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GA3對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏坐果及果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響

2017-06-08 02:08楊文莉周偉權(quán)趙世榮程功董勝利章世奎廖康
新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:花后橫徑赤霉素

楊文莉,周偉權(quán),趙世榮,程功,董勝利,章世奎,廖康

(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)特色果樹研究中心,烏魯木齊 830052;2.輪臺(tái)國(guó)家果樹資源圃,新疆輪臺(tái) 841600)

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GA3對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏坐果及果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響

楊文莉1,周偉權(quán)1,趙世榮1,程功1,董勝利2,章世奎2,廖康1

(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)特色果樹研究中心,烏魯木齊 830052;2.輪臺(tái)國(guó)家果樹資源圃,新疆輪臺(tái) 841600)

【目的】研究不同濃度赤霉素(GA3)處理對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏坐果率及品質(zhì)的影響,為杏果實(shí)調(diào)控奠定基礎(chǔ)?!痉椒ā恳暂喤_(tái)白杏為研究對(duì)象,在盛花期和花后20 d分別噴施40、90和140 mg/L濃度的GA3,在花后20 d統(tǒng)計(jì)坐果率,定期測(cè)定果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑、側(cè)徑及單果重,果實(shí)成熟后測(cè)定果實(shí)品質(zhì)?!窘Y(jié)果】GA3處理后均能有效提高果實(shí)坐果率,同時(shí)能有效促進(jìn)果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑、側(cè)徑的增大,但果實(shí)的品質(zhì)有所降低。90 mg/L處理對(duì)提高輪臺(tái)白杏的坐果率效果最明顯,與對(duì)照相比,坐果率提高了117.32%,在40和90 mg/L GA3處理后,果實(shí)膨大的效果與GA3濃度成正相關(guān),當(dāng)濃度達(dá)到140 mg/L時(shí),果實(shí)膨大現(xiàn)象不明顯?!窘Y(jié)論】90 mg/L濃度GA3處理能顯著提高產(chǎn)量,可運(yùn)用于輪臺(tái)白杏生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的調(diào)控。

赤霉素;輪臺(tái)白杏;坐果;果實(shí)品質(zhì)

0 引 言

【研究意義】輪臺(tái)白杏(LuntaiAmerniacaVulgaris),果肉多汁,含糖量高,風(fēng)味好,是輪臺(tái)縣境內(nèi)栽培歷史悠久的古老品種,已批準(zhǔn)實(shí)施地理標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品保護(hù)[1]。輪臺(tái)白杏果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值極高,但因其坐果率低且果個(gè)較小而嚴(yán)重影響了產(chǎn)量。如何提高果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和改善品質(zhì)成為生產(chǎn)中需要解決的問(wèn)題?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】GA3作為一種植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑在農(nóng)業(yè)上應(yīng)用廣泛,在果樹生產(chǎn)中常用來(lái)提高坐果率、促進(jìn)果實(shí)發(fā)育和改善果實(shí)品質(zhì)[2-6]。不少學(xué)者將GA3應(yīng)用于葡萄來(lái)誘導(dǎo)無(wú)核,改善果實(shí)品質(zhì),促進(jìn)果粒膨大,增加穗重,提高產(chǎn)量[7-11]。劉志剛等[12]通過(guò)在“鷹嘴”巴旦杏盛花期噴施生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑,研究結(jié)果表明40 mg/LGA3處理的坐果率提高了7.67%。馮邦朝等[13]在第一次落果高峰期對(duì)果穗噴施GA3顯著增加了無(wú)胚果的比例。杜曉彧等[14]通過(guò)對(duì)金絲小棗噴施赤霉素的研究中表明用100和200 mg/L的赤霉素能有效提高金絲小棗的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。郝慶等[15]通過(guò)在花蕾膨大期,對(duì)色買提杏噴施GA3的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)100 mg/L的GA3能顯著提高坐果率,以及改善了果實(shí)品質(zhì)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】GA3在葡萄、紅棗等其他果樹上研究較多,但在杏果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育方面研究較少。研究GA3對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏的坐果和果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】試驗(yàn)設(shè)置3個(gè)濃度梯度的GA3處理,在輪臺(tái)白杏的盛花期和幼果期兩次噴施,研究不同濃度GA3處理對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏坐果、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響,為果實(shí)調(diào)控奠定基礎(chǔ)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材 料

試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)位于新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州輪臺(tái)縣哈爾巴克鄉(xiāng)輪臺(tái)白杏生產(chǎn)園,試驗(yàn)區(qū)面積 1.2 hm2,株行距為4 m×6 m,樹齡13 a,東西行向,樹形為開心形。試驗(yàn)地土層厚,采用常規(guī)管理。哈爾巴克鄉(xiāng)位于輪臺(tái)縣城西,塔里木盆地北緣,地勢(shì)較平緩,屬于暖溫帶大陸性干旱氣候,光熱資源豐富,全年以晴天為主。

1.2 方 法

1.2.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)共設(shè)計(jì)3個(gè)處理:①GA340 mg/L,②GA390 mg/L,③GA3140 mg/L,以清水為對(duì)照。在試驗(yàn)地選取樹形均一,花量相當(dāng)?shù)臉訕?,單株小區(qū),重復(fù)3次,于盛花期(2016年3月30日)和花后20 d用噴霧器對(duì)花和幼果分別噴灑至滴液為止,噴施前摘除遲開及發(fā)育不良的花朵。

1.2.2 指標(biāo)測(cè)定1.2.2.1 坐果率

噴施GA3前統(tǒng)計(jì)每個(gè)處理的花朵數(shù),花后20 d生理落果結(jié)束后統(tǒng)計(jì)每個(gè)處理的坐果數(shù)。

坐果率=坐果數(shù)/花朵數(shù)×100%。

1.2.2.2 果實(shí)發(fā)育動(dòng)態(tài)

每個(gè)處理選取10個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行測(cè)定,用數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)定每個(gè)果實(shí)的縱、橫、側(cè)徑,另取10個(gè)果實(shí)帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室用MP2001型電子天平測(cè)定果實(shí)的單果重,每隔7 d測(cè)一次。

1.2.2.3 果實(shí)品質(zhì)

果實(shí)成熟后,用GY-1型果實(shí)硬度計(jì)測(cè)定果實(shí)的硬度,手持糖度計(jì)測(cè)定可溶性固形物的含量,用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法測(cè)定VC含量[16],用氫氧化鈉滴定法測(cè)定總酸、菲林滴定法測(cè)定總糖[17]。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2010及SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 GA3對(duì)坐果率的影響

研究表明,各處理的坐果率均高于對(duì)照,90 mg/LGA3處理后坐果率最高,比對(duì)照提高了117.32%,40 mg/L處理次之,比對(duì)照提高了90.59%,且90和40 mg/L處理都與對(duì)照存在顯著差異。而140 mg/L處理與對(duì)照差異不大。表1

2.2 GA3對(duì)果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響

2.2.1 GA3對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏單果重的影響

研究表明,GA3處理與對(duì)照的生長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)相似,均呈“雙S”生長(zhǎng)曲線。與對(duì)照相比,GA3處理的緩慢生長(zhǎng)期(花后52 d至花后59 d)時(shí)間要短于對(duì)照的緩慢生長(zhǎng)期(花后52至花后73 d)時(shí)間。與對(duì)照相比,不同濃度GA3處理都能一定程度地增加單果重,果實(shí)趨于成熟時(shí)各處理單果重大小如下:90 mg/L>40 mg/L>140 mg/L>CK。40、90和140 mg/L分別比對(duì)照增加了11.3%、18.77%、3.25%。圖1

表1 GA3處理下輪臺(tái)白杏坐果率變化

注:同列不同小寫字母表示顯著水平P<0.05

Note:The different columns indicate that the values are significantly different at the 0.05 level

圖1 GA3處理下輪臺(tái)白杏單果重變化

Fig.1 Effects on fruit weight of LuntaiAmerniacaVulgarisafter GA3treatment

2.2.2 GA3對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏果實(shí)縱、橫、側(cè)徑的影響

研究表明,在輪臺(tái)白杏果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中各處理對(duì)果實(shí)縱、橫、側(cè)徑的生長(zhǎng)變化趨勢(shì)與對(duì)照相似,均出現(xiàn)兩次明顯的生長(zhǎng)高峰,整體呈“雙S”生長(zhǎng)曲線。在整個(gè)果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中,各處理的增長(zhǎng)速度均高于對(duì)照,GA3處理對(duì)縱徑的促進(jìn)效果大于橫徑和側(cè)徑。生長(zhǎng)初期40 mg/L處理對(duì)縱徑的增長(zhǎng)速度最快,花后31 d后生長(zhǎng)速度開始減緩進(jìn)入緩慢生長(zhǎng)期,直到花后52 d進(jìn)入第二次快速生長(zhǎng)期。而90與140 mg/L處理進(jìn)入緩慢生長(zhǎng)期的時(shí)間要晚于40 mg/L處理,且緩慢生長(zhǎng)期的時(shí)間也較短。果實(shí)成熟時(shí)各處理縱徑為:90 mg>140 mg/L>40 mg/L>CK。與對(duì)照相比,40、90和140 mg/L的縱徑分別提高了9.14%、11.09%、10.13%。對(duì)橫徑而言,生長(zhǎng)初期各處理對(duì)橫徑的影響并不明顯,花后45 d各處理的橫經(jīng)開始高于對(duì)照?;ê?8 d時(shí)90 mg/L處理的橫徑生長(zhǎng)速度明顯加快,在后期生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中始終高于對(duì)照且高于其他各處理。140 mg/L處理在生長(zhǎng)前期生長(zhǎng)速度最快,花后38 d之后生長(zhǎng)速度開始減緩,在花后59 d時(shí)橫徑低于40和140 mg/L處理。果實(shí)成熟時(shí)各處理橫徑為:90 mg/L>140 mg/L>40 mg/L>CK。40、90和140 mg/L分別提高了7.93%、9.30%、6.49%。研究表明,在第一次快速生長(zhǎng)期(花后24至花后31 d)GA3對(duì)側(cè)徑的影響并不大,花后38 d時(shí)各處理的側(cè)徑開始高于對(duì)照,并在后期的整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中始終高于對(duì)照,但各處理之間的差異并不大。與對(duì)照相比,40、90和140 mg/L處理的橫徑分別提高了6.29%、6.29%、5.72%。圖2

圖2 GA3處理下輪臺(tái)白杏果實(shí)縱橫側(cè)徑變化

2.2.3 GA3對(duì)果形指數(shù)的影響

研究表明,各處理的果形指數(shù)均高于CK,在果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)初期,各處理與對(duì)照差別不明顯,但在花后45 d時(shí),40 mg/L處理果形指數(shù)最高且與對(duì)照有顯著差異。果實(shí)趨于成熟時(shí)各處理與對(duì)照差異不顯著,各處理之間差異也不顯著。表2

表2 GA3處理下果形指數(shù)變化

注:數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤,同列不同小寫字母表示顯著水平P<0.05

Note:Data are mean ± standard error.The different columns indicate that the values are significantly different at the 0.05 level

2.3 GA3對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響

研究表明,與對(duì)照相比,GA3處理后果實(shí)的總酸含量顯著增加,且濃度越高增加越多,分別增加了56.17%、64.4%、70.46%。但總糖含量與可溶性固形物有所降低,且與對(duì)照有顯著差異,總糖含量分別降低了11.05%、9.1%、4.91%,可溶性固形物分別降低了10.06%、8.46%、3.13%。GA3處理后的果實(shí)VC含量與對(duì)照相比顯著降低,且各處理之間也存在顯著差異,40、90和140 mg/L處理分別降低了11.55%、18.18%、3.77%。糖酸比與對(duì)照相比也顯著降低且存在顯著差異,但各處理之間差異不顯著。處理后的果實(shí)硬度都有所增加,40 mg/L處理硬度最高,與對(duì)照有顯著差異。表3

表3 不同GA3處理下果實(shí)品質(zhì)的顯著性

注:數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤,同列不同小寫字母表示顯著水平P<0.05

Note:Data are mean ± standard error.The different columns indicate that the values are significantly different at the 0.05 level

3 討 論

生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)能調(diào)節(jié)植物生長(zhǎng)、果實(shí)發(fā)育及授粉受精,從而影響后代產(chǎn)量及其質(zhì)量;其中GA3是較常用的調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì),常用于提高果樹坐果率、改善果實(shí)品質(zhì)等方面[18-20]。處理時(shí)期與樹種對(duì)赤霉素的響應(yīng)有所差別?;羯荷旱萚21]在植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑對(duì)赤霞珠葡萄果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在轉(zhuǎn)色期前7 d噴施不同濃度的GA3能提高葡萄果實(shí)中的總糖,而總酸含量降低,改善了果實(shí)的品質(zhì)。此外,薛桂新等[22]在赤霉素對(duì)蘋果梨果實(shí)縱橫徑的影響中發(fā)現(xiàn),500 mg/L的赤霉素對(duì)蘋果梨縱、橫徑的生長(zhǎng)均有促進(jìn)作用,但不同時(shí)期噴施作用結(jié)果也不同。黨云萍等[23]在GA對(duì)西農(nóng)早蜜桃果實(shí)發(fā)育的影響研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),盛花后30 d噴施不同濃度GA能使果實(shí)膨大增加單果重,顯著的提高果實(shí)的糖酸比及硬度,但對(duì)果實(shí)VC含量沒(méi)有太大影響。劉巖等[24]通過(guò)在菠蘿果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中外施赤霉素,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):赤霉素處理后增加了單果重,果實(shí)硬度和可溶性固形物含量降低,而酸含量則有所提高,一定程度上降低了果實(shí)品質(zhì)。

研究于盛花期和花后20 d對(duì)輪臺(tái)白杏兩次噴施不同濃度的GA3,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):90 mg/L的GA3處理提高坐果效果最好,對(duì)增大果實(shí)縱、橫徑的效果也最好,極顯著地提高了產(chǎn)量,在盛花期單次噴施是否有同樣的效果需作進(jìn)一步研究。吳俊等[25]的研究表明,外源赤霉素有促進(jìn)整個(gè)果實(shí)發(fā)育期IAA的合成和果實(shí)發(fā)育前期ABA、ZRs,但當(dāng)赤霉素的濃度超過(guò)一定濃度時(shí)果實(shí)縱橫徑、單果重等各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)都有下降趨勢(shì),這可能與高濃度的GA3干擾了果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素的合成及平衡有關(guān)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,GA3處理可增大輪臺(tái)白杏果實(shí)的硬度,這與徐暉等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)GA3在甜櫻桃上有降低果實(shí)硬度的趨勢(shì)的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果相反,這可能與GA3在不同樹種間的作用效果不同有關(guān)。GA3處理后,果實(shí)品質(zhì)一定程度變劣,導(dǎo)致該結(jié)果的最可能的原因是GA3一定程度上抑制了與糖積累有關(guān)酶的合成或噴施GA3后改變了果實(shí)的內(nèi)源條件,從而影響正常細(xì)胞分裂等生理過(guò)程,影響果實(shí)質(zhì)量[27];該試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與劉巖等[24]在菠蘿上面做的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果基本上一致。

4 結(jié) 論

GA3處理均能不同程度的提高坐果、增加單果重、促進(jìn)果實(shí)縱、橫、側(cè)徑的生長(zhǎng),顯著的提高了產(chǎn)量。在3個(gè)濃度中以90 mg/L處理促進(jìn)坐果和增大果實(shí)的效果最好,因此可以用來(lái)調(diào)控杏的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。但試驗(yàn)濃度設(shè)置較少,且在一定程度上降低了果實(shí)品質(zhì),需要進(jìn)一步探究一個(gè)更精確的濃度范圍,在對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)影響更小的前提下提高產(chǎn)量,從而為杏果實(shí)發(fā)育調(diào)控奠定基礎(chǔ)。

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doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.04.003

Effects of GA3on Fruit Setting and Fruit Quality of LuntaiAmerniacaVulgaris

YANG Wen-li1, ZHOU Wei-quan1, ZHAO Shi-rong1, CHENG Gong1,DONG Sheng-li2, ZHANG Shi-kui2, LIAO Kang1

(1.ResearchCenterofFeaturedFruitTrees,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi830052,China; 2.LuntaiNationalFruitGermplasmResourcesGardeninXinjiang,LuntaiXinjiang841600,China)

【Objective】 To explore the effects of different concentrations of GA3on LuntaiAmerniacaVulgarisfruit setting and quality and lay the foundation for the cultivation and regulation of LuntaiAmerniacaVulgarisfruit. 【Method】Taking LuntaiAmerniacaVulgarisas the research object, 40 mg/L, 90 mg/L and 140 mg/L concentrations of GA3were sprayed at full flowering stage and 20 d after anthesis. The fruit setting rate was analyzed 20 d after flowering, fruit vertical diameter, transverse diameter, lateral diameter and single fruit weight were measured regularly, the fruit quality was determined after the fruit ripening. 【Result】GA3treatment significantly increased the fruit setting rate, and the fruit vertical, horizontal and lateral size effectively, but the quality of the fruit has been reduced. 90 mg/L GA3significantly increased the fruit set, an increase of 117.32% compared to the CK. After the treatment of 40 mg/L and 90 mg/L GA3, the effect of fruit enlargement was positively correlated with the concentration of GA3. When the concentration reached 140 mg/L, the phenomenon of fruit enlargement was not obvious. 【Conclusion】The 90mg/L concentration of GA3could effectively improve the yield of fruit, which could be used to control the growth and development of LuntaiAmerniacaVulgaris.

GA3; LuntaiAmerniacaVulgaris; fruit setting; fruit quality

LIAO Kang(1962-), male, native place: Zitong, Sichuan. Professor, research field:Fruit germplasm resource and cultivation physiology, (E-mail)13899825018@163.com

10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.04.002

2017-01-12

新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“晚熟杏品種選育研究”(2016B01005-1);“新疆特色果樹種質(zhì)資源利用技術(shù)研究與示范”(201130102-1);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)園藝學(xué)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科基金

楊文莉(1994-),女,河南息縣人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)楣麡渖砼c栽培,(E-mail)1481209164@qq.com

廖康(1962-),男,四川梓橦人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)楣麡浞N質(zhì)資源及栽培生理,(E-mail)13899825018@163.com

S662.2

A

1001-4330(2017)04-0597-08

Supported by: Supported by science and technology planning program of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region "Study on Breeding of late maturing varieties of apricot" (2016B01005-1);"Research and demonstration on the utilization techniques of germplasm resources of fruit trees in Xinjiang"(201130102-1);Key discipline (horticulture) fund of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

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