胡 萍,張運(yùn)劍
·新進(jìn)展·
間變性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因陽(yáng)性的非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療進(jìn)展
胡 萍,張運(yùn)劍*
非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入分子靶向治療時(shí)代。表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)在NSCLC治療中起重要作用,但EGFR-TKIs治療過(guò)程中會(huì)不可避免地產(chǎn)生耐藥。近年來(lái),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)間變性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)相關(guān)的融合基因是NSCLC的重要驅(qū)動(dòng)基因而成為治療的新靶點(diǎn)。本文就ALK融合基因以及ALK抑制劑對(duì)ALK融合基因陽(yáng)性的NSCLC治療進(jìn)展作一綜述。
癌,非小細(xì)胞肺;分子靶向治療;間變性淋巴瘤激酶;基因融合
胡萍,張運(yùn)劍.間變性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因陽(yáng)性的非小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(2):232-236.[www.chinagp.net]
HU P,ZHANG Y J.Progress in the treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene positive in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(2):232-236.
分子靶向藥物為非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治療開(kāi)啟了新時(shí)代,以吉非替尼、厄羅替尼及阿法替尼等為代表的表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)不僅可以改善攜帶表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)敏感突變的NSCLC尤其是肺腺癌患者的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和總生存期(overall survival,OS),還可以改善患者的生活質(zhì)量,因此成為EGFR突變型NSCLC的一線治療方案[1-2]。然而,EGFR敏感突變僅占肺腺癌的30%~50%,因此需要發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的驅(qū)動(dòng)基因并研發(fā)相應(yīng)的靶向治療藥物。近幾年,間變性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)相關(guān)的融合基因,如棘皮動(dòng)物微管結(jié)合蛋白樣4-ALK(echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4-ALK,EML4-ALK)等被發(fā)現(xiàn)可在體內(nèi)、體外導(dǎo)致正常細(xì)胞的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,因此屬于肺癌的驅(qū)動(dòng)基因,而這部分肺癌亦被稱為“ALK陽(yáng)性的NSCLC”。這一亞型的NSCLC,尤其是EML4-ALK型,具有相對(duì)獨(dú)特的臨床病理學(xué)特征,可被以ALK為靶點(diǎn)的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑克唑替尼(Crizotinib)特異性抑制,因此具有重要的臨床意義。本文就ALK融合基因的發(fā)現(xiàn)及臨床病理學(xué)特征、檢測(cè)方法、療效預(yù)測(cè)和預(yù)后判斷價(jià)值以及相應(yīng)的抑制劑進(jìn)行綜述。
2007年,SODA等[3]首次在NSCLC患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)EML4-ALK融合基因,其可以導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)該融合基因占NSCLC人群的2%~5%[3-4],且與EGFR突變具有互斥性[5],在非EGFR突變?nèi)巳褐屑s占25%;常見(jiàn)于年輕、不吸煙/輕度吸煙的肺腺癌(尤其是印戒細(xì)胞癌)患者[6-7]。體外、體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí),ALK抑制劑可有效抑制攜帶ALK融合基因的肺癌細(xì)胞[3]。
2.1 熒光原位雜交法(fluorescence in situ hybridization,F(xiàn)ISH) FISH是檢測(cè)ALK融合基因的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[7],主要采用FISH分離探針試劑盒[7-8]。該試劑盒設(shè)計(jì)了兩種探針,分別標(biāo)記ALK基因的3′端(300 kb,橘紅色)和5′端(442 kb,綠色)。當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞存在ALK融合基因時(shí)兩端是分開(kāi)的,導(dǎo)致橘紅色和綠色相互遠(yuǎn)離,其判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是兩個(gè)信號(hào)間隔≥2個(gè)信號(hào)直徑;而在缺失ALK融合基因的腫瘤細(xì)胞中橘紅色和綠色重疊為黃色或相互粘合,其判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是兩個(gè)信號(hào)間隔<2個(gè)信號(hào)直徑。若按信號(hào)比例判定,單個(gè)視野內(nèi)50個(gè)癌細(xì)胞中至少有25個(gè)存在分離信號(hào),或兩個(gè)不同視野中至少有15個(gè)分離信號(hào)。FISH方法優(yōu)勢(shì)在于可以檢測(cè)不同的融合蛋白以及變異體,并且具有很好的療效預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,因此被美國(guó)食品與藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)用于Crizotinib治療前的檢測(cè)[7]。
2.2 免疫組化法(immunohistochemistry,IHC) 最初的IHC靈敏度低,并伴有假陽(yáng)性[9]。新的IHC超敏技術(shù)提高了靈敏度,成為一種可行的篩選方法[10]。陽(yáng)性判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需要5%~10%的腫瘤細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)中重度的染色強(qiáng)度[11]。IHC具有費(fèi)用低、操作簡(jiǎn)便的優(yōu)勢(shì),但較難達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化流程。因此,IHC可以作為初篩手段,陽(yáng)性者可進(jìn)一步采用FISH確定。
2.3 反轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)法 RT-PCR法特異度高,可以鑒定多種ALK的融合類型[12]。缺陷在于對(duì)脫氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)樣品質(zhì)量要求較高,需要新鮮或冷凍腫瘤組織。目前已有一些采用石蠟包埋樣品進(jìn)行ALK融合基因檢測(cè)的新平臺(tái)。
ALK融合基因?qū)rizotinib的療效預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值已經(jīng)得到肯定。歐洲一項(xiàng)研究納入1 281例可切除的Ⅰ~Ⅲ期肺腺癌患者,對(duì)比ALK陽(yáng)性(采用FISH和IHC)和陰性患者的生存情況,80例IHC陽(yáng)性患者的PFS和OS均顯著長(zhǎng)于IHC陰性患者,其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)分別為0.65〔95%CI(0.46,0.93),P=0.018〕和0.61〔95%CI(0.41,0.90),P=0.012〕。然而,對(duì)FISH檢測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析時(shí),僅OS表現(xiàn)出明顯差異[13]。因此不同檢測(cè)方法是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致預(yù)后判斷結(jié)果差異需要更多研究證實(shí)。
目前僅有幾項(xiàng)針對(duì)進(jìn)展期患者的研究,美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究顯示未經(jīng)Crizotinib治療的患者中,ALK陽(yáng)性(n=36)與陰性(n=253)患者間的OS無(wú)差異[14];但基于亞洲(韓國(guó))人群的研究卻顯示ALK陽(yáng)性患者的OS較差[15-16]。
4.1 一代ALK抑制劑
4.1.1 Crizotinib的臨床數(shù)據(jù) 2011年FDA批準(zhǔn)Crizotinib用于治療ALK陽(yáng)性肺癌[17]。在Ⅰ期臨床研究(PROFILE 1001)中,149例ALK陽(yáng)性進(jìn)展期NSCLC患者(不吸煙者占71%,97%為腺癌)接受Crizotinib治療(250 mg,2次/d),總體客觀緩解率(objective response rate,ORR)為60.8%,中位PFS為9.7個(gè)月,最常見(jiàn)的毒副作用是皮疹、惡心及腹瀉[17]。Crizotinib對(duì)接受過(guò)一線化療、進(jìn)展的ALK陽(yáng)性NSCLC的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)顯示ORR為59.8%,中位PFS為8.1個(gè)月[18]。
對(duì)一線含鉑方案化療失敗的NSCLC患者Crizotinib可能優(yōu)于培美曲塞或多西他賽單藥化療。一項(xiàng)納入347例ALK陽(yáng)性的NSCLC患者的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)(PROFILE 1007)顯示Crizotinib較培美曲塞或多西他賽單藥化療提高患者的中位PFS(7.7個(gè)月與3.0個(gè)月,HR=0.49)和ORR(65%與20%)。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)培美曲塞治療組的ORR高于多西他賽治療組(29%與7%),提示培美曲塞治療可能從ALK陽(yáng)性患者中獲益。Crizotinib在明顯減少肺癌相關(guān)癥狀的同時(shí)毒副作用也較少,其Ⅲ~Ⅳ級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高和中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)減少的發(fā)生率分別為16%和13%[19]。
另一項(xiàng)對(duì)比Crizotinib(Crizotinib組)和培美曲塞+順鉑一線治療(化療組)ALK陽(yáng)性進(jìn)展期NSCLC療效的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,Crizotinib組PFS明顯長(zhǎng)于化療組(10.9個(gè)月與7.0個(gè)月,HR=0.45,P<0.01),而ORR分別為74%和45%(P<0.001)[20]?;谶@項(xiàng)研究,提出Crizotinib標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案可以作為未經(jīng)治療ALK陽(yáng)性的NSCLC患者的一線治療,此項(xiàng)研究為鞏固Crizotinib在ALK陽(yáng)性的NSCLC患者中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療地位提供了高級(jí)別循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)。
4.1.2 Crizotinib對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的治療 Crizotinib對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的治療價(jià)值仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。高劑量Crizotinib單藥以及聯(lián)合化療已經(jīng)嘗試用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的治療[21]。部分專家建議,Crizotinib治療過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)單純腦轉(zhuǎn)移的患者可以繼續(xù)接受Crizotinib治療,并加用局部放療[22]。對(duì)兩項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)(PROFILE 1001和PROFILE 1005)數(shù)據(jù)回顧性分析顯示62%的患者在經(jīng)歷了疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD)后繼續(xù)接受Crizotinib治療,大部分患者具有較好的體能狀態(tài)(ECOG評(píng)分0~1),其中51%的患者為孤立腦轉(zhuǎn)移[22]。這些結(jié)果提示Crizotinib可能用于腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者。
4.1.3 Crizotinib的耐藥機(jī)制及應(yīng)對(duì)策略 Crizotinib最終也會(huì)耐藥,導(dǎo)致疾病進(jìn)展。機(jī)制之一是繼發(fā)耐藥基因突變,例如L1196M[23],其他基因突變包括:C1156Y、G1202R、G1269A、S1206Y、I1171T、L1152R及F1174L/C等。另外,旁路激活也是可能的耐藥機(jī)制,如ALK擴(kuò)增,上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化以及胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1受體(insulinlike growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)通路激活等[24]。
針對(duì)Crizotinib耐藥可以應(yīng)用第二代ALK抑制劑,也可以聯(lián)合熱休克蛋白90(heat shock proteins,Hsp90)抑制劑、EGFR抑制劑、TKI抑制劑以及IGF-1R抑制劑等。一項(xiàng)Crizotinib聯(lián)合依匹木單抗的Ⅰb期臨床試驗(yàn)也正在進(jìn)行中[25]。另針對(duì)ALK陽(yáng)性非鱗狀NSCLC接受Crizotinib治療后,隨機(jī)接受培美曲塞單藥或Crizotinib聯(lián)合培美曲塞治療的Ⅱ期臨床研究正在進(jìn)行中[26],結(jié)果值得期待。
4.2 二代ALK抑制劑 二代ALK抑制劑抑制ALK融合基因的作用更強(qiáng),可以克服Crizotinib耐藥,并對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)移瘤具有較好療效。目前一些新的二代ALK抑制劑處于臨床試驗(yàn)中。
4.2.1 Ceritinib Ceritinib(LDK378)是在NVP-TAE684基礎(chǔ)上研發(fā)的口服ALK抑制劑[27]。臨床前期研究顯示出強(qiáng)于Crizotinib的抗腫瘤活性,并對(duì)Crizotinib耐藥的腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生作用[28]。114例接受Ceritinib治療的患者ORR為58%,中位PFS為7個(gè)月。最常見(jiàn)的Ⅲ級(jí)或Ⅳ級(jí)毒副作用為丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)升高(21%)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)升高(11%)以及腹瀉(7%),所有毒副作用在Ceritinib停藥后可緩解[29]。
2014年,F(xiàn)DA批準(zhǔn)Ceritinib用于Crizotinib治療失敗的ALK陽(yáng)性NSCLC患者[30]。ASCEND-1研究結(jié)果顯示,Ceritinib對(duì)已應(yīng)用過(guò)和未用過(guò)Crizotinib ALK陽(yáng)性NSCLC患者的ORR分別為56%和72%,中位PFS分別為6.9個(gè)月和18.4個(gè)月。入組時(shí)有腦轉(zhuǎn)移的患者經(jīng)過(guò)Ceritinib治療后顱內(nèi)病變控制率分別為65%(經(jīng)過(guò)Crizotinib治療)和79%(未經(jīng)過(guò)Crizotinib治療)[30]。該研究結(jié)果提示Ceritinib可使Crizotinib治療失敗的ALK陽(yáng)性NSCLC患者獲益并可減緩腦轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)展。此外一項(xiàng)回顧性分析顯示NSCLC患者采用序貫Crizotinib-Ceritinib治療,其中位PFS為17.4個(gè)月,中位OS達(dá)到49.4個(gè)月[31],進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了Ceritinib對(duì)Crizotinib耐藥患者的抗腫瘤活性。
4.2.2 Alectinib Alectinib(RO5424802/CH5424802)是一種高選擇性的口服ALK抑制劑。臨床前研究顯示Alectinib對(duì)于基因突變(L1196M、F1174L、R1275Q、C1156Y)所致的Crizotinib耐藥具有活性[32],而且對(duì)小鼠腦轉(zhuǎn)移模型有效[33]。
日本Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)(AF-001JP)設(shè)定Alectinib 300 mg、2次/d為推薦劑量。Ⅲ級(jí)毒副作用發(fā)生率為26%,最常見(jiàn)的是中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)減少和肌酸磷酸激酶升高,未觀察到Ⅳ級(jí)毒副作用[34]。
Alectinib對(duì)未經(jīng)過(guò)ALK抑制劑治療和經(jīng)過(guò)ALK抑制劑治療患者的ORR分別為93.5%和58.3%[34-35];而美國(guó)采用Alectinib 600 mg、2次/d治療經(jīng)過(guò)ALK抑制劑治療患者的ORR為55%,腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的ORR為52%[36]。也有NSCLC患者繼Crizotinib和Ceritinib治療后出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移,應(yīng)用Alectinib仍取得很好療效的報(bào)道[37]。
2015年ASCO報(bào)道一項(xiàng)開(kāi)放、單臂、全球的Ⅱ期臨床研究(NP28673),來(lái)自16個(gè)國(guó)家138例Crizotinib耐藥患者,給予Alectinib 600 mg、2次/d,ORR為49.2%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)為79.5%;腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者ORR為55.9%,其中5例完全緩解。27.5%患者出現(xiàn)Ⅲ~Ⅴ級(jí)毒副作用[38]。因此,對(duì)于Crizotinib耐藥的NSCLC患者,Alectinib療效以及耐受性良好,有腦轉(zhuǎn)移者也取得了較好的效果。AF-001JP最新報(bào)道隨訪3年僅有12例患者(26.1%)確認(rèn)疾病進(jìn)展;預(yù)計(jì)中位PFS大于29個(gè)月;14例入組存在腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者,有7例目前仍無(wú)顱內(nèi)或全身進(jìn)展。目前無(wú)治療相關(guān)的Ⅳ~Ⅴ級(jí)毒副作用[39]。Alectinib在長(zhǎng)期治療中顯示出較高的療效和安全性。關(guān)于Alectinib和Crizotinib的一線治療的Ⅲ期臨床研究正在進(jìn)行中。
4.2.3 AP26113 AP26113是一種具有潛力的口服ALK抑制劑。臨床前研究顯示出其對(duì)ROS1和Crizotinib耐藥基因突變的抗腫瘤活性[40-41]。Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)共入組57例患者,51例經(jīng)過(guò)Crizotinib治療患者ORR為69%,中位PFS為10.9個(gè)月,6例未經(jīng)過(guò)Crizotinib治療患者ORR為100%[42]。
4.2.4 ASP3026 ASP3026是一種ALK和ROS1抑制劑。在小鼠腫瘤模型中,該藥對(duì)Crizotinib耐藥后出現(xiàn)L1196M耐藥基因突變的腫瘤具有活性[43]。Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果顯示,525 mg/d可作為Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)的推薦劑量。16例患者的ORR為50%,中位PFS為5.5個(gè)月[44]。
4.2.5 PF-06463922 PF-06463922是一種具有前景的巨環(huán)ALK和ROS1抑制劑。該藥對(duì)P糖蛋白的泵出功能不敏感,且容易通過(guò)血-腦脊液屏障,因此可能對(duì)腦轉(zhuǎn)移更有效[45]。臨床前期研究顯示,該藥對(duì)Crizotinib耐藥后產(chǎn)生的基因突變?nèi)鏕1202R具有較好的抗腫瘤活性[46]。在小鼠腦轉(zhuǎn)移模型中,該藥在腦組織內(nèi)可獲得20%~30%的血藥濃度,并導(dǎo)致腦轉(zhuǎn)移病灶的退縮[47]。Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)PF-06463922對(duì)ALK+/ROS1+NSCLC患者〔其中大部分合并腦轉(zhuǎn)移并已接受酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI)治療〕有很好的臨床效果以及耐受性,其主要毒副作用為高膽固醇血癥和周圍神經(jīng)病變(均為23%)。關(guān)于最大耐受劑量和Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)推薦劑量的研究仍在進(jìn)行中[48]。
Crizotinib無(wú)論作為一線或二線及以上的方案治療未經(jīng)ALK抑制劑治療的ALK陽(yáng)性NSCLC患者均可獲得較好療效和PFS。但在Crizotinib治療過(guò)程中均會(huì)出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)耐藥。Crizotinib繼發(fā)耐藥基因突變是主要的耐藥機(jī)制之一,腦轉(zhuǎn)移也是疾病進(jìn)展的原因之一。新開(kāi)發(fā)的ALK抑制劑可以克服Crizotinib耐藥,并顯示出對(duì)腦轉(zhuǎn)移有較好療效。其中最主要的是Ceritinib,該藥已被FDA批準(zhǔn)用于Crizotinib耐藥的ALK陽(yáng)性NSCLC患者的挽救治療。其他ALK抑制劑如Alectinib等正處于不同期別的臨床試驗(yàn)。未來(lái)需要繼續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)二代ALK抑制劑的療效,包括針對(duì)未經(jīng)過(guò)Crizotinib治療的ALK陽(yáng)性患者,以及經(jīng)過(guò)Crizotinib治療后出現(xiàn)繼發(fā)耐藥基因突變的患者;另外,一代ALK抑制劑和二代ALK抑制劑以及二者與化療的聯(lián)合方式、給藥順序尚需要進(jìn)一步的研究。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Progress in the Treatment for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Fusion Gene Positive in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
HUPing,ZHANGYun-jian*
DepartmentofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine,BeijingJishuitanHospital,PekingUniversityFourthSchoolofClinicalMedicine,Beijing100035,China
*Correspondingauthor:ZHANGYun-jian,Associatechiefphysician;E-mail:zhangyjian@126.com
Molecular targeted therapy has become an important therapeutic modality for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs) have been reported to exert a significant impact in the treatment of NSCLC.However,patients eventually develop drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs.Recently,anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK) fusion gene has been described as important driver gene in a subset of patients with NSCLC and becomes the new targets for NSCLC treatment.This paper reviewed the ALK fusion gene and progress of ALK inhibitors for the treatment of ALK fusion gene positive NSCLC patients.
Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Molecular targeted therapy;Anaplastic lymphoma kinase;Gene fusion
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(91543124);北京市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)資助課題(Z141107002514153)
R 730.26
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.02.023
2016-05-11;
2016-10-23)
100035北京市,北京積水潭醫(yī)院 北京大學(xué)第四臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科
*通信作者:張運(yùn)劍,副主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:zhangyjian@126.com