任 瑋 吳 淼 魏 捷綜述 李 艷,#審校
綜述 ?
肝素結(jié)合蛋白在診斷嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病中的研究進(jìn)展*
任 瑋1吳 淼2魏 捷2綜述 李 艷1,#審校
嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病是我國嬰幼兒的常見疾病,因其臨床表現(xiàn)不明顯,癥狀多樣,且無主訴,是引起嬰幼兒死亡的重要原因之一。肝素結(jié)合蛋白(HBP)作為一種急性期蛋白,具有改變內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通透性、調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡等功能。全身感染和局部感染的初期出現(xiàn)HBP水平升高,提示嬰幼兒存在細(xì)菌感染。本文綜述HBP生物學(xué)特性、功能、應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)以及在嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病中的研究進(jìn)展,為HBP對(duì)細(xì)菌感染性疾病的臨床早期診斷提供理論依據(jù)。
肝素結(jié)合蛋白;嬰幼兒;細(xì)菌感染
嬰幼兒由于自身免疫功能尚未成熟,容易患細(xì)菌感染性疾病。目前,嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病是引起嬰幼兒死亡率的重要原因之一[1]。由于嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病臨床表現(xiàn)不明顯,癥狀多樣,無主訴[2],因此對(duì)嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病的早期診斷缺乏準(zhǔn)確、有效的檢測(cè)手段。根據(jù)中華醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)制定的《中國嚴(yán)重膿毒癥/膿毒性休克治療指南(2014)》[3]認(rèn)為,肝素結(jié)合蛋白(Heparin-binding Protein,HBP)可用于膿毒癥的早期診斷,尤其是嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌感染的早期診斷。近三來,多項(xiàng)研究顯示,HBP可以作為一項(xiàng)早期感染指標(biāo)應(yīng)用于臨床[4,5]。本文著重闡述HBP生物學(xué)特性、功能、應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)以及在嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病中的研究進(jìn)展,為HPB對(duì)細(xì)菌感染性疾病的臨床早期診斷提供理論依據(jù)。
HBP存在于中性粒細(xì)胞的分泌顆粒和嗜天青顆粒中的一種急性期蛋白,屬于胰蛋白酶樣絲氨酸蛋白家族成員[6],在改變內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(Endothelial Cell,EC)通透性、調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡等起著關(guān)鍵作用。1984年由Shafer等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)并分離提取,因其相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為37 000,且具有殺菌活性,因此被命名為陽離子抗菌蛋白(CAP37)。隨后Gabay等又將HBP命名為天青殺素[8]。HBP基因位于人19號(hào)染色體短臂上,編碼由251個(gè)氨基酸組成的HBP前體,去除N末端26個(gè)氨基酸殘基和C末端3個(gè)氨基酸殘基后,最終由222個(gè)氨基酸組成的單鏈糖蛋白,即成熟的HBP[9]。HBP與肝素結(jié)合的能力極強(qiáng),二者結(jié)合后,HBP的活性被明顯抑制[10]。
HBP是在中性粒細(xì)胞成熟的過程中合成的,約74%儲(chǔ)存在嗜苯胺藍(lán)顆粒中,18%存在于分泌小泡中,8%存在于質(zhì)膜上[11]。正常生理情況下,外周血中HBP水平很低,一般不超過10ng/ml;當(dāng)發(fā)生感染時(shí),侵入血管內(nèi)的細(xì)菌或者細(xì)菌釋放的毒素等物質(zhì)刺激多形核白細(xì)胞(Polymorphonclear Leukocyte,PMN)釋放HBP,從而導(dǎo)致外周血HBP水平升高[12]。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)局部細(xì)菌感染(如泌尿系統(tǒng)感染)時(shí),由細(xì)菌刺激中性粒細(xì)胞釋放出HBP,引起體液(如尿液)中HBP水平升高。HBP在調(diào)節(jié)EC功能、單核/巨噬細(xì)胞功能、細(xì)胞凋亡等都發(fā)揮重要作用。
2.1 增加EC通透性
HBP是中性粒細(xì)胞激活后釋放的主要細(xì)胞因子,其作用的第一個(gè)靶細(xì)胞是血管EC[4]。EC表面存在帶負(fù)電荷的多糖包被,這些多糖包被容易與帶較強(qiáng)正電荷的HBP結(jié)合,兩者結(jié)合后激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)小G蛋白家族的相關(guān)卷曲螺旋形成蛋白激酶 (Ras Homolog Gene/Rho-associated Coiled Coil-forming Proteinkinase,Rho-ROCK)通路[13],引起肌球蛋白輕鏈激酶/肌球蛋白輕鏈磷酸化,EC骨架重排后出現(xiàn)形態(tài)改變,誘導(dǎo)了細(xì)胞間連接的斷裂,提高了中性粒細(xì)胞通過EC屏障的能力,從而增加EC通透性。即HBP的釋放增加了EC通透性,誘發(fā)血管滲漏[14],這是膿毒性休克發(fā)展的重要病理生理過程。Linder等[4]研究證實(shí),HBP是嚴(yán)重膿毒癥伴嚴(yán)重水腫和血管滲漏的重要指標(biāo)。
2.2 對(duì)單核/巨噬細(xì)胞的作用
多形核白細(xì)胞釋放的HBP可趨化和激活單核/巨噬細(xì)胞,增強(qiáng)吞噬作用,增加氧自由基的形成和釋放,從而發(fā)揮殺菌作用[15];HBP還能增強(qiáng)機(jī)體對(duì)損傷或感染的免疫反應(yīng),促進(jìn)腫瘤壞死因子-α和γ-干擾素的釋放,加重炎癥反應(yīng)[12]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[16],血液中的單核細(xì)胞可以識(shí)別固定在EC表面的HBP,改變單核細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的代謝,促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞和EC的連接。Soehnlein等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HBP對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的激活作用不僅與巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的代謝有關(guān),還與巨噬細(xì)胞的表型有關(guān)。因此,HBP是多形核白細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)相關(guān)炎癥反應(yīng)的主要調(diào)節(jié)因子。
2.3 參與細(xì)胞凋亡
已有研究證實(shí),HBP與EC表面的蛋白多糖結(jié)合后被EC攝取,這些攝取進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的HBP會(huì)聚集在線粒體區(qū)域[18],通過與經(jīng)典的死亡受體平行的線粒體途徑參與細(xì)胞凋亡的調(diào)節(jié),線粒體外膜上的B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(B-cell Lymphoma/Leukemia-2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2蛋白拮抗劑(Bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist/Killer,Bak) 和Bcl-2蛋白相關(guān)X蛋白(Bcl-2-associated X Protein,Bax)可能參與該信號(hào)通路[19,20]。
3.1 HBP在嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病的臨床應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)
理想的生物標(biāo)志物需要滿足四個(gè)條件:(1)生物合理性;(2)靈敏度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值和陰性預(yù)測(cè)值均高;(3)機(jī)構(gòu)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室體外檢測(cè)的再現(xiàn)性;(4)獨(dú)立隊(duì)列研究已證實(shí)[21]。已有研究[22]表明,HBP用于診斷感染性疾病滿足上述條件,是細(xì)菌感染性疾病早期診斷的理想生物標(biāo)志物。
3.2 HBP在全身細(xì)菌感染性疾病中的應(yīng)用
2017年一項(xiàng)針對(duì)24例小兒膿毒癥的隊(duì)列研究[34]顯示,分別檢測(cè)患兒診斷膿毒癥時(shí)的前72h(A組)、前48h(B組)、前24h(C組)炎性因子HBP、PCT、CRP、IL-6和IL-10水平,在A組和B組中HBP的診斷效能[受試者工作特征曲線下面積(AUC)=0.823和0.898]優(yōu)于其它4種炎性因子(PCT、CRP、IL-6、IL-10),而在C組中PCT的診斷效能(AUC=0.941)高于其它4種炎性因子(HBP、CRP、IL-6、IL-10)。可見,HBP在膿毒癥早期階段顯示出較佳的診斷效能,直至診斷膿毒癥24h時(shí)才被PCT超越。HBP的診斷效能相對(duì)于其它因子稍佳,存在較寬的窗口期,是膿毒癥早期預(yù)測(cè)的良好指標(biāo)。
2016年一項(xiàng)針對(duì)141例新生兒早期細(xì)菌性感染的隊(duì)列研究[35]顯示,血漿HBP水平在新生兒早期細(xì)菌感染患者中顯著升高,HBP(AUC=0.866)優(yōu)于PCT(AUC=0.673)、CRP(AUC=0.651)和WBC(AUC=0.399),此時(shí)血漿HBP的cut-off值為20ng/ml,其診斷新生兒早期細(xì)菌感染的敏感度為87.7%,特異度為75.4%??梢?,HBP相比PCT和CRP具有更好的診斷準(zhǔn)確性。同時(shí)HBP、PCT及CRP三項(xiàng)聯(lián)檢可進(jìn)一步提高臨床對(duì)新生兒細(xì)菌性感染的早期診斷的準(zhǔn)確性,當(dāng)血漿HBP的cut-off值為20 ng/ml,血清PCT的cut-off值為8ng/ml,全血CRP的cut-off值為10 mg/L時(shí),三者聯(lián)檢對(duì)新生兒早期細(xì)菌性感染診斷的敏感度為80.1%,特異度為81.5%,相對(duì)于單獨(dú)檢測(cè)HBP而言可提高其特異度,降低假陽性率。
2014年一項(xiàng)針對(duì)104例發(fā)熱患兒的隊(duì)列研究[36]顯示,在鑒別有無感染所致的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome,SIRS)時(shí),HBP(AUC=0.977)明顯優(yōu)于WBC(AUC=0.897)和CRP(AUC=0.848),此時(shí)血清HBP水平的cut-off值為2.65ng/ml,其診斷膿毒癥的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為95.24%、98.39%、98.36%、95.31%。相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),膿毒癥和嚴(yán)重膿毒癥患兒血清HBP和WBC水平存在較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性(P<0.01),而感染不伴SIRS患兒和非感染患兒血清HBP和WBC水平無明顯相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。
2013年一項(xiàng)針對(duì)63例膿毒癥患兒的隊(duì)列研究[37]顯示,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)血清HBP和堿剩余水平可以較好地預(yù)測(cè)膿毒性休克。當(dāng)血清HBP和堿剩余的水平的cut-off值分別為6.79ng/L和-7mmol/L時(shí),HBP(AUC=0.877)和堿剩余(AUC=0.853)對(duì)膿毒性休克的診斷效能明顯優(yōu)于WBC(AUC=0.711)、CRP(AUC=0.751)和乳酸(AUC=0.800),此時(shí)HBP和堿剩余診斷膿毒癥的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為84.21%、84.09%、69.57%、92.50%和100.00%、65.91%、55.88%、100.00%。聯(lián)合HBP(>6.79ng/l)和堿剩余(<-7mmol/L)診斷膿毒性休克早期可同時(shí)降低誤診率和漏診率,提高治愈率。
3.3 HBP在局部細(xì)菌感染性疾病中的應(yīng)用
2012年一項(xiàng)針對(duì)78例疑似發(fā)熱或泌尿道感染患兒的隊(duì)列研究[38]顯示,在鑒別有無泌尿道感染時(shí),尿HBP(AUC=0.94)明顯優(yōu)于尿WBC(AUC=0.86)和尿IL-6(AUC=0.81),此時(shí)尿HBP的cut-off值為32ng/ml,其診斷泌尿道感染的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為93.3%、90.3%、70.0%、98.3%。尿硝酸鹽是診斷泌尿感染特異度最高的指標(biāo),然而尿HBP的敏感度(93.3%)明顯高于尿硝酸鹽(53.3%)??梢?,尿HBP是診斷疑似泌尿感染患兒的有效指標(biāo)。
綜上所述,HBP在嬰幼兒細(xì)菌感染性疾病的早期診斷中具有很高的敏感度和特異度,并且在全身感染和局部感染(泌尿系感染)的初期其水平均會(huì)升高。HBP與細(xì)菌感染有緊密聯(lián)系,是診斷感染狀態(tài)和抗感染治療的新興炎性指標(biāo),但是HBP在細(xì)菌感染者體內(nèi)的作用機(jī)制及臨床應(yīng)用還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
本文第一作者簡(jiǎn)介:
任 瑋(1993-),女,漢族,碩士研究生,研究方向:病原體的分子診斷
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Research Progress of Heparin-binding Protein in Diagnosis of Infant Bacterial Infection Diseases
REN Wei1,WU Miao2,WEI Jie2,LI Yan1,#
1Department of Clinical Laboratory,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China;2Emergency Department,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China;#
Infant bacterial infection diseases are common diseases among infant in China. With lack of typical clinical manifestations,diversity of symptoms,and without complaints,infant bacterial infection diseases are one of the important causes of infant death. As a kind of acute phase protein,heparin-binding protein (HBP) has functions with altering vascular permeability,sterilization,chemotaxis,regulation of inflammatory response.The early stage of systemic or local infection causes the increase of level of HBP,which indicates bacterial infections in infants. This review focuses on the biological characteristics,functions,advantages and the research progress of HBP to provide the basis for early clinical diagnosis of infant bacterial infectious diseases.
Heparin-binding protein;Infants;Bacterial infections
國家重點(diǎn)臨床??平ㄔO(shè)項(xiàng)目(財(cái)社[2010]305號(hào))
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院,武漢 430060;1檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)中心;2急診科;#
,E-mail:yanlitf1120@163.com
本文2017-03-16收到,2017-06-28修回
R722.13
A
1005-1740(2017)03-0068-05