S

Abstract: The content of safety design for the lubrication system of a plunger pump used for operations in oil wells included the safety requirement for the lubrication system in the power end( such as oil tank, suction tubing, gear pump,pressure tubing, safety valve, discharge pipeline,oil cooler and oil tank heater),lubricant was selected safely for the power end and the safety operation parameters are selected for its lubrication system, and safety design is provided for lubrication system of the plumger pump.

Key words:oil well operation;plumger pump; lubrication system; power end; lubrication oil; safety design

1 Gas Migration Mechanism of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Chengdu Sag

ZhangZhuang，YangYingtao，ZhuLi，YangKeming，YeSujuan

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：ResearchInstituteofExplorationandDevelopment，SouthwestOil&GasFieldCompany，SINOPEC，Chengdu610041，Sichuan，China)

Abstract: Based on analysis data of gas，formation water，C-O stable isotopes of carbonate cement analysis and combined with basin simulation，the gas migration mechanism in Shaximiao Formation (J2s) was studied.The result showed that the formation temperature was 140～160℃，the formation pressure was 50～80MPa in the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation in the peak hydrocarbon genetic period.The δ13C carbonate cements in J2s was mainly distributed from -6‰ to -13‰；the iC4/nC4of gas was distributed from 0.6 to 0.9.The data of benzene/hexane and benzene/cyclohexane at different depth were dispersion, while formation water was characterized by low TDS and sulfate ion.All these indicate that the migration mode is vertical and lateral because the iC4/nC4is no obvious difference in longitudinal direction but there is big change in the formations with the same depth.The main migration dynamics are residual and formation pressure differences.The main paths are hydrocarbon source faults and sandstone carrier beds.The quantitative identification standard is established for gas migration phases in Shaximiao Formation.

migration mechanism；natural gas；Shaximiao Formation；Chengdu Sag

8 The Control of Grid Fault System on Neogene Oil and Gas Reservoir in Shijiutuo Uplift

ZhangCan,NiuChengmin,DuXiaofeng,YuHongzhong,ZhangHongguo,SuKai

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：ResearchInstituteofBohaiOilfield,TianjinBranch,CNOOC,Tianjin300452,China)

Abstract: Based on drilling and the new 3D seismic data in adjacent wells, the fracturing characteristics and rules of hydrocarbon migration-accumulation pattern in Neogene of Shijiutuo Uplift were analyzed by using the method of fault analysis and tectonic style analysis.The results show that a grid fault system which is formed by a NW trending structural transfer zone and NEE is developed.The grid fault system plays an important role in the formation of lithologic trap and the hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.The migration-accumulation pattern in shallow layers of Shijiutuo uplift is “outside source-ladder style”.The results effectively guide the exploration of Qinhuangdao 33-1S Oilfield and it provides an important guidance for the exploration of the similar uplifts in Bohai Area.

Key words:structural transfer zone; grid fault system;hydrocarbon migration pattern; Shijiutuo Uplift

15 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous Conglomerate in Chagan Sag of Ying’e Basin

WangChen，LyuGuxian

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：InstituteofEarthSciencesandResources，Chang’anUniversity，Xi’an710064，Shaanxi，China)

Abstract: In Chagan Sag，multi-layer and multi-type conglomerate reservoirs were developed in the lower Cretaceous.Seeing from shallow structural reservoir in the shallow layer, structural-lithologic composite reservoirs in the mid layer to the lithologic-fractured reservoirs in the deep layer，the reservoir was the important control factor.For the tectonic pattern in the study area，it was low in the southwest and high in the northeast，it was determined that the main oil and gas migration direction was in the northeast.Hydrocarbon migration was dominated by vertical migration，lateral migration was the second，the vertical migration was related with faults，while the lateral migration was related with various types of sandbodies.The oil and gas was migrated from hydrocarbon generating center to the low potential areas and accumulated in various glutenite traps in the adjacent of hydrocarbon generating center.Comprehensive analysis shows that the changes of basin structure, source rocks，reservoirs and conduction systems control the oil and gas migration direction，spatial distribution, hydrocarbon enrichment degree and reservoir types.There reservoir forming process is very complex and controlled by many factors.

Key words:glutenite reservoir；conduction system；hydrocarbon migration；Upper Cretaceous；Chagan Sag

20 Sedimentary Microfacies and Gas Control Porperty in the 8thMember of Shihezi Formation in Yanchang Area of Yan’an Gas Field in Ordos Basin

XiaoTiequan，TianChuanchuan，RenHaijiao

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：OilandGasExplorationCompany，YanchangPetroleum(Group)Co.Ltd.，Yan’an716001，Shaanxi，China)

Abstract: In combination with the recognition methods such as core observation，thin section identification and logging data analysis and based on the facies markers such as lithologiy and color of rocks，sedimentary structures and typical logging facies and seismic facies and predecessor’s research results, the sedimentary microfacies in the 8thMember of Shihezi Formation (P2sh8)in Yanchang Area of Yan’an Gas Field was researched in detail.The results showed that detal-front facies of sedimentary deltaic depositional system was mainly developed in P2sh8，and it could be subdivided into underwater distributary channel and inter-distributary bay microfacies.The underwater distributary channel microfacies is distributed in the middle and eastern areas and it was stretched from the north to the south，the channel was well superposed vertically with bigger thickness of sand accumulation and good connection，it was a favorable area of reservoir development.The underwater inter-distributary bay microfacies was mainly distributed in the west and in some of the areas between the underwater distributary channel in the middle and east parts of the studied area.The underwater distributary channel is not only the favorable reservoir, but also the excellent area of gas accumulation with lithological traps which are cut and sealed by underwater inter-distributary bay.

Key words:gas control property；sedimentary microfacies；P2sh8；Yan’an Gas Field；Ordos Basin

25 The Evolution on Exploration Potential of Shale Gas of Longmaxi Formation in Hunan and the West of Hubei Area

ZhangShengrong，WenZhigang，ZhaoLuyang

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：SchoolofResourcesandEnvironment,YangtzeUniversity,Wuhan430100,Hubei,China)

Abstract: Longmaxi Formation of Silurian (Sl)was a marine sedimentary environment, where a huge set of organic matter enriched mud shale was developed and there existed good exploration prospects of shale gas.In order to further understand the exploration potential of the mud and it was systematically evaluated from the aspects of the organic abundance, organic type and its maturity.The study indicates that the organic abundance is high in the lower segment of Sl,comprehensive evaluation shows that it is middle-good source rock with better hydrocarbon genetic potential,its organic type is TypeⅠand Type Ⅱ1, its maturity is high and itsRoisgreaterthan2%anddrygasismainlyproducedthere.

Key words:Longmaxi Formation; shale gas; the abundance of organic matter; the type of organic matter, maturity

28 Study on Sedimentary Microfacies of Chang 7 Reservoir Group in Huluhe Area

ZhangTao,ChenFei,FanYi

(FirstAuthor’sAddress:ResearchInstituteofOilTechnology,ChangqingOilfieldCompany,PetroChina,Xi’an710000,Shaanxi,China)

Abstract: The sedimentary microfacies of Chang 7 Reservoir Group in Huluhe Area was effectively divided by using the methods of core observation, logging data, paleontology and thin section identification.The results show that the Chang 7 Reservoir Group mainly develops deep lake-deep lake facies, its sedimentary microfacies is mainly turbidite and deep lake mud, in which the turbidite is the main reservoir.During the sedimentary period of Chang 73Reservoir, the deep lake mud microfacies is mainly developed, and the turbidite rock mass is sporadically distributed.During the Chang 72Reservoir depositional period,the turbidite starts to be developed, it is mainly located in the south-east direction with the continuous distribution.During the sedimentary period of Chang 71Reservoir, the turbidite rock continues to be deposited,its sand body thickness and area continues to be raised.

Key words:sedimentary facies；turbidite; distribution characteristics; Chang 7 Reservoirs ；Huluhe Area

31 Method for Predicting Multi-attribute and Facies-controlled Igneous Rock Reservoir ——By Taking Igneous Rocks in the Middle Submember of Third Member of Shahejie Formation(Esm3)in Shanghe Area of Huimin Sag for Example

HanBo，ShiYanjun

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：GeophysicalResearchInstitute，ShengliOilfieldCompany，SINOPEC，Dongying257022，Shandong，China)

Abstract: Based on core and well logging data，the lithology of igneous rocks in Shanghe Area was identified and categorized by using cross-plot methods，and combined with seismic interpretation data，a 3D lithology model was established.The slicing technique along the layer was applied to make the lithology slice of igneous rocks in Esm3.According to the igneous lithofacies classification schemes and the analysis of the horizontal contact relationship and the analysis of profile characteristics，the igneous lithofacies in Esm3was divided.By analyzing the response relationship between the development of different lithofacies igneous reservoirs and the sensitive attributes，the fusion formula was proposed based on facies belt.Through the fusion calculation with absorption coefficient and average velocity variance ration，the favorable reservoir of the eruptive rock is predicted，and the favorable reservoir of intrusive rock is also predicted by calculating with absorption coefficient，accumulative strain and thickness.It shows that the predicted results are well coincided with oil testing and pre-producing data.

Key words:igneous rock；facies-control；reservoir prediction；lithofacies division；attribute fusion；modeling

37 The Oil-water Identification Method for Complex Lithologic Reservoirs in EZRA Area

FuQiang

(Author’sAddress：ProductionLoggingCenter，LoggingCo.Ltd.，CNPC，Xi’an710200，Shaanxi，China)

Abstract: The sedimentary environment of reservoirs was complex in ZERA Area，there existed obvious difference between the types and content of cemented matters，mainly including siliceous cement，argillaceous cement and tuffaceous cement. Influenced by different kinds of cementations，the reservoir porosity was significantly different and the pore structure in this area was complicated，therefore it was difficult for oil-water layer division.In this paper，the micro-pore structure is analyzed first through the thin section data，then the lithology classification method is established with three porosity logging data.Finally，an oil layer identification method, which is suitable for the studied area, is established based on the lithology classification and the normalization of resistivity.

Key words:siliceous cement；tuffaceous cement；argillaceous cement；complex lithology；oil and water identification

40 Method for Productivity Prediction Based on the Quality Evaluation of Low Permeability Reservoirs

ZengJingbo，BaiSongtao，LiHuiying,WangJunjun

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：OilandGasEvaluationCenter,ChinaPetroleumLoggingCo.Ltd.，Xi’an710077，Shaanxi，China)

Abstract: X Block was a typical deep-layer and low-permeability reservoir in Nanpu Oilfield，it had the characteristics of complicated pore structure and strong heterogeneity，therefore it was difficult for the evaluation of reservoir quality and quantitative prediction and evaluation of productivity.The data of physical property and mercury-injection experiments were used to extract the reservoir quality index and coefficient of mercury injection for characterizing the reservoir pore structure and the reservoir permeability，and then combined with conventional logging data and oil testing data，the method of reservoir quality evaluation was established， the reservoir quality evaluation standard was summed up in the studied area.On the basis of reservoir quality evaluation，combined with the development requirements，a productivity prediction method of comprehensive evaluation index combined with fluid producing index per meter is proposed for the low permeability reservoirs，the predicted results is more consistent with that of production test，good result is achieved in application.

Key words:low permeability；reservoir quality evaluation；productivity prediction

45 The Method for Fluid Identification in Calcium Contained Reservoirs

YangXiaolei

(Author’sAddress：ResearchInstituteofExplorationandDevelopment,DaqingOilfieldCo.Ltd.，PetroChina，Daqing163712，Heilongjiang，China)

Abstract: The calcium was commonly contained in P Reservoir of Oilfield A，there existed a complex pore structure and strong anisotropy, therefore logging response characteristics of resistivity logging was difficult to fully reflect the changes of reservoir liquid，which caused low precision of fluid identification.In this paper，based on Litho-electric experimental data，the influence of calcium components on the effect of the reservoir resistivity was analyzed in detail, the relationship between calcium content and the resistivity was researched based on the oil testing data，the derivative of the function for the calcium and resistivity was calculated in order to quantify the influence on resistivity.The above method is used for resistivity correction，the crossplot of resistivity and self-potential is established.The chart board is used for oil testing in 15 new wells，it is proven that the fluid identification accuracy reaches 85.7% and good application effect is obtained.

Key words:fluid identification；deep lateral resistivity；derivative；calcium；correction

50 Study on Solidification of Waste Drilling Fluids in Changqing Oilfield

LongHuaiyuan,WangSong,LiHang,LiHong,ShangJuanfang

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：SchoolofChemistryandEnvironmentalEngineering,YangtzeUniversity,Jingzhou434023,Hubei,China)

Abstract: Waste drilling fluid was a pollutant induced in petroleum drilling.If it was discharged without treatment, it would pollute the local environment, which would result in an immeasurable loss.According to the current situation of investigation of research on the waste drilling fluid solidification both at home and abroad，this paper mainly discussed the influence of waste drilling fluid on the environment in Changqing Oilfield was analyzed, the effect of several solidification methods was studied, its curing mechanism was preliminarily analyzed.The research shows that an inorganic curing agent GHW-3 is mainly used and supplemented with an appropriate volume of organic curing agent GHY-1 and inorganic additives and fillers of composite curing agent, high curing intensity is obtained in the hardened substance.After curing,the curing liquid leaching toxicity detection results prove that with this method of curing treatment, the toxicity is far less than that in the national environmental protection index.This curing method has obvious social and environmental benefits and therefore it has a certain application prospect.

Key words:Changqing Oilfield；waste drilling fluid；solidification；curing agent；curing strength.

53 The Application of Cement Head with Triple Rubber Plugs in HTHP Wells of Offshore Oilfields

LuoLimin

(Author’sAddress:CNOOCInternationalLtd.,Beijing100027,China)

Abstract: Cementing in HTHP gas wells was a worldwide problem, such as poor wellbore isolation and gas channeling in HTHP wells under condition of HTHP,in which wells could not be stabilized by well killing,poor cementing quality was induced and it would affect the integrity of wells and high efficient development of gas wells.One of the critical reasons was the contamination of the contact between the lead and tail slurries which would induce poor property of cement system.Therefore, a novel cement head with triple rubber plugs was developed in order to effectively separate spacer, lead and tail slurries and reduce contact time and area, which would effectively ensure the cement property.Application results shows that the cementing quality is improved significantly and the wellbore integrity of HTHP wells is well insured.It provides technical foundation for the future exploration of HTHP gas wells.

Key words:HTHP; triple rubber plugs; cement head; cement slurry; cementing quality

56 Study on Borehole Stability of Horizontal Wells at Production Stage of Offshore LF Oilfield

FanZhili,ZhuLei,CaoYanfeng,WenMin,WangBin

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：CNOOCResearchInstitute，Beijing100028，China)

Abstract: With the further development of offshore oil and gas fields, the low permeability oil and gas fields have been developed.And the rock strength of these sandstone reservoirs belonged to medium-high level, the wellbore stability at the production stage directly affected the methods of well completion and development.In allusion to the problem of wellbore stability in the process of horizontal well production in the sandstone reservoirs of Offshore LF Oilfield and by using the method of numerical simulation and the theory of equivalent plastic strain ,the factors (production pressure, formation water, formation pressure attenuation) influencing the borehole stability in the production process of horizontal wells were studied.The results show that when the horizontal wells are in pure sandstone and along the direction of minimum principal stress, open hole completion can be taken.And this is consistent with the actual production situation in the oilfield, which verifies the feasibility of this method.The results of the study can provide guidance for the optimization of well completion methods and the late operation of the oilfield.

Key words:horizontal well; production stage; borehole stability; sandstone with medium-high strength

62 Application of Comprehensive Plugging Technology with Plastic Balls in Well Zhonggu X-H7

DuanYongxian,WangHaitao,DingZhimin,HeYinkun,LiuHui,XiaTianguo

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：DepartmentofTazhongOilandGasDevelopment,TarimOilfieldCompany,PetroChina,Korla841000,Xinjiang,China)

Abstract: Due to long-term production, formation pressure of carbonate formation was lowed gradually and fractures and cavities were developed in Tazhong Area of Tarim Oilfield.After frequent acid-fracturing, ultra- low pressure cave-fractured zones were induced, and vicious loss circulation were often caused, which severely restrained the development progress in the area.Therefore, combining the leakage situation of Well Zhonggu X-H7, the difficulties and related measures of plugging in the carbonate formations were analyzed and technologic measures of comprehensive plugging with plastic balls were proposed.By pumping different size of plastic balls to leakage layers, changing the big fractures and caves into small ones by initial bridging with the plastic balls,and applying the Neotor sealing products as the main plugging material for further plugging,it effectively seal the leak channel, the higher loading capacity is ensured for the purpose of sealing design.The successful practice of comprehensive plugging technology with plastic balls in Well Zhonggu X-H7 shows that the technology is feasible for preventing the severe loss circulation in Tazhong Area, which provides effective technical support for preventing follow-up severe loss circulations in similar areas.

Key words:comprehensive plugging with plastic balls; Neotor sealing agent; carbonate rock; pressure bearing capacity

66 The Technology for Protecting High Temperature and High Pressure Gas Reservoirs in Yinggehai Basin

ZhangYaoyuan,ZhangQun,JiangGuancheng,ZhouGuangwei,PangJun

(FirstAuthor’sAddress:CNOOCEnerTech-DrillingandProductionCo.,Zhanjiang524000,Guangdong,China)

Abstract: Through the analysis of the potential damage factors in the strata of Yinggehai Basin, the results showed that there existed damages of strong water sensitivity, weak alkali sensitivity and weak stress sensitivity in the formation of the area.At the same time, the pore-permeability characteristics of the reservoir were analyzed, the reservoir protection technologies of temporary plugging with ideal particle packing and changing the rock surface properties were proposed, the intelligent optimization software for choosing the temporary plugging agent was used for selecting a proper distribution proportion of temporary plugging agent, combined with the surfactant with good performance, the effect of formation protection was improved from the aspects of sealing capacity and resistance of oil flowing in the pores.The results indicate that the system can be used for effective formation protection,permeability recovery value of the core is about 90%, it is valuable for increasing oil and gas production.

Key words:low permeability; formation damage; ideal packing; temporary plugging; bridging particle

70 Study on Water Avoidance Scheme of Thick and Heterogeneous Gas Reservoir

WuRuidong

(Author’sAddress：ShanghaiBranchofCNOOCLtd.，Shanghai200335，China)

Abstract: W Gas Reservoir in an offshore oilfield was an edge water gas reservoir with its thickness more than 100m and strong heterogeneity in the reservoir，there existed bigger difference of physical properties longitudinally and in the plane.Because of the specificity of this kind reservoir，there was few experience of properly making the development plan to avoiding water invasion.Properly selecting development well type，reasonable well locations and perforation zones，gas production rate was studied by gas reservoir engineering and numerical simulation method.The result shows that vertical and highly deviated wells are chosen as development wells，the distance between the directional wells in the west side of the gas reservoir and inner gas boundary is 600～1000 meters, for avoiding the perforation to the 1/5～1/3 zone on the bottom of gas reservoir，the gas production rate in the structural high part is controlled at about 6.5%～7.5% in the production well，and the gas production rate in the structural low part is controlled at about 3%～4%.Those measures can avoid water invasion quickly and enhance the development effect.

Key words:thick layer；heterogeneous gas reservoir；perforation zone；gas production rate；water avoidance

75 Application of Virtual Tracer Method in the Study of Condensate Oil Injection-production Process

LiNing，YangZhixing，ChenZili，BaiMeili

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：ShanghaiBranchofCNOOCLtd.，Shanghai200335，China)

Abstract: Condensate oil reinjection was an engineering contingency measure for the development of offshore oil and gas fields when the offshore oil transportation pipeline was broken down.At that time，all the oil wells were shut down，but all the gas wells were still produced and the produced condensate oil was incapable for handling，the only way to deal with it was to reinject it back into the reservoir.The feasibility of reinjection and suitable reinjection wells were determined by selecting reinjection wells.Based on experimental investigation，the influence of condensate oil reinjection on the formation was explicated.The condensate oil injection-production process，the seepage scope of condensate oil，the influence on the formation seepage and its recovery rate at different fluid volumes were studied by applying the virtual tracer method.Study results show that the virtual tracer method is practical, accurate and reliable.The new method provides reference for condensate oil reinjection in the subsequent offshore oil and gas fields.

Key words:offshore oil and gas field；condensate oil；extraction；virtual tracer

82 Study on Productivity Evaluation of Low Permeability Gas Reservoir by Numerical Simulation

ZhuWenjuan

(Author’sAddress：ShanghaiBranchofCNOOCLtd.，Shanghai200335，China)

Abstract: Productivity test was the most direct means for evaluating production capacity of gas reservoirs，but it was difficult to obtain accurate production capacity for gas wells in low permeability gas reservoirs.In order to evaluate the capacity of such gas wells，the new method of productivity evaluation for the low permeability gas reservoirs was established，which was the method of numerical simulation.This method was a combination of fine geological modeling，reservoir numerical simulation and productivity evaluation.By practical application，this method can make the basic evaluation of productivity in the low permeability gas reservoirs，and it provides a new means for productivity evaluation in low permeability gas reservoirs.

Key words:productivity evaluation；numerical simulation；low permeability gas reservoir；test

86 The Effect of Horizontal Well Fracturing in Low Abundance Oilfields and Its Influential Factors

WANGLi

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：TheEighthOilProductionPlant，DaqingOilfieldCompany，PetroChina，Daqing163514，Heilongjiang，China)

Abstract: In a certain oilfield，the reservoir was a typical low abundance reservoir，fracturing was carried out in 18 horizontal wells for stimulation of oil increment，the fracturing stimulation effect was good，but there existed obvious difference between wells，in some of the wells desired effect was not obtained.To find out the factors that influenced the fracturing effect and in consideration of the 18 old horizontal wells，the method of the fracturing effect classification research was used to analyze the influence of each factor on the fracturing effect.Results show that the horizontal wells have large and newly controlled reserves more connecting direction，rational layout of fractures，sufficient formation energy with better fracturing effect usually，it provides a basis for tapping the potential of horizontal wells in the next step and it of great significance for building secondary high yield in horizontal wells.

Key words:low abundance reservoir；horizontal well；phase oil increased level； fracturing effect

88 Application of Optimizing and Adjusting Technology in Horizontal Well in the Gas Field with Multi-strata ——By Taking H Gas Field for Example

LiuLei，ChenDong，WangYandong，SheJiaofeng，LiXiaorui，LiuMeirong

(FirstAuthor’sAddress：ResearchInstituteofExplorationandDevelopment，TarimOilfieldCompany，PetroChina，Korla841000，Xinjiang，China)

Abstract: H Gas Field developed multiple sets of oil and gas bearing strata and the main reservoir was carbonate as the quality of existing seismic data was poor，which resulted in difficulty for reservoir prediction，thus，low drilling encountering ratio of reservoirs was induced.Based on the impact of the horizontal length on the horizontal well productivity，the frictional drag of the horizontal section and the factor affecting in non-Darcy flow of gas well were taken into account，the optimized designing horizontal length was at 600～1200m.On the basis of the optimized design and adjustment of parameters of horizontal length and the strike of horizontal sections，logging data and integrated log data were used for tracking to form the technology of geosteering while drilling in H Gas Field.After the implementation，the reservoir drilling encounter rate is high，high productivity is achieved in gas wells，which proves that the horizontal well optimizing and adjusting technology achieves preferable effects in horizontal wells development in H Gas Field.

Key words: multiple strata; horizontal well; horizontal well length; geologic tracking and orientating technology while drilling; drilling encountering ratio of reservoir

94 Design of Safety for Lubrication System in the Plunger Pump Used for Operation in Oil Wells

XiongFen,FanYi,ChenGuofeng

(FirstAuthor’sAddress:SchoolofGeosciences,YangtzeUniversity,Wuhan430100,Hubei,China;JingzhouTechniciansCollege,Jingzhou434100,Hubei,China)

Translated & Edited by SU Kaike(蘇開科)