龔磊+陳慈明
高考試題中對狀語從句主要從從句的引導(dǎo)詞及從句的作用等方面進(jìn)行考查。筆者在此結(jié)合近年來各地的高考試題,為同學(xué)們梳理一下狀語從句易錯易混點。
[狀語從句連詞的誤用]
不同的狀語從句有不同的從句引導(dǎo)詞,下面是不同類別的狀語從句的常用引導(dǎo)詞。
目的狀語從句:in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。
結(jié)果狀語從句:so that,so ... that,such ... that等。
讓步狀語從句:although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。
方式狀語從句:as,as if,as though,the way等。
地點狀語從句:where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。
比較狀語從句:than和as ... as。
條件狀語從句:if,unless,as/so long as,in case等。
原因狀語從句because,as,since,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that) 等。
時間狀語從句:when,while,as,before,after,until,till,since,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner ... than,hardly/scarcely ... when,every/each time,the first time,the last time,next time等。
對狀語從句從屬連詞的意義和使用范圍不夠熟悉,往往會導(dǎo)致答題失誤。
例1 (2016·北京卷) 27. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ______ hes in his nineties.
A. as long as B. as if
C. even though D. in case
解析 C??疾闋钫Z從句。句意:即使90多歲了,爺爺仍然時不時打網(wǎng)球。as long as“只要”,引導(dǎo)條件句;as if“似乎”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句;even though“即使”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;in case“以防”,引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。句子表達(dá)的是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故選C。
例2 (2016·江蘇卷) 26. ______ some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.
A. Because B. If
C. Unless D. While
解析 D??疾檫B詞。句意:盡管一些人被成功的渴望驅(qū)使著,但是其他人卻是被失敗的恐懼驅(qū)使著前進(jìn)。because“因為”;if“如果”;unless“除非”,“如果……不”;while“盡管,然而,當(dāng)……時”。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用while(盡管……)連接。
例3 (2016 浙江卷) 5. _______ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
A. Since B. After
C. While D. Unless
解析 C。句意:盡管網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)改變了我們的生活,但是不是所有的影響都是積極的。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“盡管,雖然”;since“既然,自從”;after“在……之后”;unless“除非”。
點撥 對于對狀語從句連詞的考查,同學(xué)們做題時應(yīng)讀懂試題的意思,根據(jù)題目所表達(dá)的含義來選擇合適的連詞;對一些含義相近的連詞以及搭配,如until/when/since等詞語,一定要搞清楚各自使用范圍。
[狀語從句的時態(tài)的誤用]
在我們解答狀語從句這類題目時,往往會因為忽視時態(tài)要求而失分。同學(xué)們注意以下幾種情況。
1. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞用了一般將來時或一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
例4 If you dont go to the park tomorrow, neither do I.
解析 do→will。句意:如果你明天不去公園,我也不去。條件狀語從句主句的謂語動詞用了一般將來時,從句的謂語動詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
2. when, before, after引導(dǎo)的從句的動作與主句動作的先后關(guān)系。
例5 (2016·上海卷) When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30) _______ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret (31) _______ me.
解析 Before;from??疾檫B詞和介詞。連詞before引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,在句中有多種翻譯方法,本句意為“還沒來得及……就…….”,句意:她還沒有來得及反應(yīng)過來,我就緊緊地抱著她并告訴她這件事情不必對我保密。
3. by (the time)后接時間狀語或時間狀語從句,根據(jù)從句所表達(dá)的時間概念,主句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)相應(yīng)有過去完成時、現(xiàn)在完成時(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時)和將來完成時(將來完成進(jìn)行時)。試比較:
By the time you arrived, we had finished our work. (過去)
By the time you arrive, we will have finished our work. (將來)
點撥 狀語從句的時態(tài)往往有固定的規(guī)則,同學(xué)們只需了解主、從句中的時態(tài)要求,如“主將從現(xiàn)”等以及其他常見形式,就可以較好地解決相應(yīng)問題。
[狀語從句中倒裝句的誤用]
一般情況下,引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞應(yīng)放在從句之首, 其后用陳述語序。但要注意以下幾種倒裝情況:
1. 表示“一……就……”的兩個常見結(jié)構(gòu)no sooner ... than ...和hardly/scarcely ... when ...,當(dāng)no sooner,hardly和scarcely位于句首時,主句用部分倒裝語序,且當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞用了一般過去時,主句用用過去完成時態(tài)。例如:
No sooner had I closed the door than somebody knocked.
Hardly had she finished her speech when the audience started cheering.
2. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句要用倒裝語序。被提前的部分可以是從句的表語、狀語或動詞原形。被前置的表語是單數(shù)名詞時,須省略冠詞。例如:
Child as/though he is, he is as brave as an adult.=Although he is a child, he is as brave as an adult.
Fast as/though he ran, he couldnt catch up with his friend.=Although he ran fast, he couldnt catch up with his friend.
Interesting as/though the book was, Jim threw it away.=Although the book was interesting, Jim threw it away.
3. 省略if的倒裝條件句。在虛擬語氣中,if從句假設(shè)的情況中如果有助動詞had,should和were,那么可省略if,把had,should和were放在句首構(gòu)成倒裝。如:
If he had finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.=Had he finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.
If I should meet him, I would tell him about it.=Should I meet him, I would tell him about it.
例6 (2016·浙江卷) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
解析 D。句意:如果政府和科學(xué)家沒有共同努力,艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡就不會從2005年的最高點減少。本句使用虛擬語氣,if條件句謂語動詞用的had done,將had提前,省略it,主句用would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬。
[狀語從句中虛擬語氣的誤用]
部分狀語從句,如if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,as if/though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句等,可以和虛擬語氣連用,同學(xué)們在復(fù)習(xí)備考時時應(yīng)引起注意。
例7 (2016·北京卷) 34. Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week? If you _______ me, I could have helped.
A. told B. had told
C. were to tell D. would tell
解析 B。題目考查if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣。句意:上周你為什么沒有告訴我你有麻煩?如果你告訴我的話,我就可以幫助你了。這里是對過去發(fā)生的事情的假設(shè),條件句的時態(tài)應(yīng)用過去完成時,故選B。
例8 (2016·江蘇卷) 27. If it _______ for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
A. had not been B. should not be
C. were not to be D. should not have been
解析 A??疾樘摂M語氣。本句屬于錯綜條件句的虛擬語氣。if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句與過去事實相反,所以使用過去完成時,主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,所以使用“情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形”。句意:如果不是因為前幾天他的邀請,我現(xiàn)在就不會在這里了。故A正確。
[狀語從句中省略句的誤用]
在狀語從句的部分從句中,如果從句的主語與主句主語相同,則可將從句的主語和be動詞省略,例如:
1. 由when,while,before,after,whenever,till,until,since,once,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.
Whenever (it is) possible, you should come and help.
You should let us know the result as soon as (it is) possible.
2. 由though,although,even if,even though,while,whether ... or ...等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
Although (he was) frightened, he managed to ran away.
Her opinion, whether (it was) right or wrong, deserved our attention.
3. 由if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。
Send the goods now if (they are) ready.
If (it is) necessary, ring me at home.
Come along with me if (it is) possible.
He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited.
4. 由as if,as though等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。
He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important.
The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he is) hurt badly in the leg.
[than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中省略的誤用]
針對than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句,同學(xué)們要注意主句和從句主語相同時,從句的主、謂語和be動詞省略的情況。同學(xué)們還要注意省略部分與邏輯主語是主動還是被動關(guān)系。
The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 這次展覽比預(yù)料的有趣的多。
例9 You should stay where you are, unless asking to leave.
解析 asking→asked。句意:除非叫你動,你應(yīng)該待在你現(xiàn)在的地方不動。該句相當(dāng)于:You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.動詞與主語之間構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系,故用asked。
從句的主語與主句主語一致,才可將從句的主語和be動詞進(jìn)行省略。試比較下面兩個例子:
Even if I am invited, he wont go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀我去,他都不想聽如此壞的報告。
Even if (I am) invited, I wont go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀我去,我都不想聽如此壞的報告。