建筑設(shè)計(jì)：In Transit工作營(yíng)

In Transit 工作營(yíng)“成長(zhǎng)的托堰”，奧斯陸，挪威

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：In Transit工作營(yíng)

大規(guī)模移民是當(dāng)今世界所面臨的最嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)之一。社會(huì)不平等、軍事沖突和氣候變化是數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人口被迫背井離鄉(xiāng)的主要原因。通過(guò)運(yùn)用建筑工具，In Transit工作營(yíng)致力于尋找一種有格調(diào)、安全、新穎并且可持續(xù)的建筑解決方案，為漂泊他鄉(xiāng)的難民提供庇護(hù)。

In Transit工作營(yíng)是奧斯陸建筑與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院（AHO）的一門研究生建筑與城市設(shè)計(jì)課程。該項(xiàng)目由挪威難民署和奧斯陸建筑與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院合作發(fā)起。設(shè)計(jì)工作營(yíng)為學(xué)生提供關(guān)于聯(lián)合國(guó)、國(guó)際人道主義活動(dòng)的訊息，探究建筑、城市設(shè)計(jì)和城市規(guī)劃應(yīng)當(dāng)如何在危機(jī)處理過(guò)程中扮演有機(jī)的角色。

過(guò)渡性空間——例如難民營(yíng)地，是為短期用途而建造的：它們用于應(yīng)對(duì)緊急情況，并在不久后消失。但這在全球化背景下的城市化進(jìn)程和大規(guī)模遷徙過(guò)程中已經(jīng)不再適用。如今，人們?cè)陔y民營(yíng)中的平均駐留時(shí)間是17年。In Transit工作營(yíng)希望激發(fā)人們對(duì)于“臨時(shí)性”的批判性思考；并探索作為建筑師的我們，應(yīng)該如何做好準(zhǔn)備，為共同應(yīng)對(duì)這些重大挑戰(zhàn)做出貢獻(xiàn)。

來(lái)自14個(gè)國(guó)家的36名學(xué)生接受了持續(xù)3個(gè)學(xué)期的培訓(xùn)：

In Transit——?jiǎng)觼y中的避風(fēng)港（2016春季）：希臘的卡利諾斯、科斯、萊爾斯和雅典

In Transit II——當(dāng)臨時(shí)成為永久（2016秋季）：奧斯陸、柏林、加沙

In Transit III——危機(jī)中的建筑解決方案（2017春季）：約旦、挪威、意大利（進(jìn)行中）

“成長(zhǎng)的托堰”項(xiàng)目：將危機(jī)處理規(guī)劃作為城市設(shè)計(jì)策略的托堰區(qū)更新計(jì)劃，奧斯陸，挪威

當(dāng)難民們抵達(dá)他們希望獲得庇護(hù)的城市，他們可以選擇進(jìn)駐避難所或接待中心。有些難民會(huì)在那里留宿數(shù)周，有些則會(huì)留宿幾個(gè)月或者數(shù)年之久。諸多類似救助中心因而成為了被隔絕于周圍城市空間之外的平行世界。

接待中心的選址會(huì)對(duì)其宿主社區(qū)產(chǎn)生影響。它還將決定難民的健康、福利保障、營(yíng)區(qū)內(nèi)日?；顒?dòng)的管理、營(yíng)區(qū)與周圍社區(qū)之間的交流情況等等。在較發(fā)達(dá)的城市地區(qū)，營(yíng)區(qū)的選址應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮其未來(lái)融入當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)的潛力。如果選址位于較孤立的偏遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)，或者基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的邊緣地帶，則很有可能導(dǎo)致難民們孤獨(dú)感和焦慮情緒的放大。

針對(duì)2015年進(jìn)入挪威的較高數(shù)量的難民或移民人口，挪威移民局（UDI）必須更新它們的危機(jī)應(yīng)變規(guī)劃，并對(duì)未來(lái)繼續(xù)涌入挪威的難民安置工作做好準(zhǔn)備。

Transit II工作營(yíng)探究了如何優(yōu)化這些危機(jī)應(yīng)變規(guī)劃，同時(shí)給奧斯陸的托堰——這片待更新的社區(qū)——提供發(fā)展契機(jī)。托堰是一個(gè)國(guó)際化程度很高的多文化融合地區(qū)——49%的當(dāng)?shù)厝丝诰哂猩贁?shù)族裔血統(tǒng)。托堰的人口組成也在不停變動(dòng)，因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)谠摰貐^(qū)停留的時(shí)間相對(duì)城市中的其他地區(qū)較短?！巴醒邊^(qū)域提升計(jì)劃”是一個(gè)自底向上的與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膶?shí)際需求和愿景保持緊密同步的區(qū)域發(fā)展計(jì)劃。

應(yīng)如何設(shè)計(jì)一種既解決新進(jìn)移民的短期或長(zhǎng)期駐留問(wèn)題，又有助于托堰地區(qū)自我發(fā)展的城市策略呢？

“成長(zhǎng)的托堰”提供了一種新的難民營(yíng)地形式，它在提供大量住所的同時(shí)達(dá)到了很高的宜居性。該方案還將托堰居民的生活需要納入設(shè)計(jì)之內(nèi)；安全的公共空間；平民化的休閑娛樂(lè)和文化場(chǎng)所。

設(shè)計(jì)包含一個(gè)新的溫室和臨時(shí)性的難民居所。溫室給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈鸵泼裉峁┝嘶顒?dòng)和社交的空間。溫室相當(dāng)于其內(nèi)部居住單元的空間架構(gòu)?？臻g單元的數(shù)量根據(jù)居民的數(shù)量相應(yīng)增減，溫室大棚則是當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駛冮L(zhǎng)期使用的聚會(huì)地點(diǎn)。（張?jiān)Ｏ?譯）

1 溫室內(nèi)景效果圖/Rendering of the Greenhouse interior

Mass displacement is one of the world's most pressing agendas. Inequality, conflicts, and climatic change are reasons for why millions of people are forced to leave their homes. By using the architectural toolbox, the In Transit Studio aims to develop dignified, safe, innovative, and sustainable architectural solutions for people seeking sanctuary.

The In Transit Studio is a Master's Course in Architecture and Urbanism at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO). The project is a collaboration between the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) / NORCAP and the AHO. The studio provides knowledge about the United Nations, global humanitarian responses, and explores how architecture, urban design, and urban planning should be an integrated part of emergency response.

Transitional spaces - such as refugee camps, are designed for the short term: to meet an emergency need and then disappear. This is no longer the reality in a globalising world faced with urbanisation and mass displacement. The average stay in a refugee camp is now 17 years. The In Transit Studio aims to stimulate critical thinking around "temporality", and how we as architects can be better prepared, and contribute in solving these important challenges.

36 students of 14 different nationalities have been trained over three semesters:

In Transit - safe spaces in crisis contexts (Spring 2016): Kalymnos, Kos, Leros and Athens, Greece

In Transit II - when temporary becomes permanent (Fall 2016): Oslo, Berlin and Gaza

In Transit III - architectural solutions in emergencies (Spring 2017): Jordan, Norway, Italy (ongoing)

Project Growing T?yen: Emergency Contingency Planning as an Urban Strategy for Upgrading the T?yen Neighbourhood, Oslo, Norway

When refugees have arrived at the country in which they wish to apply for asylum, they are offered accommodation in asylum/ reception centres. Some stay there for a few weeks, others for months, even years. Many of these centres turn into parallel worlds, in some cases secluded from their surroundings.

The location of a reception centre will have an impact on its surrounding host community. It will also have a critical impact on the health, well-being and protection of the displaced population, as well as on the ability to manage daily activities, ensure participation and develop relations with the host community. In developed urban areas, the location of the facilities should favour the potential of social inclusion. Locating sites isolated and far away from the existing urban fabric and in sub-standard sites or facilities can amplify feeling of exclusion and alienation and create be a trigger for frustration and tension.

Based on the relatively high number of people seeking asylum or other forms of protection in Norway in 2015, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) had to update its contingency plans, and prepare for the possibility of increasing numbers of new arrivals in the years to come.

The In Transit II Studio worked on how to improve these plans, while also benefitting a neighbourhood in need of upgrade, the T?yen area in Oslo. T?yen is an international and multicultural place - 49% of the population comes with ethnic minority origins. T?yen's population is also constantly shifting, as people tend to live there for a shorter period of time than in other areas in the city. "Omr?del?ft T?yen" is a bottom-up area development process in accordance with the actual needs and requests from the neighbourhood residents.

How to develop an urban strategy that includes a mix of temporary and permanent housing accommodating the new arrivals, and urban design interventions for the T?yen neighbourhood?

The Growing T?yen project is proposing a different kind of reception facility for refugees with the capacity to accommodate a high number of persons designed for a high degree of liveability. The proposal incorporates needs of the existing T?yen population; safe public spaces; and places with low threshold recreational and cultural offers.

The project combines a new Greenhouse with temporary refugee housing accommodation. The Greenhouse provides a space for activity and social interaction for both the host community and the new immigrants. The Greenhouse functions as a physical framework in which the living units can be installed per needs determined by the fluctuating arrival numbers - while at the same time function as a permanent meeting place for the neighbourhood residents.

2 總平面/Site plan

3 首層平面/Ground floor plan

4 二層平面/1st floor plan

5 溫室外景效果圖/Rendering of the Greenhouse exterior

6 居住模塊/Living modules

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: Academic Master project at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO) Institute of Urbanism and Landscape

項(xiàng)目類型/Project Type: 緊急應(yīng)變，建筑，城市規(guī)劃，溫室/Emergency response, architecture, urban planning, greenhouse

設(shè)計(jì)者/Authors: Kevin Benny Kuriakose, Heini Hiukka, Victor Ferran Carpintero

合作者/Collaborative Partners: The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and the Directorate of Immigration (UDI)

指導(dǎo)教師/Tutors: H?vard Breivik, Tone Selmer-Olsen

工作營(yíng)階段/Studio Phase: In Transit II

項(xiàng)目時(shí)間/Project Year: 2016

7 溫室剖面/Section of the Greenhouse

8 溫室立面/Elevation of the Greenhouse

評(píng)論

周宇舫：這個(gè)項(xiàng)目可以從兩方面來(lái)看。首先，是挪威奧斯陸建筑與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院的建筑教育的敏銳性。無(wú)疑，將難民的沖擊轉(zhuǎn)換成積極性的活力是一個(gè)政治性的難題，建筑學(xué)在其中能否扮演一個(gè)工具性的角色，In Transit工作營(yíng)給出了一個(gè)解決的策略，也為建筑學(xué)在當(dāng)代的多元沖突中找到了一個(gè)自身的時(shí)代意義；其次，是這個(gè)有趣的方案，用一個(gè)作為公共空間的溫室大棚作為策略，將本地人的活動(dòng)與可能的難民臨時(shí)居所關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)，自下而上地解決移民的流動(dòng)所帶來(lái)的對(duì)于安置設(shè)施的需求和空置，并在不同情況下扮演一個(gè)友善的社區(qū)起居室的角色。讓我感到溫馨的是，它是一個(gè)“greenhouse”，而不是其他類型的空間，溫室所帶來(lái)的情境，在各種沖突之下的今天，似乎只能用溫暖來(lái)形容了。

王韜：難民問(wèn)題對(duì)兩類人群的“家”的概念提出了挑戰(zhàn)：一邊是流離失所的難民，一邊是接納他們的社區(qū)的居民。在市場(chǎng)化條件下，過(guò)渡性居住最大的問(wèn)題是其居住訴求不能成為具有購(gòu)買力的市場(chǎng)需求；另一方面，對(duì)于一個(gè)成熟社區(qū)而言，也很難有人為其在新條件下的改造買單。In Transit課程關(guān)注的正是此類問(wèn)題，如何為難民在新的環(huán)境下提供家的感覺？如何與原有社區(qū)生活更好地銜接？“社會(huì)建筑”的意義在這種地方凸顯。

Comment

ZHOU Yufang: This project can be viewed from two sides. First, we have to acknowledge the acuity of architectural education at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design in Norway. There is no doubt that the transformation of the shock of the refugees into positive vitality is a political problem, in which architecture strives to play an instrumental role. Studio In Transit gives a solution under this situation and find a meaning for the architectural realm in this diverse and conflicting world; secondly, this interesting program, with a greenhouse strategy as a public space, connects the activities of the local people with the possible refugee camp. In this way, it addresses the needs of resettlement facilities and possible vacancy problems from bottom up. In different situations, it could be converted into a friendly community living room. What makes me feel warm is that it is a "greenhouse", rather than other types of space. Today, under a variety of conflicts, it seems that the word "greenhouse" could bring us nothing but the feeling of warmth. (Translated by QI Yiyi) WANG Tao: The problem of refugees posed a challenge to the concept of "home" for two groups of people: one is displaced refugees, the other is the residents of the communities who take them in. Under the condition of marketisation, the biggest problem of transitional residence is that residential demands cannot become market demands with purchasing power; on the other hand, as for a mature community, it is difficult to have someone to pay for its transformation under the new conditions. These are the problems that Studio In Transit is concerned with: how to provide a place like home for refugees in a new environment? How to connect better with the original community life?This is where the significance of "social architecture" is shown. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

Architects: Studio In Transit