近海海域環(huán)境

·編者按·

《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十二個(gè)五年規(guī)劃（綱要）》中，政府明確將重點(diǎn)海域排污總量控制納入國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，環(huán)境規(guī)制政策直接關(guān)系減排目標(biāo)的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來，在減排、人口、資源、環(huán)境等多重約束下，環(huán)渤海地區(qū)、長三角地區(qū)、珠三角地區(qū)等沿海地區(qū)如何發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型顯得尤為迫切。海洋作為人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的新空間，與陸域聯(lián)系愈益緊密。伴隨著我國沿海城市化與臨海工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，周邊海域生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)面臨巨大壓力，海洋資源開發(fā)與環(huán)境保護(hù)的矛盾日趨凸顯，已經(jīng)引起社會各界的廣泛關(guān)注。

國家海洋局2017年3月22日發(fā)布了《2016年中國海洋環(huán)境狀況公報(bào)》。公報(bào)顯示，2016年我國海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況基本穩(wěn)定，海水質(zhì)量總體較好，生物多樣性保持穩(wěn)定，海洋功能區(qū)環(huán)境基本滿足使用要求。但是，陸源入海污染壓力巨大，近岸局部海域污染嚴(yán)重，典型海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康狀況不佳，海洋環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依然突出。

本專題得到專家莫恭政研究員（國土資源部中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局青島海洋地質(zhì)研究所）的大力支持。

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2017年3月28日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WOS）的數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告顯示，以“近海海域（coastal waters/offshore marine area）”“環(huán)境問題（environmental pollution）”期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為1118條與6621條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WOS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告，以“近海海域（coastal waters/offshore marine area）”“環(huán)境問題（environmental pollution）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，以“近海海域（coastal waters/offshore marine area）”“環(huán)境問題（environmental pollution）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

來源出版物：Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(5): 387-396

The European water framework directive: A challenge for nearshore, coastal and continental shelf research

Borja, A

Abstract:The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection of groundwater, inland surface waters, estuarine waters, and coastal waters. The WFD constitutes a new view of the water resources management in Europe because, for the first time, water management is: (i) based mainly upon biological and ecological elements, with ecosystems being at the centre of the management decisions; (ii) applied to European water bodies, as a whole; and (iii) based upon the whole river basin, including also the adjacent coastal area. Although the marine water bodies affected by the WFD relate to only 19.8% of the whole of the European continental shelf, its application constitutes a challenge and an opportunity in nearshore, coastal and continental shelf research. This contribution highlights some of the main tasks and the research to be undertaken in the coming years, proposing investigations into: typologies; physico-chemical processes; indicator species; reference conditions; integration of the quality assessment; methodologies in determining ecological status, etc.

Keywords:water framework directive; policy research; ecosystem-based approach; reference conditions; nearshore; coastal; continental shelf

來源出版物：Continental Shelf Research, 2005, 25 (14): 1768-1783

The standard SeaWiFS atmospheric correction algorithm, designed for open ocean water, has been extended for use over turbid coastal and inland waters. Failure of the standard algorithm over turbid waters can be attributed to invalid assumptions of zero water-leaving radiance for the near-infrared bands at 765 and 865 nm. In the present study these assumptions are replaced by the assumptions of spatial homogeneity of the 765:865-nm ratios for aerosol reflectance and for water-leaving reflectance. These two ratios are imposed as calibration parameters after inspection of the Rayleigh-corrected reflectance scatterplot. The performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated for imagery of Belgian coastal waters and yields physically realistic water-leaving radiance spectra. A preliminary comparison with in situ radiance spectra fbr the Dutch Lake Markermeer shows significant improvement over the standard atmospheric correction algorithm. An analysis is made of the sensitivity of results to the choice of calibration parameters, and perspectives for application of the method to other sensors are briefly discussed.來源出版物：Applied Optics, 2000, 39 (6): 897-912Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by226Ra enrichmentsMoore, WS

The flow of ground water directly into the coastal ocean has been studied previously by in situ measurements, seep meters and diffusion gradient models’. Although these techniques provide ample evidence that such flows occur, they do not provide a means of quantifying the groundwater flux on a regional scale. Here I report large enrichments of226Ra in coastal waters of the South Atlantic Eight, and demonstrate that groundwater discharge is the main source of the226Ra surplus. Using226Ra data for brackish ground waters with estimates of residence times of nearshore waters, I conclude that the groundwater flux to these coastal waters must be about 40% of the river-water flux during the study period. Besides Ra, other metals, nutrients and organic compounds are expected to be enriched in brackish ground waters, so these findings require an upward revision of terrestrial fluxes of dissolved materials to these coastal waters, andperhaps a re-evaluation of such fluxes to the global ocean. These fluxes may be sensitive to hydrological factors, groundwater usage, dredging and sea-level change.來源出版物：Nature, 1996, 380 (6575): 612-614Couplings of watersheds and coastal waterssources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in waquoit bay, massachusettsValiela, I; Foreman K; Lamontagne M; et al.Abstract:Human activities on coastal watersheds provide the major sources of nutrients entering shallow coastal ecosystems. Nutrient loadings from watersheds are the most widespread factor that alters structure and function of receiving aquatic ecosystems. To investigate this coupling of land to marine systems, we are studying a series of subwatersheds of Waquoit Bay that differ in degree of urbanization and hence are exposed to widely different nutrient loading rates. The subwatersheds differ in the number of septic tanks and the relative acreage of forests. In the area of our study, groundwater is the major mechanism that transports nutrients to coastal waters. Although there is some attenuation of nutrient concentrations within the aquifer or at the sediment-water interface, in urbanized areas there are significant increases in the nutrient content of groundwater arriving at the shore's edge. The groundwater seeps or flows through the sediment-water boundary, and sufficient groundwater-borne nutrients (nitrogen in particular) traverse the sediment-water boundary to cause significant changes in the aquatic ecosystem. These loadingdependent alterations include increased nutrients in water, greater primary production by phytoplankton, and increased macroalgal biomass and growth (mediated by a suite of physiological responses to abundance of nutrients). The increased macroalgal biomass dominates the bay ecosystem through second-or third-order effects such as alterations of nutrient status of water columns and increasing frequency of anoxic events. The increases in seaweeds have decreased the areas covered by eelgrass habitats. The change in habitat type, plus the increased frequency of anoxic events, change the composition of the benthic fauna. The data make evident the importance of bottom-up control in shallow coastal food webs. The coupling of land to sea by groundwater-borne nutrient transport is mediated by a complex series of steps; the cascade of processes make it unlikely to find a one-to-one relation between land use and conditions in the aquatic ecosystem. Study of the process and synthesis by appropriate models may provide a way to deal with the complexities of the coupling.來源出版物：Estuaries, 1992, 15 (4): 443-457Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: Case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areasSoclo, HH; Garrigues, P; Ewald, MAbstract:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified and quantified in recent sediments of the Cotonou coastal zones (Benin) in the total concentration range 25-1450 ng·g-1, while the Aquitaine sediment samples (France) exhibited total PAH concentrations in the range 4-855 ng·g-1. The highest contents of PAHs were found in the harbours, as well in Cotonou as in the Aquitaine region, with the maximum values in the Cotonou harbour. However, the PAH concentrations were comparable with those of slightly contaminated zones. Good correlations observed between a certain number of pairs of isomer PAH concentrations allowed to identify six origin molecular indices that were used to identify the PAH contamination sources in the studied sampling stations: Phe/ An, Flt/Py, Chry/BaA, LMW/HMW, Per/Sigma(PAH), and Per/Sigma(penta-aromatics). In general, the Cotonou lagoon sampling sites were contaminated mainly by petrogenic PAHs, due to petroleum trade at individual scale along the lagoon, and also waste oils from mechanics shops; the Aquitaine samples were polluted by pyrolytic origin PAHs. Interferences of rather petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH contaminations,pere noticed in the harbours due to petroleum products deliveries and fuel combustion emissions from the ships staying alongside the quays. Diagenetic origin of perylene was confirmed in this study, but its possible formation by combustion of organic matter was also considered because of the relatively higher concentrations of this PAH in the harbours of Cotonou and of Aquitaine region sediment samples.

PAH; sediments; origin indices; lagoon of Cotonou; Estuary of Gironde; Arcachon Bay

典

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery for turbid coastal and inland waters Ruddick, KG Applied Optics, 2000, 39 (6): 897-912 2 3 4 5 Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by226Ra enrichments Couplings of watersheds and coastal waters-sources and consequences of nutrient enrichment in waquoit bay, massachusetts Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: Case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas The European water framework directive: A challenge for nearshore, coastal and continental shelf research Moore, WS Valiela, I Soclo, HH Borja, A Nature, 1996, 380 (6575): 612-614 Estuaries, 1992, 15 (4): 443-457 Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000, 40(5): 387-396 Continental Shelf Research, 2005, 25 (14): 1768-1783

Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery for turbid coastal and inland waters

Ruddick, KG; Ovidio F; Rijkeboer M