喻 玲 ,王 蕾,邸寶春,喻昌利
(1.華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院兒科,河北 唐山 063000;2.華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院科教科,河北 唐山 063000;3.河北省唐山市傳染病醫(yī)院感染科,河北 唐山 063021;4.華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院呼吸科,河北 唐山 063000)
·論 著·
兒童睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征與單純性肥胖的相關(guān)性研究
喻 玲1,王 蕾2,邸寶春3,喻昌利4*
(1.華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院兒科,河北 唐山 063000;2.華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院科教科,河北 唐山 063000;3.河北省唐山市傳染病醫(yī)院感染科,河北 唐山 063021;4.華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院呼吸科,河北 唐山 063000)
目的研究單純性肥胖對兒童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的影響,探討身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)與OSAHS參數(shù)的相關(guān)性。方法收集單純性肥胖合并OSAHS患兒(OSAHS組)68例及同期來院體檢的性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量相匹配的健康兒童(對照組)70例,行多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(polysomnogram,PSG),測量身高、體質(zhì)量,計(jì)算身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)=(體質(zhì)量-同性別同身高體質(zhì)量值的中位數(shù))/同性別同身高體質(zhì)量值的中位數(shù)×100%。按身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)將OSAHS組分為輕度肥胖、中度肥胖、重度肥胖3組,記錄并分析3組的平均血氧飽和度(mean oxygen saturation,MSaO2)、最低血氧飽和度(lowest oxygen saturation,LSaO2)、≥3%的氧減指數(shù)(oxygen desaturation index,ODI)和SaO2≤90%的時(shí)間、身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù);記錄并分析OSAHS組與對照組PSG數(shù)據(jù)。結(jié)果OSAHS組呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apneahypopneaindex,AHI)、ODI明顯高于對照組,LSaO2明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。重度肥胖的OSAHS患者AHI高于輕度肥胖和中度肥胖,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);中度肥胖和重度肥胖ODI高于輕度亞組,重度肥胖又高于中度肥胖,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);中度肥胖和重度肥胖MSaO2高于輕度肥胖,LSaO2低于輕度肥胖,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)與AHI呈正相關(guān)。結(jié)論肥胖是導(dǎo)致兒童OSAHS發(fā)病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素之一,肥胖程度與睡眠呼吸障礙的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。
睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征;肥胖癥;兒童
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleepapnea/hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是一種睡眠呼吸障礙性疾病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制是由于上氣道解剖的狹窄和呼吸控制功能的失調(diào),特點(diǎn)是患者在睡眠過程中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)上氣道全部或部分萎陷,是一個(gè)存在許多探討方向的新疾病[1]。眾所周知,肥胖是引起成年人OSAHS的主要危險(xiǎn)因素之一[2-4],但越來越多的證據(jù)表明,兒童期肥胖和睡眠障礙之間存在相關(guān)性,肥胖是引起兒童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停的主要因素之一[5]。目前肥胖已成為了一個(gè)全球性的公共衛(wèi)生問題[6],肥胖不僅會(huì)引起高血壓、高脂血癥等疾病,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)、影響生活質(zhì)量。本研究比較肥胖合并OSAHS患兒與健康兒童的氧合參數(shù),以及肥胖合并OSAHS患兒中不同程度肥胖亞組的氧合參數(shù),探討肥胖對兒童睡眠呼吸障礙的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2015 年1月—2016年1月華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院門診和住院的單純性肥胖患兒138例,其中合并OSAHS 68例,男性44 例,女性24 例,年齡2~12歲,平均(5.9±2.7)歲。選擇同期在華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院門診體檢健康的兒童70例作為對照組,男性47例,女性23例,年齡2~11歲,平均(5.6±3.2)歲。2組性別、年齡、身高差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 對兒童OSAHS尚無國際公認(rèn)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),診斷依據(jù)我國《兒童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征診療指南草案》:呼吸暫停/低通氣指數(shù)(apneahypopneaindex,AHI)<5為單純性鼾癥;AHI 5~10為輕度;AHI>10~20為中度;AHI>20為重度。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):頜面部發(fā)育畸形、肺部慢性疾病(間質(zhì)性肺炎、哮喘)及既往行呼吸道外科手術(shù)的患兒。
1.3 多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(polysomnogram,PSG)檢查 健康對照組70例兒童均行PSG檢查。肥胖診斷依據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦的國家衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)中心身高別體質(zhì)量作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以體質(zhì)量超過同性別、同身高正常兒童均值20%以上者可診斷為肥胖,均值20%~29%者為輕度肥胖,均值30%~49%者為中度肥胖,均值50%以上者為重度肥胖。國內(nèi)許多文獻(xiàn)證明中國肥胖問題工作組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更適合中國兒童[7],所以使用身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)作為診斷肥胖程度的計(jì)算公式:(測量體質(zhì)量-同性別同身高體質(zhì)量值的中位數(shù))/同性別同身高體質(zhì)量值的中位數(shù)×100%。依據(jù)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本研究OSAHS患兒中輕度肥胖18例、中度肥胖22例、重度肥胖28例。
1.4 研究方法 記錄2組兒童性別、年齡、身高及體質(zhì)量,計(jì)算身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)。使用多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測儀(SOMTE,澳大利亞)對2組兒童進(jìn)行至少8 h以上的PSG檢查,并應(yīng)用其自帶的分析處理軟件進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)合人工分析排除干擾。監(jiān)測項(xiàng)目包括:腦電圖、眼動(dòng)圖、心電圖、脈搏氧飽和度、鼾聲指數(shù)、體位、鼻氣流及胸腹式呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)等。患兒在入睡前6 h避免劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng),檢查前3 d不能口服鎮(zhèn)靜催眠劑,檢查當(dāng)日不能飲用興奮性飲料。
我國在2007年制定了兒童OSAHS的診治草案,制定了OSAHS的PSG的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)是指睡眠時(shí)口鼻氣流停止,但胸、腹式呼吸仍存在。低通氣定義為口鼻氣流信號峰值降低50%,并伴有0.03以上血氧飽和度下降和(或)覺醒。呼吸事件的時(shí)間長度定義為≥2個(gè)呼吸周期。PSG監(jiān)測:每夜睡眠過程中AHI>5次/h為異常。最低動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度(lowest oxygen saturation,LSaO2)低于0.92定義為低氧血癥。滿足以上2條可以診斷OSAHS。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料比較分別采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)、單因素方差分析和SNK-q檢驗(yàn);各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性采用Spearman秩相關(guān)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 肥胖合并OSAHS組與對照組氧合指標(biāo)比較 OSAHS組AHI、氧減指數(shù)(oxygen desaturation index,ODI)明顯高于對照組,LSaO2明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);2組平均血氧飽和度(mean oxygen saturation,MSaO2)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表 1。
表1 OSAHS組與對照組氧合參數(shù)比較 Table 1 Comparison of oxygenation parameters between OSAHS group and control group
2.2 OSAHS各肥胖亞組氧合指標(biāo)比較 重度肥胖的OSAHS患者AHI高于輕度肥胖和中度肥胖(P<0.05); 中度肥胖和重度肥胖MSaO2高于輕度肥胖,LSaO2低于輕度肥胖(P<0.05); 中度肥胖和重度肥胖ODI高于輕度肥胖,重度肥胖又高于中度肥胖(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 單純性肥胖合并OSAHS亞組氧合參數(shù)比較 Table 2 Comparison of oxygenation parameters between subgroups of patients with simple obesity and OSAHS
*P<0.05與輕度肥胖比較 #P<0.05 與中度肥胖比較(SNK-q檢驗(yàn))
2.3 相關(guān)性分析 身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)與AHI呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.497,P=0.000)。
隨著人們生活方式的改變、睡眠時(shí)間不足、長時(shí)間暴露在手機(jī)和電腦屏幕下等因素的影響下,肥胖的發(fā)生率呈逐年上升趨勢,尤其是兒童和青少年[8-11]。兒童肥胖不僅引起脂代謝、糖代謝及內(nèi)分泌功能發(fā)生紊亂[12-13],還是引起兒童睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[14]。本研究中的肥胖兒童均為單純性肥胖,均排除了遺傳性疾病、代謝性疾病及內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)疾病繼發(fā)性肥胖,是由各自不同的生活習(xí)慣行為因素引起的肥胖。由于兒童在性別、年齡上體質(zhì)量指數(shù)正常范圍變化較大[15-16],對兒童肥胖的診斷及評價(jià)應(yīng)考慮其綜合性[17]。故本研究中使用身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)作為診斷兒童肥胖的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因?yàn)檠芯匡@示,身高-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體質(zhì)量法和體質(zhì)量指數(shù)檢測兒童、青少年超體質(zhì)量及肥胖具有較多一致性[18]。
理論上,肥胖兒童夜間睡眠平臥時(shí)膈肌上移,呼吸功能受限,在非快速動(dòng)眼時(shí)期發(fā)生呼吸輔助肌及腹肌共同參與的主動(dòng)呼吸,在快速動(dòng)眼時(shí)期,這兩部分的肌肉張力較前進(jìn)一步降低,隨之肺部氣體交換率下降,出現(xiàn)呼吸困難或暫停,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)缺氧。在機(jī)體肥胖的基礎(chǔ)上,由于上氣道脂肪的浸潤及舌體、皮下脂肪在頸部向前向兩側(cè)的力量會(huì)使上氣道越來越狹窄[19-20]。最近的研究表明,由于腸道微生物的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的改變,代謝微環(huán)境的變化,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)失衡,患兒血漿中某些炎性介質(zhì)表達(dá)發(fā)生變化,如白細(xì)胞介素(interleukins,IL)-6、IL-18、IL-12等[21-23],其中一些與肥胖有關(guān)的炎性介質(zhì)參與炎癥反應(yīng),引起咽部軟組織的水腫及增生。本研究摒除了腺樣體、扁桃體等梗阻性因素對氣道產(chǎn)生的影響,OSAHS組與對照組比較結(jié)果顯示,肥胖是引起兒童OSAHS的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AHI在OSAHS患兒各亞組間比較,輕度肥胖與中度肥胖差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而中度肥胖與重度肥胖、輕度肥胖與重度肥胖差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義??梢缘贸鲋挥兄囟确逝謺r(shí)各參數(shù)值才會(huì)使呼吸功能明顯受損,也就是說體質(zhì)量超過一定程度才會(huì)產(chǎn)生呼吸暫停。同時(shí)本研究結(jié)果還顯示身高別體質(zhì)量指數(shù)與AHI呈正相關(guān)(rs=0.497,P=0.000)。更進(jìn)一步說明隨著兒童體質(zhì)量的增長,脂肪在不同部位堆積,影響了肺通氣功能,當(dāng)炎癥反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)時(shí),肺通氣功能更進(jìn)一步下降。
綜上所述,肥胖與兒童睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征的發(fā)生呈正相關(guān),是兒童睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。肥胖合并睡眠呼吸暫停的兒童,不僅生活質(zhì)量低于健康兒童,而且心腦血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)性也會(huì)增高,所以對于肥胖合并OSAHS的兒童,應(yīng)控制其向重度肥胖的發(fā)展,降低OSAHS的并發(fā)癥。
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(本文編輯:許卓文)
Study on the relationship between sleep apnea syndrome and simple obesity in children
YU Ling1, WANG Lei2, DI Bao-chun3, YU Chang-li4*
(1.DepartmentofPediatrics,NorthChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnologyHospital,Tangshan063000,China; 2.DepartmentofScienceandEducationDivision,NorthChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnologyHospital,Tangshan063000,China; 3.DepartmentofInfectiousDisease,TangshanInfectiousDiseaseHospital,HebeiProvince,Tangshan063021,China; 4.DepartmentofRespiration,NorthChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnologyHospital,Tangshan063000,China)
Objective To investigate the sleep symptoms and polysomnographic patterns of obstructive sleep apnea in obese children and to explore the relationship between the index of weight for height and obstructive sleepapnea/hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) parameters. Methods Sixty-eight simple obese children(age 2-12 years old) with OSAHS and the same period to hospital physical examination of seventy healthy children were enrolled in this study. Polysomnography(PSG) was done for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and every child was monitored with PSG. According to the weight for height index of the OSAHS, groups were divided into mild, moderate and severe obesity group. The mean oxygen saturation(MSaO2), the lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2), more than 3% of the oxygen desaturation index(ODI), SaO2less than or equal to 90% and the weight for height index were recorded. PSG data of OSAHS group and control group were recorded and analyzed. Results The apneahypopneaindex(AHI) and ODI of patients in group OSAHS were significantly higher than those in control group. LSaO2was significantly lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). AHI of severe OSAHS patients was higher than that of mild and moderate(P<0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between mild-to-moderate group(P>0.05). The ODI of moderate and severe subgroups were higher than those in mild group(P<0.05), the ODI of severe subgroups were higher than those in moderate subgroups(P<0.05). In mild subgroups, moderate and severe subgroup,MSaO2was higher and LSaO2was lower than those in mild group(P<0.05). Conclusion Obese children have a higher risk for OSAHS,and the severity of obesity was positively related to the severity of OSAHS.
sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; obesity; children
2016-09-26;
2016-10-23
喻玲(1984-),女,滿族,河北唐山南人,華北理工大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院主治醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,從事兒科疾病診治研究。
*通訊作者。E-mail:dibaochun @163.com
R563.8
A
1007-3205(2017)02-0180-04
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2017.02.014