季怡平
【摘要】通過分析七選五閱讀題,從命題特點(diǎn)、學(xué)生問題、解題步驟、解題技巧方面進(jìn)行研析,旨在提供給學(xué)生一套提高七選五解題效率的實(shí)用方法。
【關(guān)鍵詞】七選五閱讀 解題技巧
一、引言
浙江省在2016年10月的高考英語試卷中增加了新題型——七選五閱讀。顧名思義,要求考生根據(jù)所提供短文的內(nèi)容(300詞左右),從短文后所提供的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出五個(gè)選項(xiàng)填入原文中的恰當(dāng)位置。這一題型旨在考查學(xué)生理解語篇上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力。這給考生帶來了較大的挑戰(zhàn),因?yàn)閷W(xué)生不熟悉英語邏輯思維,對于新題型的解讀又缺乏必要的技巧。因此,筆者將以一些典型題目為例,分析七選五閱讀的解題方法與技巧,幫助學(xué)生高效解題。
二、命題特點(diǎn)和學(xué)生常見問題
高考七選五所選材料通常是學(xué)生所熟悉的話題,一般為說明文。說明文又分為兩類:有小標(biāo)題類和無小標(biāo)題類。解題時(shí)不僅要對所讀文章的主旨大意、具體信息有所了解,還要把握整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)和作者的寫作思路。筆者收集了學(xué)生做該題型的出錯(cuò)率并和他們交流后,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的問題有以下幾點(diǎn):1.解讀速度較慢。2.難以確定正確選項(xiàng)。3.較難排除多余選項(xiàng)。4.出現(xiàn)一錯(cuò)連錯(cuò)現(xiàn)象。
三、解題步驟
根據(jù)題型特點(diǎn),結(jié)合學(xué)生問題,建議解讀步驟如下:1.速讀文章,預(yù)測大意、分析結(jié)構(gòu)。2.結(jié)合選項(xiàng),找出對應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞。3.看空前空后內(nèi)容,分析之間的邏輯性。4.靈活掌握答題順序,先易后難。5.研讀多余選項(xiàng),確定排除,杜絕連錯(cuò)。6.代入答案,再讀文章,核查邏輯關(guān)系。
四、解題技巧
筆者通過分析研究近幾年的高考真題和學(xué)生平常所做的練習(xí)題,總結(jié)出了關(guān)鍵詞法(Keywords)、結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測法(Foretelling)、邏輯關(guān)系法(Connection)三種解題技巧,統(tǒng)稱為“KFC解題法”,方便學(xué)生記憶,并在提高學(xué)生的解題速度和準(zhǔn)確度上起到了很好的輔助效果,有效地幫助了學(xué)生克服實(shí)際困難。
1.關(guān)鍵詞法(Keywords)——鎖定目標(biāo)。在七選五閱讀中,可以通過注意尋找空格前后的某些關(guān)鍵詞與選項(xiàng)中是同一詞匯、同義近義詞、反義詞、同一領(lǐng)域的詞匯、指示代詞或人稱代詞等,它們的重復(fù)出現(xiàn),是解題時(shí)的重要突破口,幫助學(xué)生快速鎖定目標(biāo)選項(xiàng)。
(1)同一詞匯。
例題:1. ...As a result, human developed a range of character types that still exist today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it._______.(2010課標(biāo)全國卷I)
答案A. It all depends on your character.
解析:選項(xiàng)中和空格前都出現(xiàn)了character這一關(guān)鍵詞。利用同詞復(fù)現(xiàn),結(jié)合句意,很快得到正確選項(xiàng)A。
(2)同義近義詞。
例題:2. Riding a London subway, a person from China will notice one major difference: In London, commuters dont look at each other.______. That is not rudeness—people are just too busy to bother looking.
答案B. In fact, eye contact is avoided at all the time.
解析:選項(xiàng)中的“eye contact”與空格前“l(fā)ook at each other”表達(dá)了相同的意思,屬于同義表達(dá)。
(3)反義詞。
例題:3. On the other hand, the advantages of going overseas may include day-to-day opportunities to learn a new culture, meet new friends with whom you can use and practice the language, and chances to see different parts of the world. ______Those disadvantages include expense, time away from ones school, family,…
答案B. However, there may be a number of disadvantages.
解析:該段落主要說明了海外生活的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),利用“advantages”和“disadvantages”這組反義詞,可以迅速找到答案。
(4)同一領(lǐng)域詞匯。
例題:4. Curiosity: Your children need to be deeply curious. _____. Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?” and then try them out. (2014課標(biāo)全國卷I)
答案:A. Encourage kids to cook with you.
解析:從空格后“ingredients”和“pancakes”可以推斷出選項(xiàng)應(yīng)是“鼓勵(lì)孩子cook”。這三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞屬于同一領(lǐng)域詞匯。
(5)指示代詞或人稱代詞。
例題:5. _______. It is a very happy day for many boys and girls. Before the terms end in some schools, the children act a nativity(基督誕生)or “birth” play, showing how Jesus was born in a stable(馬廄)。
答案D. Christmas Day falls on the twenty—fifty of December.
解析:利用空格后“It is a very happy day”中的指示代詞“It”作為線索,不難找到選項(xiàng)D中的“Christmas Day”正好是“It”所指代的。
2.結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測法(Foretelling)——庖丁解牛。帶著預(yù)測去閱讀目的性更強(qiáng),能夠幫助學(xué)生更好的理解文本,也能夠使閱讀過程變得更有趣味性。在做七選五閱讀時(shí),首先要通讀全篇,把握全文的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò),站在一定的高度看問題,便能對問題做出預(yù)測,使問題迎刃而解,事半功倍。對于有小標(biāo)題的篇章,可以采用“根據(jù)空格位置預(yù)測法”,對于無小標(biāo)圖的篇章,可以采用“思維導(dǎo)圖預(yù)測法”。
(1)根據(jù)空格位置預(yù)測法。
例題:6._________
When a person is asking a question, show interest and a desire to understand the question by listening and asking for clarification. (2010課標(biāo)全國卷I)
答案A. Show your true interest.
解析:該空格位于該段落小標(biāo)題的位置,可以預(yù)測是段落的主題句。根據(jù)段落關(guān)鍵詞“show interest”不難概括出該段落主題句是選項(xiàng)A. Show your true interest.
例題:7. Nowadays in China, parents care about their childrens education more than anything else. They spend a lot coaching(訓(xùn)練) their children in their studies. Some even hire teachers for their children. Many have their children sent to after-class schools._______. (2010課標(biāo)全國卷I)
答案A. It seems as if a better education is all that parents expect for their children.
解析:該空格位于段落末尾,而段落末尾通常是結(jié)論、概括性的語句。因此,根據(jù)預(yù)測,結(jié)合段落內(nèi)容,可見選項(xiàng)A是對該段落的概括。
(2)思維導(dǎo)圖預(yù)測法。
例題:(2013課標(biāo)全國卷I)
Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit(利潤) —that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. 71 . Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 72 .
Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. 73 . One is the establishment(制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. 74 . The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision
(監(jiān)管) and guidance by the management in authority. 75 .
A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
B. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
解析:通過對篇章行文結(jié)構(gòu)的分析,在解題前先畫出如下思維導(dǎo)圖,幫助做題:
上面的思維導(dǎo)圖一目了然地呈現(xiàn)了篇章的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)。根據(jù)該思維導(dǎo)圖,可以輕松地預(yù)測出71題內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是講“some/other businesses”的情況;73題和75題分別是“Planing”和“Control”的具體介紹;74題一定是以“The second”開頭的句子。然后對照選項(xiàng),答案便迅速浮出水面:
3.邏輯關(guān)系法(Connection)——邏輯思維。英語語篇通常使用大量的表達(dá)邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞,邏輯關(guān)系十分顯性,邏輯性很強(qiáng)。而中文語篇不使用大量的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞,行文邏輯往往較為隱形。七選五閱讀主要考查學(xué)生理解語篇上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力。而這往往是熟悉了中文行文邏輯的中國考生所缺乏的能力。以下例題分析如何通過關(guān)聯(lián)詞來理解前后文的意義,從而解決問題。
例題8. Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizer.______. However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.(2013課標(biāo)全國卷I)
答案:E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.
解析:該段落第一句的開頭為“Some people”,第二句開頭為“Others”,而選項(xiàng)E的開頭為“Still others”,結(jié)合句意,這三句話構(gòu)成了并列關(guān)系,因此E為正確選項(xiàng)。
例題:9. _________. However, the real movie capital is Mumbai, in India. Mumbai used to be known as Bombay, and so the film industry there is called “Bollywood”
答案:C. Most people think that the capital of the movie world is Hollywood, in the United States.
解析:根據(jù)空格后的“However”可知前后句意必須要構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,而C選項(xiàng)與后文語意剛好相反,因此C為正確選項(xiàng)。
因此,做七選五閱讀時(shí),要擅于借助邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞來分析上文的語意關(guān)系,常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語有:
(1)表并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系:and, besides, in addition, moreover, either…or…, not only…but also等;
(2)表因果關(guān)系:because, for, since, so, therefore, as a result等;
(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折與讓步關(guān)系:but, yet, however, though, otherwise, while, on the contrary 等;
(4)表例證關(guān)系:such as, for example, for instance, namely 等;
(5)表對比關(guān)系:while, whereas, rather…than, instead of 等;
(6)表?xiàng)l件關(guān)系:if, only if, if only, unless, in case, as long as 等;
(7)表時(shí)間關(guān)系:when, before, after, as, meanwhile, at the same time 等。
五、結(jié)束語
“知己知彼,百戰(zhàn)不殆”,針對學(xué)生困難,了解命題特點(diǎn),科學(xué)總結(jié)解題步驟,探究解題技巧,便可從容應(yīng)對七選五閱讀理解題的考查。關(guān)鍵詞法(Keywords)、結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測法(Foretelling)、邏輯關(guān)系法(Connection)三種解題技巧,統(tǒng)稱“KFC解題法”,是一套行之有效的實(shí)用技巧。三者技巧各有側(cè)重,又有相互交叉融合的部分。另外,技巧只能起到輔助的作用,學(xué)生的英語閱讀能力仍舊是解題的主導(dǎo)因素。因此,學(xué)生在解題時(shí)不能完全依賴技巧,而是要靈活地綜合運(yùn)用這些輔助的解題技巧,以提高解題的效率和正確率。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]陳靜.中學(xué)英語多元閱讀的探究[J].學(xué)苑教育,2010(6):39.