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超聲技術(shù)診斷類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎緩解期的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

2017-01-17 00:01馬蘇美
關(guān)鍵詞:進(jìn)行性滑膜炎滑膜

羅 陽,馮 菲,王 惠,馬蘇美*

(1.蘭州大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730000;2.蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院超聲科,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

超聲技術(shù)診斷類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎緩解期的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

羅 陽1,2,馮 菲2,王 惠2,馬蘇美2*

(1.蘭州大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730000;2.蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院超聲科,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)是一種以滑膜炎癥為主的慢性無菌性炎癥,表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)腫脹、關(guān)節(jié)壓痛和關(guān)節(jié)破壞。經(jīng)過治療,部分RA患者達(dá)到臨床緩解期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但此時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)仍可有持續(xù)性滑膜炎并造成關(guān)節(jié)持續(xù)破壞。肌肉骨骼超聲(MSUS)具有非侵入性、易于接受、性價(jià)比高、短期內(nèi)可重復(fù)檢查、能多角度全方面檢查ROI的優(yōu)點(diǎn),其在RA的診斷、監(jiān)測(cè)治療和評(píng)估預(yù)后等方面具有重要的作用。本文就超聲技術(shù)(如灰階超聲、能量多普勒超聲、CEUS等)在RA臨床緩解期的應(yīng)用及其在治療效果及預(yù)后評(píng)估等方面的應(yīng)用做一綜述。

關(guān)節(jié)炎,類風(fēng)濕;緩解期;超聲檢查

類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)是一種以關(guān)節(jié)滑膜慢性炎癥為主要表現(xiàn)的全身性自身免疫性疾病。我國(guó)患病率約為0.32%~0.36%,多見于中年女性,表現(xiàn)為關(guān)節(jié)滑膜的慢性炎癥、增生,關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)形成血管翳,侵犯關(guān)節(jié)軟骨、軟骨下骨、韌帶和肌腱等,造成關(guān)節(jié)軟骨、骨和關(guān)節(jié)囊破壞,最終導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)畸形和功能喪失[1]。

血管翳是RA病變過程中一個(gè)特征性改變,主要由新生微血管、增生肥大的滑膜細(xì)胞、炎性細(xì)胞及機(jī)化的纖維素構(gòu)成,是引起關(guān)節(jié)病變、軟骨破壞的主要原因和病理基礎(chǔ)。新血管生成被認(rèn)為是形成和維持血管翳的一個(gè)重要因素[2]。同時(shí)血管翳也是RA臨床緩解期(cinical remission, CR)關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性損害的病理原因。

2010年國(guó)際專家共識(shí)[3]和美國(guó)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)/歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟(American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumation, ACR/EULAR) 2011類風(fēng)濕指南[4]對(duì)類風(fēng)濕的療法和治療策略的建議,將病癥緩解作為臨床治療的主要目標(biāo)。肌骨超聲作為一項(xiàng)方便、經(jīng)濟(jì)、準(zhǔn)確率高、可操作性強(qiáng)的影像學(xué)技術(shù),通過檢查關(guān)節(jié)腔積液、滑膜增厚、骨侵蝕、關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織形態(tài)改變、血管翳小血管增加等,在診斷RA臨床緩解期,評(píng)估藥物治療情況、復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等方面起著越來越重要的作用。

1 灰階超聲(grayscale ultrasonography, GSUS)

GSUS主要提供關(guān)節(jié)形態(tài)學(xué)信息,可很好地區(qū)別關(guān)節(jié)腔積液與滑膜增厚[5]。GSUS上關(guān)節(jié)腔積液多顯示為無回聲、易移動(dòng)、可壓縮;滑膜增生則顯示為低回聲、不可移動(dòng)、難被壓縮。關(guān)節(jié)腔積液和滑膜增厚是RA臨床緩解期滑膜炎活動(dòng)的具體表現(xiàn),也是血管翳增生的病理結(jié)果。目前GSUS已成為檢測(cè)關(guān)節(jié)腔積液的首選方法,并可以指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)生進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺。

Nguyen等[6]的Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在RA臨床緩解期的1 618個(gè)患者中,84%表現(xiàn)為GSUS陽性(有關(guān)節(jié)腔積液或滑膜增厚),表明臨床緩解期患者廣泛存在滑膜炎癥。而且GSUS檢出滑膜炎的敏感度與MRI相當(dāng)[7],充分體現(xiàn)了GSUS的診斷價(jià)值。Iwamoto等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),臨床緩解期患者滑膜炎的好發(fā)部位依次是腕關(guān)節(jié)(51.2%)、膝關(guān)節(jié)(28.9%)和指掌關(guān)節(jié)(21.4%),并且手部關(guān)節(jié)中以優(yōu)勢(shì)手最常發(fā)病,是全身關(guān)節(jié)病變的標(biāo)志[9]。因此單手(優(yōu)勢(shì)手)超聲評(píng)估對(duì)RA復(fù)發(fā)及進(jìn)行性破壞更具有臨床實(shí)踐價(jià)值[6]。

GSUS還可以檢查關(guān)節(jié)周圍組織并判定其受損程度。GSUS在判斷骨侵蝕中具有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),且相比X線僅能檢出其投照方向上的骨侵蝕,超聲可以多角度檢查,提高了檢查的詳細(xì)程度。并且GSUS探查骨侵蝕的敏感度比X線高,與MRI相當(dāng),而GSUS檢出腱鞘炎比MRI更敏感[7]。Ohrndorf等[10]研究表明,腱鞘炎是一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)骨侵蝕的獨(dú)立因素。作為RA的不良預(yù)后,在治療進(jìn)入臨床緩解期后,應(yīng)對(duì)骨侵蝕及腱鞘炎進(jìn)行定期監(jiān)測(cè),防止骨關(guān)節(jié)的進(jìn)行性損害。

2 彩色多普勒超聲(colour Doppler ultrasonography,CDUS)與能量多普勒超聲(power Doppler ultrasonography, PDUS)

雖然CDUS能探查到關(guān)節(jié)血管翳的血流并反映臨床緩解期的滑膜炎,但是當(dāng)血管翳的管腔較小,尤其在病變?cè)缙谘髁魉佥^低時(shí),利用超聲頻移成像的CDUS敏感度較低,而PDUS的能量大小與紅細(xì)胞數(shù)目相關(guān),不受血流速度等因素的影響,故對(duì)于低流速的血管翳敏感度高于CDUS,且PDUS顯示血流的能力不受聲速夾角的影響,增強(qiáng)了其診斷效率。一些研究[11]表明CDUS在評(píng)價(jià)滑膜血管有一定價(jià)值,但在探查低流速血流有所限制,例如在滑膜增生時(shí)出現(xiàn)的典型低流速血流時(shí),PDUS比CDUS敏感。故而現(xiàn)在多用PDUS代替CDUS。

PDUS評(píng)價(jià)血管翳生成面積和血流變化是診斷RA滑膜炎的一個(gè)重要的方法。PDUS信號(hào)的出現(xiàn)意味著新生血管的生成,代表滑膜正處于炎癥活動(dòng)時(shí)期,對(duì)于臨床緩解期患者則意味著疾病的復(fù)發(fā)或是關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性損傷。研究[12]表明,PDUS是預(yù)測(cè)關(guān)節(jié)侵蝕破壞的最重要參數(shù),其強(qiáng)度與臨床緩解期患者關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性破壞程度呈正相關(guān)[6]。Nguyen等[6]的Meta分析表明,利用PDUS評(píng)估RA臨床緩解期患者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的敏感度和特異度分別為40%~86%和45%~90%。而在日常監(jiān)測(cè)中運(yùn)用PDUS可能會(huì)增加RA的緩解率并降低疾病復(fù)發(fā)和關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性損傷的概率。雖然MRI骨髓水腫在評(píng)估關(guān)節(jié)破壞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)優(yōu)于PDUS[13],但PDUS的便捷性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性和可操作性上是其他影像學(xué)技術(shù)無可取代的。

PDUS作為一種對(duì)滑膜炎十分敏感的技術(shù),其可用來評(píng)估藥效及藥物治療情況。Peluso等[14]利用DPUS和GSUS研究甲氨喋呤、抗腫瘤壞死因子、緩解疾病的抗風(fēng)濕性藥物在RA臨床緩解期的應(yīng)用,并視無PD信號(hào)及無滑膜腫脹為超聲緩解。反之,持續(xù)存在的PDUS信號(hào)可作為需要治療的信號(hào)[6]。

3 CEUS

雖然PDUS對(duì)滑膜內(nèi)血流信號(hào)相對(duì)敏感,但是卻受限于血管分級(jí)的主觀性和對(duì)低速血流的不敏感。而造影劑可以增強(qiáng)超聲的探查能力并量化滑膜炎血管翳的血流量。CEUS能更好地篩查和辨別滑膜炎活動(dòng)期和非活動(dòng)期的纖維化或壞死組織,從而更直接地判斷RA是否處于影像緩解期[11]。并且血流信號(hào)強(qiáng)度是一個(gè)很好的判斷疾病活動(dòng)性和預(yù)后的指標(biāo),可提示關(guān)節(jié)的進(jìn)行性破壞,而超聲造影劑能夠顯著提高對(duì)疾病活動(dòng)性和預(yù)后判斷的準(zhǔn)確度[11,15]。

CEUS使用快速推注技術(shù)可以得到時(shí)間-強(qiáng)度曲線,通過其分析,可定性定量分析滑膜血流灌注,從而為評(píng)估滑膜炎癥提供數(shù)據(jù)[16],更好地分析RA臨床緩解期滑膜炎癥程度。而使用緩慢推注技術(shù)可得到均一穩(wěn)定的圖像并可以使檢查窗延長(zhǎng)到20 min以上,這種技術(shù)提供了一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的穩(wěn)定對(duì)比增強(qiáng),從而允許檢查更大數(shù)量的關(guān)節(jié)[17]。

超聲造影劑的應(yīng)用使得組織灌注成像達(dá)到微血管水平。CEUS大幅提高了CDUS及PDUS的診斷敏感度,使其能更好地描述和量化炎癥,使纖維性滑膜增生和滑膜炎活動(dòng)期的區(qū)分更明晰[18]。EULAR 2013建議使用影像學(xué)方法對(duì)RA緩解期患者進(jìn)行檢查并評(píng)價(jià)預(yù)后[19]。MRI增強(qiáng)造影目前被認(rèn)為是形態(tài)學(xué)研究的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[20]。而CEUS對(duì)有臨床活動(dòng)性表現(xiàn)的滑膜炎的診斷準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)100%,PDUS的診斷陽性率為75%[18]。GSUS診斷膝關(guān)節(jié)上隱窩有積液或滑膜增厚的陽性率為58%,PDUS的診斷陽性率為63%, CEUS的診斷陽性率高達(dá)95%,MRI的診斷陽性率為61%, MRI增強(qiáng)造影的診斷陽性率為82%[21]。CEUS的診斷準(zhǔn)確率已達(dá)到MRI增強(qiáng)造影的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而且超聲便捷、易于接受、短期內(nèi)可重復(fù)檢查,在RA的診斷及臨床緩解的預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)中具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

4 聲空泡消融滑膜血管翳的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

滑膜血管翳是RA關(guān)節(jié)病變、軟骨破壞的主要原因及病理基礎(chǔ),是一種增生活躍、代謝旺盛、血管豐富、具有很強(qiáng)侵蝕性的病變組織,由于其生長(zhǎng)增殖的生物學(xué)特性在許多方而具備腫瘤組織的特點(diǎn),被認(rèn)為是一種類腫瘤組織。超聲微泡可通過空化作用引起組織通透增高,造成小血管凝血或破裂出血,使腫瘤組織壞死,因此推測(cè)超聲空化效應(yīng)同樣能對(duì)滑膜血管翳細(xì)胞及微血管產(chǎn)生破壞,從而達(dá)到物理治療的目的。Qiu等[22]通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)超聲空泡技術(shù)可消融血管翳,為治療RA臨床緩解期血管翳增生,防止炎癥復(fù)發(fā)及關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性破壞提供了新思路。

5 RA的臨床緩解與超聲緩解

目前為止,超聲對(duì)RA臨床緩解期的診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)并未列入指南,ACR/EULAR 2011類風(fēng)濕指南[4]中滿足以下2條中的1條可視為臨床緩解:①以下指標(biāo)均≤1:壓痛關(guān)節(jié)數(shù)、腫脹關(guān)節(jié)數(shù)、CRP(mg/dl)及患者的總體評(píng)價(jià)。②簡(jiǎn)化的疾病活動(dòng)指數(shù)(SDAI)≤3.3。SDAI=TJC(28個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)中的腫脹關(guān)節(jié)數(shù))+SJC(28個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)中的壓痛關(guān)節(jié)數(shù))+PGA(患者的總體評(píng)價(jià))+MDGA(醫(yī)生的總體評(píng)價(jià))+CRP(mg/dl)。

然而,類風(fēng)濕患者達(dá)到臨床緩解期并不意味著良好的預(yù)后。一些研究表明[6,12,16,23],RA患者在緩解期(DAS28 或 ACR/EULAR 2011標(biāo)準(zhǔn))可有殘留的滑膜炎,這與疾病活動(dòng)和進(jìn)展有關(guān),并可以解釋患者緩解期的進(jìn)行性結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。Spinella等[12]提供了盡管RA有明顯緩解,卻有關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性損傷的證據(jù),表明了臨床緩解和預(yù)后之間的差異。van der Heijde[13]的研究也指出緩解期患者仍然有關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行性損害。Saleem等[24]的研究表明滿足DAS28的緩解患者超聲查仍然檢出84.2%有關(guān)節(jié)腫脹,PDUS顯示50.9%有加重信號(hào)。

因此一些研究者將GSUS陰性(無滑膜增厚且無關(guān)節(jié)腔積液)/PDUS信號(hào)陰性作為RA的超聲影像緩解標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6,13-14,25-26]。但是否影像緩解標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該作為RA緩解的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一尚有爭(zhēng)論。由于目前研究尚不充足,且對(duì)于超聲緩解指標(biāo)還未有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一有效的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),故收集更多數(shù)據(jù),統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已成為今后工作的目標(biāo)。

既往滑膜炎通常是通過臨床關(guān)節(jié)形態(tài)檢查來評(píng)估。而在過去的10年中,超聲評(píng)價(jià)滑膜炎的有效性和可靠性優(yōu)于關(guān)節(jié)形態(tài)檢查[25,27-31]。超聲評(píng)估RA活動(dòng)的方式曾經(jīng)缺乏共識(shí)[32],但是Nguyen等[6]已經(jīng)證明了超聲評(píng)估RA的地位。并且隨著超聲技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,肌骨超聲在RA的診斷、病情活動(dòng)性評(píng)估、藥物療效及對(duì)RA患者的治療監(jiān)測(cè)中起著越來越重要的作用。由于超聲波無法穿透骨骼,無法探及骨面以下結(jié)構(gòu)并且超聲檢查依賴于操作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和超聲儀器的分辨率,但相比X線、MRI,超聲具有無創(chuàng)、無輻射、便捷、經(jīng)濟(jì)及可重復(fù)檢查等優(yōu)點(diǎn),成為評(píng)估RA是否緩解的敏感工具[26]。CEUS及實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲等超聲新技術(shù)也越來越多的被應(yīng)用于類風(fēng)濕疾病的評(píng)估中。

[1] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)分會(huì).類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎診治指南(草案).中華風(fēng)濕病學(xué)雜志,2003,17(4):250-254.

[2] 李香斌,連金饒,林娜,等.類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎滑膜血管生成和血管翳.醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2010,16(1):7-9.

[3] Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Bijlsma JW, et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis, 2010,69(4):631-637

[4] Felson DT, Smolen JS, Wells G, et al. American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism provisional definition of remissionin rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum, 2011,63(3):573-586.

[5] Le Bras E, Ehrenstein B, Fleck M, et al.Evaluation of ankle swelling due to Lofgren's syndrome: A pilot study using B-mode and power Doppler ultrasonography. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2014,66(2):318-322.

[6] Nguyen H, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Gandjbakhch F, et al. Prevalence of ultrasound-detected residual synovitis and risk of relapse and structural progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients in clinical remission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2014,53(11):2110-2118.

[7] Sakellariou G, Montecucco C. Ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2014,32(1 Suppl 80):S20-S25.

[8] Iwamoto T, Ikeda K, Hosokawa J, et al. Prediction of relapse after discontinuation of biologic agents by ultrasonographic assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission: High predictive values of total gray-scale and power doppler scores that represent residual synovial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2014,66(10):1576-1581.

[9] Alamanos Y, Drosos AA. Epidemiology of adult rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev, 2005,4(3):130-136.

[10] Ohrndorf S, Backhaus M. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2013,9(7):433-437.

[11] Rednic N, Tamas MM, Rednic S, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in inflammatory arthritis. Med Ultrason, 2011,13(3):220-227.

[12] Spinella A, Sandri G, Carpenito G, et al. The discrepancy between clinical and ultrasonographic remission in rheumatoid arthritis is not related to therapy or autoantibody status. Rheumatol Int, 2012,32(12):3917-3921.

[13] van der Heijde D. Remission by imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: Should this be the ultimate goal? Ann Rheum Dis, 2012,71(Suppl 2):89-92.

[14] Peluso G, Michelutti A, Bosello S, et al. Clinical and ultrasonographic remission determines different chances of relapse in early and long standing rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2011,70(1):172-175.

[15] De Zordo T, Mlekusch SP, Feuchtner GM, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Radiol, 2007,64(2):222-230.

[16] Foltz V, Gandjbakhch F, Etchepare F, et al. Power Doppler ultrasound, but not low-field magnetic resonance imaging, predicts relapse and radiographic disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low levels of disease activity. Arthritis Rheum, 2012,64(1):67-76.

[17] Klauser A, Frauscher F, Schirmer M, et al. The value of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of vascularization of finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 2002,46(3):647-653.

[18] Stramare R, Coran A, Faccinetto A. MR and CEUS monitoring of patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis treated with biological agents: A preliminary study. Radiol Med, 2014,119(6):422-431.

[19] Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Ostergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013,72(6):804-814.

[20] Suter LG, Fraenkel L, Braithwaite RS. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2011,63(5):675-688.

[21] Song IH, Althoff CE, Hermann KG, et al. Knee osteoarthritis. Efficacy of a new method of contrast-enhanced musculoskeletal ultrasonography indetection of synovitis in patients with knee osteoarthritis in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Rheum Dis, 2008,67(1):19-25.

[22] Qiu L, Jiang Y, Zhang L, et al. Ablation of synovial pannus using microbubble-mediated ultrasonic cavitation in antigen-induced arthritis inrabbits. Rheumatol Int, 2012,32(12):3813-3821.

[23] Brown AK,Quinn MA, Karim Z, et al. Presence of sig-nificant synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with dis-ease-modifying antirheumatic drug-induced clinical remission: Evidence from an imaging study may explain structural progression. Arthritis Rheum, 2006,54(12):3761-3773.

[24] Saleem B, Brown AK, Keen H, et al. Should imaging be a component of rheumatoid arthritis remission criteria? A comparison between traditional and modified composite remission scores and imaging assessments. Ann Rheum Dis, 2011,70(5):792-798.

[25] Kane D, Balint PV, Sturrock RD. Ultrasonography is superior to clinical examination in the detection and localization of knee joint effusion in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol, 2003,30(5):966-971.

[26] G?rtner M, Alasti F, Supp G, et al. Persistence of subclinical sonographic joint activity in rheumatoid arthritis in sustained clinical remission. Ann Rheum Dis, 2015,74(11):2050-2053.

[27] Dougados M, Devauchelle-Pensec V, Ferlet JF, et al. The ability of synovitis to predict structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis: A comparative study between clinical examination and ultrasound. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013,72(5):665-671.

[28] Backhaus M, Kamradt T, Sandrock D, et al.Arthritis of the finger joints: A comprehensive approach comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum, 1999,42(6):1232-1245.

[29] Wakefield RJ, Green MJ, Marzo-Ortega H, et al. Should oligoarthritis be reclassified? Ultrasound reveals a high prevalence of subclinical disease. Ann Rheum Dis, 2004,63(4):382-385.

[30] Szkudlarek M, Narvestad E, Klarlund M, et al.Ultrasonography of the metatarsophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: Comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography, and clinical examination. Arthritis Rheum, 2004,50(7):2103-2112.

[31] Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, ?stergaard M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical managementof rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013,72(6):804-814.

[32] Mandl P, Naredo E, Wakefield RJ, et al. A systematic literature review analysis of ultrasound joint count and scoring systems to assess synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis according to the OMERACT filter. J Rheumatol, 2011,38(9):2055-2062.

Application progresses of ultrasonography in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in remission

LUOYang1,2,FENGFei2,WANGHui2,MASumei2 *

(1.theFirstClinicalMedicalCollegeofLanzhouUniversity,Lanzhou730000,China; 2.DepartmentofUltrasound,theFirstHospitalofLanzhouUniversity,Lanzhou730000,China)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic aseptic inflammatory disease characterised by synovial inflammation leading to progressive joint involvement with joint swelling, tenderness, and functional impairment. After therapeutics, some patients still have persistent synovitis and structural damage while they are in clinical remission. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MSUS) is playing a more important role in diagnose, therapy monitoring and prognosis of RA in the case of its character —non-invasive, easy to accept, cost-effective, and repeatable examination in the short term, especially multi-angle of all aspects in the interesting area. Application of grey scale ultrasonography, power doppler ultrasonography, CEUS in RA clinical remission and evaluation on the therapeutic effect and prognosis were reviewed in this article.

Arthritis, rheumatoid; Remission; Ultrasonography

羅陽(1990—),男,甘肅蘭州人,在讀碩士。研究方向:超聲診斷學(xué)。E-mail: luoyang1990711@163.com

馬蘇美,蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院超聲科,730000。

E-mail: lzmsm6711@163.com

2016-10-15

2016-12-13

10.13929/j.1003-3289.201610056

R593.22; R445.1

A

1003-3289(2017)05-0787-04

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