xiàn)

隨著我國對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標問題的日益重視,低吸收/積累農(nóng)作物的篩選逐漸成為科技界的研究熱點[24-25]。國內(nèi)許多科研院所和大專院校,選擇典型農(nóng)作物種類和品種,開展了重金屬吸收/積累特性的篩查和對比試驗。大量研究結(jié)果表明,種植重金屬低吸收/積累的品種,可有效降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標率[26-32],有利于重金屬超標農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)地的安全生產(chǎn)。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計[24-32],目前我國科研工作者已經(jīng)從35種農(nóng)作物中,篩選出170個低吸收/積累品種,為建立農(nóng)作物吸收/積累重金屬的指標體系、協(xié)同管控農(nóng)產(chǎn)品超標風險奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

2 農(nóng)作物品種優(yōu)選有利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全保障

2.1 優(yōu)選作物品種可降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標風險

我國北方地區(qū)降水較少,20世紀60年代開始實施污水灌溉,形成了大面積的重金屬超標污灌區(qū)[33-35]。沈陽西部污灌區(qū)的試驗結(jié)果表明,玉米較水稻對鎘的籽實吸收率減少80%,推行水改旱的種植方式后,輕度污染耕地上種植的玉米籽粒重金屬含量全部達標,實現(xiàn)受污染耕地的合理利用和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全保障。

在我國中南、西南等高背景值和酸性土壤區(qū),稻米鎘超標問題比較突出[20-21,23]。但研究結(jié)果表明[36],優(yōu)選的低積累水稻品種對鎘的親和力遠低于水稻作物的平均水平。因此,選種適宜的水稻品種,可減少籽粒中的鎘含量,降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風險。

2.2 優(yōu)選作物品種可有效管控重金屬超標問題

選擇重金屬低吸收/積累品種,控制影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的內(nèi)在因素,是農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)范化生產(chǎn)過程的重要環(huán)節(jié),也是保障重金屬污染/超標區(qū)農(nóng)用地安全利用的有效途徑。尤其在高風險農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū),通過農(nóng)作物品種的適宜性選擇,再配合重金屬鈍化、灌水調(diào)控等技術(shù)和管理手段,可最大限度保障區(qū)域性農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全。因此,核定重金屬吸收/積累系數(shù)、選擇適宜性品種是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的重要保障之一。

3 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬超標風險協(xié)同管控途徑

3.1 在農(nóng)作物品種審定中增加對重金屬的吸收/積累系數(shù)指標

目前,農(nóng)作物品種審定包括品種來源、特征特性、產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、抗性表現(xiàn)、栽培要點、適宜種植地區(qū)等描述性與量化指標[37],突出品種的豐產(chǎn)性、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性、適應(yīng)性、抗逆性和品質(zhì)等農(nóng)藝性狀,以及DNA指紋和轉(zhuǎn)基因等遺傳特性。在今后農(nóng)作物品種審定中,應(yīng)增加農(nóng)作物對重金屬的吸收/積累系數(shù)這一量化指標。對種植面積大的已審定品種,也應(yīng)逐漸補充復(fù)測,量化農(nóng)作物品種的環(huán)境響應(yīng)特征。

3.2 建立國家層面的農(nóng)作物吸收/積累重金屬數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)

總結(jié)近年來低吸收/積累重金屬農(nóng)作物品種的篩選經(jīng)驗,建立檢測流程和技術(shù)規(guī)范,審核認定專業(yè)化檢測機構(gòu),保證全國性數(shù)據(jù)的一致性和可靠性。以農(nóng)作物品種審定為起始點,以DNA分類分級鑒定為基礎(chǔ),對大宗農(nóng)作物進行主要有毒有害重金屬的吸收/積累率檢測分析,獲得農(nóng)作物在各個生長階段中不同部位的重金屬含量,篩選穩(wěn)定型低積累農(nóng)作物,建立農(nóng)作物吸收/積累重金屬數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)。

3.3 基于土壤和農(nóng)作物雙因素的風險協(xié)同管控

在土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量方面,環(huán)境保護部[3]、國土資源部[38]和農(nóng)業(yè)部[39]等部門經(jīng)過多年調(diào)查,已經(jīng)掌握了土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量基本狀況,初步形成了不同尺度的土壤重金屬含量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)。建議統(tǒng)籌考慮農(nóng)作物吸收/積累重金屬特性和土壤重金屬含量狀況兩個方面的因素,開展針對不同土壤理化性質(zhì)、不同土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量的農(nóng)作物種植適宜性評估與等級劃分,優(yōu)選可規(guī)避風險的種植品種,制定分類、分區(qū)的種植規(guī)劃,開展典型區(qū)的協(xié)同管控技術(shù)示范,完善農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全保障體系。

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Risk control of heavy metal content in agricultural products

GUO Shu-hai1,WU Bo1,LI Feng-mei1,CHI Guang-yu1,LI Yu-jin2
(1.Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang 110016,China;2.Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agriculture,Tianjin 300191,China)

The quality and safety of agricultural products in China were serious.Risk of heavy metal content in agricultural products was a prominent problem.Based on the soil and agricultural products′influence on heavy metal content in agricultural products,the difference of heavy metal concentrations in various crops were analyzed.It illustrated that selection of agricultural product is important for safety of agricultural products quality.This paper presented the methods of risk control,including addition of absorption/accumulation coefficient,the national coefficient database,and integrated management of soil-agricultural products.

risk control;variety approval;heavy metal;agricultural products;soil;absorption;accumulation

X56

A

1672-2043(2016)12-2245-05

10.11654/jaes.2016-1132

郭書海,吳波,李鳳梅,等.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品重金屬含量超標風險協(xié)同管控研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2016,35(12):2245-2249.

GUO Shu-hai,WU Bo,LI Feng-mei,et al.Risk control of heavy metal content in agricultural products[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(12):2245-2249.

2016-09-02

國家科技支撐計劃課題(2015BAD05B03)

郭書海(1964—),男,遼寧沈陽人,研究員,從事污染土壤及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品風險控制研究。E-mail:shuhaiguo@iae.ac.cn

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