梁葉綜述 王臻,謝思明審校
(1.暨南大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 516032;2.暨南大學(xué)附屬惠州口腔醫(yī)院·惠州口腔醫(yī)院,廣東 惠州 516001)
Twist基因在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的研究進(jìn)展
梁葉1,2綜述 王臻2,謝思明1審校
(1.暨南大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 516032;2.暨南大學(xué)附屬惠州口腔醫(yī)院·惠州口腔醫(yī)院,廣東 惠州 516001)
Twist是一個進(jìn)化上高度保守的II類堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋(bHLH)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,它影響細(xì)胞的凋亡、參與上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)、對腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和耐藥有重要的影響。口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(OSCC)是最常見的口腔惡性腫瘤,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移導(dǎo)致口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者預(yù)后較差。根據(jù)Twist基因在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中的作用,從腫瘤干細(xì)胞、上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化、腫瘤耐藥和腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移等方面作一綜述,為今后口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的診斷、治療與科學(xué)研究提供新的方向與指導(dǎo)。
口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌;Twist基因;腫瘤干細(xì)胞;侵襲;轉(zhuǎn)移
Twist又名Twist1,是一個進(jìn)化上高度保守的II類bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,同時也是公認(rèn)的一個癌基因。它影響細(xì)胞的凋亡,參與上皮細(xì)胞間葉轉(zhuǎn)化,對腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有重要的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Twist在很多腫瘤中呈過度表達(dá),其中包括頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、鼻咽癌、喉癌、食道癌、甲狀腺濾泡癌、支氣管癌、乳腺癌、乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌、胃癌、肝癌、肺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、大腸癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、宮頸癌、卵巢癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌等??谇击[狀細(xì)胞癌(OSCC)是全球第六大最常見惡性腫瘤,由上皮組織惡變而來,手術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移是口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者預(yù)后較差的主要原因。筆者通過復(fù)習(xí)Twist基因在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),主要是從腫瘤干細(xì)胞、上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移等方面作一綜述。
1979年,Lohs-Schardin等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)Twist基因在胚胎極性和分割的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)Twist基因參與了建立果蠅胚胎的背腹模式。1983年,Thisse等[2-3]進(jìn)一步證明了Twist基因功能在形態(tài)發(fā)生中的作用,因其基因突變后引起果蠅胚胎扭曲樣變化。在人類H-twist及小鼠M-twist中的氨基酸序列具有96%的同源性,并且在不同的種屬中其DNA結(jié)合區(qū)域具有100%的保守序列,即它們都能結(jié)合一種E-box的DNA序列[4]。
人類的Twist基因定位于7p21.2處,其包含1個內(nèi)含子以及2個外顯子,其中內(nèi)含子長538 bp,mRNA全長1 669 bp,第1個外顯子長772 bp,包含整個編碼區(qū)域。人Twist蛋白分子由606個堿基序列組成,編碼共包含202個氨基酸,由N-端、堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋、C-端三個區(qū)域組成,通過分子中堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋與DNA上的E-box結(jié)合形成同源或異源二聚體,調(diào)節(jié)靶基因的表達(dá)[5]。Twist基因突變最突出并發(fā)癥的表現(xiàn)是顱縫早閉(一個或多個骨骼的頭骨之間的縫線過早融合),如Saethre-Chotzen綜合征[6-7]和Baller-Gerold綜合征[8]。Tahiri等[9]提出新的和獨(dú)特的骨縫融合“和平標(biāo)志骨性”模式特點(diǎn)是骨的額骨、冠狀縫和矢狀縫融合,與Twist基因異常和Saethre-Chotzen綜合征有關(guān)。
目前已知Twist與多個重要轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)信號通路的調(diào)控相關(guān)聯(lián),其中就包括以MAPK、STAT和NF-κB為主的信號通路。Hong等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Twist的68號位絲氨酸可通過有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號磷酸化誘導(dǎo)增加Twist的表達(dá),促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞的侵襲。Kalra等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)整合素連接激酶(integrin linked kinase,ILK)的抑制是通過活化STAT3(Signal transducer and activator of transcription3,STAT3)誘導(dǎo)Twist調(diào)節(jié)HER2/neu表達(dá)的抑制。Uthaya等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR4(Toll-like receptor 4)信號通過Nanog與STAT3激活Twist從而促進(jìn)小鼠肝臟腫瘤起始干樣細(xì)胞的形成。
此外,Hong等[13]研究表明Akt活性抑制,降低核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)信號和Twist在口腔鱗癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下降,從而誘導(dǎo)間質(zhì)上皮恢復(fù)過渡(mesenchymal-to-epithelial reverting transition,MErT)。近年,Li等[14]證實(shí)了腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)可以通過p65蛋白直接結(jié)合到啟動子調(diào)控其表達(dá)Twist。
研究報道,Twist提供了這些細(xì)胞(如星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、Bmi1)腫瘤干細(xì)胞樣增殖和耐藥特征,進(jìn)一步了解宿主細(xì)胞的微環(huán)境變化影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為,證明腫瘤干細(xì)胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)和腫瘤微環(huán)境與Twist促使腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥有關(guān)[15-17]。越來越多的證據(jù)支持假說:大多數(shù)腫瘤含有細(xì)胞亞群,通常稱其為腫瘤起始細(xì)胞或“腫瘤干細(xì)胞”,它們具有自我更新和重新生成腫瘤中所有類型細(xì)胞的能力[18]。近年Geng等[19]研究報道了人類鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)的腫瘤干細(xì)胞中的富含CD44和CD29表面糖蛋白,CD44和CD29具有上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的分子特征,表明腫瘤干細(xì)胞相關(guān)通路參與EMT。Shen等[20]表明CD44和CD24協(xié)同驅(qū)動的癌細(xì)胞通過激活STAT3重編程腫瘤干細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)EMT。因此通過靶向性CD44/CD24/STAT3軸可能抑制腫瘤干細(xì)胞活動。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Twist是β-catenin和Akt信號通路激活的關(guān)鍵,使CD44表達(dá)上升,同時也是對EMT相關(guān)腫瘤干細(xì)胞樣特性的維護(hù)[15]。Yang等[21]證實(shí)在頭頸部癌中Twist和Bmil結(jié)合的高表達(dá),相反p16INK4a和E-cadherin表達(dá)下降,Twist和Bmil相互促進(jìn)EMT和腫瘤起始能力。此外,Chen等[22]報道,在頭頸部癌過表達(dá)Twist促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,誘導(dǎo)Jagged1/Notch的信號隨后激活Jagged1/kruppel樣的因子(KLF4),使頭頸部癌的腫瘤細(xì)胞賦予干細(xì)胞特性與耐藥性。Twist與CSC關(guān)系的研究還處于初步階段,其作用機(jī)制仍然需要更深入的研究。
3.1 Twist在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的發(fā)生發(fā)展 Twist基因突變在人體眾多上皮來源的惡性腫瘤中均存在,參與了多種類型的惡性腫瘤的進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移,與惡性腫瘤預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。證據(jù)表明Twist能調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞間粘附,從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞骨架動力學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)變和從上皮細(xì)胞在形態(tài)、生理與間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞表型的變化,癌細(xì)胞獲得的惡性能力升高[23]。Zhou等[24]報道Twist在OSCC的表達(dá)可能與臨床特征(如低分化)、臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和局部復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān),但不與年齡、性別、T分期和吸煙以及喝酒有關(guān)。他們研究Twist在頭頸部腫瘤的表達(dá)也有類似的結(jié)論[25]。數(shù)據(jù)表明,Twist可能在癌癥進(jìn)展扮演重要角色和作為OSCC與頭頸部癌患者的預(yù)后因素。國內(nèi)研究關(guān)于Twist基因與子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌也得出相似的結(jié)果[26]。Fan等[27]研究顯示Twist高表達(dá),E-cadherin和p53的低表達(dá),證實(shí)Twist、E-cadherin和p53可能是口腔鱗癌患者預(yù)測指標(biāo)。國內(nèi)學(xué)者研究證實(shí)Twist、Snail、Slug在OSCC中高表達(dá),Twist表達(dá)水平在OSCC患者有無頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和不同腫瘤分期之間具有顯著性差異[28]。Wushou等[29]進(jìn)一步證實(shí)Twist可作為OSCC患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的有用分子標(biāo)記基因。2015年國內(nèi)學(xué)者報道在OSCC組織中Twist、N-cadherin的表達(dá)呈明顯的正相關(guān),相反的E-cadherin及CK在OSCC表達(dá)呈明顯的負(fù)相關(guān),證實(shí)OSCC組織中存在上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,進(jìn)一步證明Twist基因可增加腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力,同時能對OSCC的浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移起到促進(jìn)作用。多基因的聯(lián)合檢測可能會更有效地判斷和預(yù)測OSCC的轉(zhuǎn)移[30]。Zuo等[31]報道表皮生長因子受體的激活能促進(jìn)頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌SCC10A細(xì)胞中EMT表型變化如E-cadherin表達(dá)下降和N-cadherin表達(dá)上升的,同時MMP-9可通過介導(dǎo)ERK-1/2和PI3K信號通路使E-cadherin下降,從而促進(jìn)鱗狀細(xì)胞癌SCC10A細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。Silva等[32]研究Twist和p-Akt在口腔黏膜白斑(oral leukoplakia,OL)和OSCC的表達(dá)發(fā)現(xiàn),在口腔癌早期階段Twist和P-Akt可能參與口腔上皮細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的多個過程。有人進(jìn)一步研究Twist和E-cadherin蛋白在OL、OSCC和正??谇火つぶ械谋磉_(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)在口腔癌的早期階段E-cadherin的下調(diào)和Twist的表達(dá)過度[33]。da Silra等[34]也報道了Twist是口腔癌預(yù)后不良的分子標(biāo)志物,是一種潛在的治療目標(biāo)。
3.2 Twist在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的耐藥性 OSCC以手術(shù)切除、輔助化學(xué)治療為主,對于發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的OSCC輔以術(shù)后化學(xué)治療或放射治療,其中許多學(xué)者對于腫瘤化學(xué)耐藥的研究表明腫瘤細(xì)胞對化療藥物如順鉑、長春新堿等耐藥與EMT密切相關(guān)。Chang等[35]研究let-7d表達(dá)下降激活Snail和Twist的表達(dá)上升和增強(qiáng)口腔鱗癌細(xì)胞的耐藥能力。2013年,姚叢珊等[36]通過逐步遞增濃度,間歇作用體外誘導(dǎo)法研究順鉑(Cisplatin,CDDP)對人舌癌細(xì)胞Tca8113/順鉑細(xì)胞株的EGFR基因的siRNA干擾序列,24 h后兩組細(xì)胞株暴露于順鉑的存活率均隨順鉑濃度呈負(fù)相關(guān),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示EGRF-siRNA能下調(diào)OSCC耐藥細(xì)胞EGRF mRNA的表達(dá),因而降低Tca8113/順鉑細(xì)胞增殖活性并能恢復(fù)其對順鉑的敏感性。2014年,劉墨等[37]初步探討以人舌鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞CAL27/CDDP、SCC15/CDDP兩組細(xì)胞化學(xué)耐藥與EMT的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist、Slug與Vimentin在CAL27/ CDDP、SCC15/CDDP這兩組耐藥細(xì)胞中表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),而E-cadherin在CAL27/CDDP、SCC15/CDDP這兩組耐藥細(xì)胞中表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān),同時實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果也證明耐藥細(xì)胞的侵襲遷移能力明顯增強(qiáng),得出順鉑能成功誘導(dǎo)人舌鱗癌細(xì)胞耐藥細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的結(jié)論。2015年,楊德釗等[38]報道白細(xì)胞介素-24(Interleukins-24,IL-24)在OSCC細(xì)胞株和長春新堿耐藥細(xì)胞株的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,證明IL-24在兩者中均具有較強(qiáng)的生長抑制和促凋亡作用,而對正常的細(xì)胞沒有影響。研究結(jié)果提示IL-24對OSCC耐藥細(xì)胞有較強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞毒性和誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用在治療耐藥口腔癌方面具有潛在價值,但I(xiàn)L-24對耐藥細(xì)胞株機(jī)制和作用效果仍然要進(jìn)行深入的研究。同年,Peng等[39]表明miR-23a促進(jìn)順鉑耐藥和通過Twist表達(dá)增加防止順鉑誘導(dǎo)舌鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞凋亡。它增加了潛在舌癌耐藥的分子機(jī)制的新見解。
3.3 口腔癌干細(xì)胞與口腔癌轉(zhuǎn)移 Biddle等[40]研究腫瘤干細(xì)胞在鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中的轉(zhuǎn)換,在不同的表型中優(yōu)先遷移或增殖,自我更新的干細(xì)胞在鱗狀細(xì)胞中包括兩不同生物學(xué)表型,一個表型為CD44highESAhigh,是增殖和保留上皮的特性(非EMT細(xì)胞),另一個為CD44highESAlow,是遷移和有間充質(zhì)性狀的EMT細(xì)胞特征,研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)非EMT和EMT腫瘤干細(xì)胞可以切換其上皮和間質(zhì)的性狀重組細(xì)胞的異質(zhì)性是腫瘤干細(xì)胞的特征,而EMT腫瘤干細(xì)胞能夠切換到非EMT是限于乙醛脫氫酶1(aldehyde dehydrogenase 1,ALDH1)細(xì)胞,這意味著只有ALDH1 EMT細(xì)胞有新的上皮性腫瘤的能力。對于未來的研究中通過截然不同的腫瘤干細(xì)胞表型的鑒定,表明需要定義治療靶點(diǎn)來實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的靶向治療。Kurth等[41]證明乙醛脫氫酶(ALDH)的活動表明是頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌腫瘤干細(xì)胞抗輻射的象征,可通過小分子干擾RNA(siRNA)抑制ALDH1A3(屬于乙醛脫氫酶1蛋白的一種胞漿內(nèi)酶)表達(dá)從而降低腫瘤細(xì)胞輻射抗性。ALDH1A3的增加會使頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞照射后可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),抑制該細(xì)胞群可以提高放射治療效果。Twist具有誘導(dǎo)EMT促進(jìn)腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的既定作用,并能也抑制細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞干性,高水平的Twist切換細(xì)胞遷徙模式,減少擴(kuò)散促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)移[42]。低水平的Twist對腫瘤的發(fā)生,維護(hù)是至關(guān)重要和具有獨(dú)立的EMT誘導(dǎo)活性,其作用為促進(jìn)EMT和腫瘤的侵襲[43]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)頭頸部的腫瘤干細(xì)胞主要是表面糖蛋白CD44,同時發(fā)現(xiàn)新頭頸部腫瘤干細(xì)胞特異性標(biāo)記物具有早期發(fā)現(xiàn)頭部腫瘤的好處,不僅有助于及時有效治療,提高預(yù)后,而且還具有潛在的檢測和預(yù)防轉(zhuǎn)移。Shanbhag[44]表明了未來癌癥治療應(yīng)針對腫瘤干細(xì)胞各種方面進(jìn)行了解如通過干擾信號通路,基因?qū)δ[瘤干細(xì)胞的作用,腫瘤微環(huán)境,控制炎癥和EMT等,更多的腫瘤干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、納米技術(shù)和基因組學(xué)的研究將幫助筆者了解腫瘤干細(xì)胞的不同方面,全面的分析診斷對頭頸部腫瘤的靶向治療是至關(guān)重要的。
綜上所述,從1979年發(fā)現(xiàn)Twist基因研究至今將近40年,Twist作為一個胚胎發(fā)育基因,在口腔腫瘤早期發(fā)育過程中形態(tài)的發(fā)生發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要的功能,同時它作為一個癌基因,大多數(shù)研究肯定了它在腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移及腫瘤耐藥中均發(fā)揮了促進(jìn)的作用。所以我們需要深入研究Twist基因在腫瘤干細(xì)胞、腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和在EMT中的作用來預(yù)測腫瘤治療的預(yù)后,通過研究Twist基因在口腔癌的各個方面如發(fā)病機(jī)制,參與調(diào)控的具體信號通路,如何干預(yù)Twist基因在腫瘤中的表達(dá)等,使其有望成為口腔腫瘤治療新的潛在分子靶點(diǎn)。在目前的研究中Twist基因有可能成為一種新的口腔腫瘤預(yù)后判斷指標(biāo),對臨床早期診斷腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移及治療和判斷預(yù)后也有重要指導(dǎo)意義。
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Research progress of Twist gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
LIANG Ye1,2,WANG Zhen2,XIE Si-ming1.1. Medical College of Jinan University,Guangzhou 516032,Guangdong,CHINA;2.The Affiliated Huizhou Stomatological Hospital of Jinan University/Huizhou Stomatological Hospital,Huizhou 516001,Guangdong,CHINA
Twist is an evolutionarily highly conserved II class of basic helix loop helix(basic Helix-Loop-Helix,bHLH)transcription factors.It affects the cell apoptosis and is involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition,which has an important effect on the invasion,metastasis and drug resistance of tumor.Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer,and its postoperative recurrence and metastasis often results in poor prognosis.This paper mainly summarizes the role of Twist gene in the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma, covering aspects of tumor stem cells,epithelial mesenchymal transition,drug resistance,as well as tumor invasion and metastasis,in order to provide reference for diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma and scientific research in the future.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma;Twist gene;Tumor stem cell;Invasion;Metastasis
R739.8
A
1003-6350(2017)04-0630-04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.04.037
2016-08-10)
廣東省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號:2011B080701054)
王臻。E-mail:wyj_wz@163.com