尹繼友

有些同學經(jīng)常會對老師說：“老師，閱讀理解的文章我看懂了，就是做不對題。”究其原因，這是因為同學們沒有深度、全面地理解文章。那么，如何提高同學們深層理解和整體理解文章的能力？本文介紹的六大招式，將助你突破閱讀理解的難點，搶拿閱讀高分。

閱讀中，找關鍵句、關鍵段對于提高考生的理解能力有著重要的意義。議論文和說明文常采取演繹法和歸納法對文章進行論述，演繹法即先提出論點，然后列出論據(jù)?？忌陂喿x類似的文章時，要特別注意文章的開頭和結尾，找出關鍵的詞語或句子。同時，考生也要注意文章或段落的開頭和結尾。

例如，在讀Winter Sleep這一課時，考生要先預習生詞，泛讀全篇文章，然后找出每段的關鍵句。第四自然段是全文較長的一段，只有抓住Hibernation is more than sleep， it is very deep sleep這一關鍵句，才能以這一句話為中心去了解全段在論述什么內(nèi)容。

又如上A Tree___A Factory這一課時，考生須先閱讀全文，了解文章的寫作手法及文章的思路，擺出事實和論據(jù)，然后做出結論。

The green plant is a kind of food factory，it takes matter from soil， air， water and changes it into the matter we call food. The green plant makes the kind of matter we call sugars， starches， fats and proteins. The green plant is also a storage place for these foods that animals must eat.

這個結論是對全文的歸納，也是全文的中心所在，考生抓住了這一關鍵段就抓住了文章的中心。

列標題或選標題，對于考生理解全文有著重要的意義。在閱讀文章時，考生要養(yǎng)成概括小標題的習慣。

According to the dictionary， the word library comes from the Latin word liber， meaning “book”， thus the library is a place where a collection of books is kept. But the modern library is much more than that. It is the place where mans inventions， discoveries， travels and dreams are kept. It has been called the memory of the human race.

A. Dictionaries in a library

B. The Modern library

C. The Meaning Of the Human Race

D. A Collection of Books

如果不了解短文的整個意思，考生就難以選出C這個正確標題。用概括小標題的方法進行訓練，能有效地克服考生“只見樹木，不見森林”的閱讀毛病。

推理判斷題在高考中占很大的比重，考生在此類題型中失分最多。推理判斷題要求考生在通篇理解文章的基礎上領會作者的言外之意、弦外之音，并做出合理的推理和判斷。判斷是對已知的事實仔細評價之后做出的合理決定，推理是對事實的內(nèi)涵所做的陳述或以事實為依據(jù)對未知的事情所做的陳述。值得考生注意的是，無論是判斷還是推理，都要以已知事實為依據(jù)。

推理小能手成長技巧

（1）辨認細節(jié)。讀文章時，考生要找出相關的事實或證據(jù)，并對這些事實或證據(jù)進行分析和評價?？忌斡浲茢嗟膬?nèi)容是以文章提供的事實為依據(jù)，不是憑空想象，也不是考生的主觀猜測。

（2）借助常識。在推理判斷題中，考生平時積累的一些常識通常會派上用場，2016年陜西高考英語試卷中有一篇關于通信發(fā)展史的閱讀理解最為典型，請看選項：

A. The postal service has over the years become faster.

B. The postal service has over the years become slower.

大家都知道交通越來越發(fā)達，郵電業(yè)的發(fā)展當然是faster。

（3）排除法?？忌鶕?jù)在文章中找到的事實依據(jù)和常識排除錯誤的信息，再排除和原文中一詞不差的信息（文章里的原句不會是推理判斷出來的結果，但通過同義詞或句型轉換過的選項有可能是正確答案），最后再排除偏離原文的選項，選出正確答案。

（4）詞句段篇，相互交融。對詞語的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解離不開篇。單獨說floor誰都知道是什么意思，但…she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover， in her own handwriting…這個語境里，floor表示“驚訝地”。

考生要學會從措辭中去尋找文章的感情色彩，猜測作者的態(tài)度或寫作意圖。如when the phone finally rang， he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it這句話，考生能形象地看出他等電話之久，心情之緊張，電話之重要，這才是作者的真正意圖。

閱讀中，較好地領悟文章中說話人甚至作者的意圖、態(tài)度也是考生理解全文的一個重要內(nèi)容。閱讀短文時，考生要多揣摩文中人物的特點、說話的語氣以及作者的傾向。

A very new young officer was at a railway station. He was on his way to visit his mother in another town， and he wanted to telephone her to tell her time of his train， so that she could meet at the station in her car. He looked around for someone to help him.

At last an old soldier came by， and the young officer stopped him and said：“Have you got change for ten pence？” “Wait a moment，” the old soldier answered， beginning to put his hand in his pocket. “I will see whether I can help you” .

“Dont you know how to speak to an officer？” the young man said angrily. Now let start again. “Have you got change for ten pence？”

“No， Sir，” the old soldier answered quickly.

如這一篇小短文，考生在閱讀時，要把握兩個人的立場和態(tài)度，一開始老士兵對待年輕軍官是很有禮貌的，但是年輕軍官擺架子，導致他后來被老士兵拒絕了。在讀文章時，考生須注意把握文章中主人公的情感和作者的意圖。

閱讀理解的題材多種多樣，包括日常生活、人物傳記、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等。如果考生的知識面太狹窄，特別是對英美國家的情況了解甚少，可能會做錯閱讀理解題。課余之時，考生應閱讀各類書籍，擴大知識面。如2016年北京的某份英語試卷，有這么一道題：

The bended mirror of solar cookers can ________.

A. concentrate the suns heat

B. cook rich meals for us

C. reflect the sight of your face

D. help to build several cookers

正確答案是A，然而文章中沒有直接給出，但考生可以根據(jù)生活常識選出答案。

利用表格，考生能使閱讀達到事半功倍的效果。在閱讀時，考生可以借助表格進行分析。使用表格，可以使所讀文章的主題突出，條理清晰，大大減少考生對文章中某些方面及某個特定問題的誤解。

Today， roller skating is easy and fun. But a long time ago， it wasnt easy at all. Before 1750，the idea of skating didnt exist，that changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlins work was making musical instruments. In his spare time， he liked to play the violin. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams，people called him a dreamer.

One day， Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball（化妝舞會）.He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near， Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.

Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally， he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was were proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.

On the night of the party， Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin， everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem， Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates， he rolled on and on.Suddenly， he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down feel the mirror， breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time！

分析：此篇短文是記敘文，可按下表進行分析。

課 外 閱 讀

首先請看下面的順口溜：肯不肯，妹不問，媽媽肯定不否問。

這個順口溜介紹了can（could），may（might），must表“推測”時的區(qū)別。其含義如下：“肯不肯”，can（could）不用于肯定句；“妹不問”，即may（might）不用于疑問句；“媽媽肯定不否問”，即must僅用于肯定句，不用于否定句和疑問句。

一、表有把握的推測時，肯定句用must（一定，準是），否定句用cant（不可能，一定沒）。must（cant）+動詞原形，表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測；must（cant）+be+v.-ing，表示對現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作的推測；must（cant）+have+過去分詞，表示對過去情況的推測。例如：

（1）You must be hungry after your long walk.長途步行之后，你一定是餓了。

（2）They must be waiting for us. Lets hurry up.他們一定在等我們，我們要快點走。

（3）You must have left your bag in the theatre. 你準是把你的包丟在劇院了。

（4）You cant be hungry， you have just had your dinner. 你現(xiàn)在不可能餓著，你剛才吃過飯了。

（5）He wears glasses all the time， his eyesight cant be getting better.他一直戴著眼鏡，他的視力不可能在好轉中。

（6）He has no idea what the book is about， he cant have read it very carefully.他一點也不知道書的情況，他一定是沒有仔細讀過它。

二、表把握不大的推測時，用can和may，常譯為“也許，可能”。May用于肯定句與否定句，一般不用于疑問句，can常用于疑問句，一般不用于肯定句。例如：

（1）The news may or may not be true.這消息也許是真的，也許不是真的。

（2）At the moment she may be playing with her classmates.此刻她可能正在和同學們玩。

（3）Anna might not have seen Tom yesterday.安娜昨天可能沒有看見湯姆。

（4）Where can Wei Fang be？ 魏芳在哪里呢？

（5）What can they be quarreling about？他們可能在爭吵些什么呢？

（6）Can she have lost the book？她是丟失那本書了嗎？